Written Test

.•

2009

8th Geography Olympiad

(Individual competition)

Written Test

Name: Reference No.:

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﹒ This test consists of five sections and the total of all marks is 77.

Section 1: Cochinchina (12 m

^訂

ks) Section II: Wind Chills (18 marks) Section III: City Structures (14 marks) Section IV: Globalization (14 marks) Section V: N atural Hazard (19 marks)

September 5， 2009

‘ 。

2009 Geography Olympiad

Section 1: Cochinchina

(12 marks)

Written Test

Cochinchina ，a French colony in Southeast Asia，is composed with southem provinces in Vietnam.

Please answer the following questions based on Figure 1 and 2.

Question 1

Based on Figure 1，what 可pe ofIandform is Cochinchina composed of? (2 mark)

boundary of Cochinchina

Figure 1

Question 2

Based on Figure 1，how far is Saigon 丘om Rach Gia? (2 mark)

Question 3

Based on Figure 2a and 2b

，

please indicate the province that has high yield of rice production and is not by the sea (Fill in the associated number only.). (2 mark)

，

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²⁰⁰⁹ Olympia Written test Written Test

Question 4

Compare Figure 2c and Figure 2d，and answer the following two questions.

(a) Please indicate what changes happened to Cochinchina in its spatial distribution after acquiring special right to plant rubber. (2 mark)

(b) Please infer what the reasons for this change can be. (4 mark)

(b)

﹒

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(a) Provinccs of Cochinchina

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11

(d) Europcan Rubbcr Conccssions (1940)

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Figure 2

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²⁰⁰⁹ GeographyOlympiad

Section 11: Wind Chills

(18 marks)

WrittenTest

The combination of water vapor content (*氣含量)，wind velocity and air temperature affects each individual's sense of comfort. For example ，high temperatu 時， high humidity (濕度)and low winds produce most heat discomfort

，

whereas low humidity and strong winds enhance cooling sensation (感覺).As wind speed increases ，the heat lost 丘om the skin increases. People who experience (or live through) winters with 企eezing tempera仙res need a wind-chill chart (Figure 3) to know the difference between the actual temperatures and the temperatures we sense (the so called

“

sensible temperature"). For instance，if air temperature is - 1

oC

and wind is blowing 叫

32 km per hour (kmph)，skin temperature will be - 8

oc.

Please answer the following questions:

Question 5

A group of Taiwan's mountaineering expe巾 successfully completed the Seven Summits1

challenge this year. On their way to the summits，they usually experience low air temperature and， occasionally ，extremely strong winds. For example，the jet stream (噴射氣流)on the summit of Everest sometimes can reach as much as 560 kmph

，

blowing equipments and even people right off the mountain.

(a) Assuming the air temperature is - 18

oC

，the mountaineering experts are facing a 80 kmph wind blow，what is the wind chill temperature they would feel on any exposed skin? (2 mark) (b) 四le expe^此s would experience ^企ostbite (凍傷)in_____minutes.

，

given these conditions.

(2 m^訂k)

(c) What kind of outfits should these experts wear for protection? Please name two. (4 marks) Question 6

How does the wind enhance the loss ofheat 企om exposed skin? (4 marks) Question 7

(a) Using the wind-chill concept ，please describe the difference between a cotton (loose-weave ，訢d鑒編織)jacket and a nylon windbreal也r (防風)(tight-weave ，緊密編織)

jacket. (4 marks)

(b) Which prevents the wind access to your skin more e能ctively? (2 marks)

1 TheSevenSummitsare the highestmountainsof each ofthe sevencontinents.Summitingallof them is regarded as a mountaineeringchallenge.

。

2009 Olympia Written test Written Test

Actual Air Temperature in

oc

+4 -7 -12 -18 -23 ^月29 -34 -40

8 +2 -4 ^自11 -17 -24 -30 -37 -43

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16 +1 -6 -13 -20 -27 -33 -41

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40 -2 -9 -16 -24 -31

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48 -2 -9 -17 -24 ^I -32

56 -2 -10 -18 -26 -33

64 -3 -11 -18 -26 -34

72 -3 -11 -19 -27

80 -3 -11 -19 -27

Frostbite:

o

min

﹒

^{10 min.}

^11I

^{5 min}

Figure 3 Wind chill chart for various tempera 仙res and wind velocities.

。

²⁰⁰⁹ GeographyOlympiad

Section 111: City Structures

(14 marks)

WrittenTest

Please read the following paragraphs written by Christopher Alexander ，an architect and planner renowned for his contributions to the theories and practices of pattern language and partic 伊atoη planning.

The tree of my title is not a green tree with leaves. It is the name of an abstract structure. 1 shall contrast it with another，more complex abstract structure called a semi-Iattice. In order to relate these abstract structures to the nature of the city，1 must first make a simple distinction. 1 want to call those cities which have arisen more or less spontaneously over many years - natural cities. And 1 shall call those cities and parts of cities which have been deliberately created by designers and planners - artificial cities. Siena，Liverpool ，Kyoto ，Manha^伽n are examples of natural cities. Levittown ，Chandigarh and the British New Towns are examples of artificial cities.

What is the inner natu間，the ordering principle ，which distinguishes the artificial city 企om the natural city? 1 believe that a natural city has the organization of a semi-Iattice; but that when we organize a city artificially ，we organize it as a tree. Both the tree and the semi-lattice are ways of thinking about how a large collection of many small systems goes to make up a large and

complex system. More generally，they are both names for structures of sets. A set is a collection of elements which for some reason we think of as belonging together. When the elements of a set belong together because they co-operate or work together somehow ，we call the set of elements a system.

To understand this structu^時，let us consider a simpler struc仙re made of just half a dozen elements. Label these elements 1，2，3

人

5 and 6. Not including the full set [1，2，3

人

5，呵，the empty set [-]，and the one-element sets [1]，[2]，[3]，[呵，[5]，[呵，there are 56 different subsets we can pick

企om six elements. Suppose we now pick out certain of these 56 sets Gust as we pick out certain sets and call them units when we form our picture ofthe city). Let us s旬，for example ，that we pick the following subsets: [123]，[3呵，[4月，[234] ，[345] ，[12345] ，[3456]. What are the possible relationships among these sets? Some sets will be entirely part of larger sets^，的[34] is part of [345] and [3456]. Some ofthe sets will over1ap

，

like [123] and [234]. Some ofthe sets will be disjoint - that is，contain no elements in common like [123] and [45].

As we see 仕om these two representations ，the choice of subsets alone endows the collection of subsets as a whole with an overall structure. When the structure meets certain conditions it is called a semi-Iattice. When it meets other more restrictive conditions ，it is called a^甘ee. The semi-Iattice axiom goes like this: A collection

0/

sets /orms a semi-lattice if and only if，when two overlapping sets belong to the collection ，the set

0/

elements common to both also belongs to the collection. 四le tree axiom states: A collection

0/

sets /orms a tree if and only if，/or any two sets that belong to the collection either one is wholly contained in the other，or else they are wholly

。

^{2009 Olympia}

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^{討tten test}

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WrittenTest

Here we are concemed with the difference between structures in which no overlap occurs，and those structures in which overlap does occur. It is not merely the overlap which makes the

distinction between the two. Still more important is the fact that the semi-Iattice is potentially a much more complex and subtle structure than a tree. We may see just how much more complex a semi-Iattice can be than a甘ee in the following fact: a tree based on 20 elements can contain at most 19 further subsets ofthe 20，while a semi-Iattice based on the same 20 elements can contain more than 1，000，000 di旺erent subsets.

Please answer the following questions.

Question 8

In Figure 4，which two diagrams represent the tree structures ，and which two diagrams represent the semi-Iattice ones? (4 marks)

Question 9

(a)

1234515

2 3 4 15 e

(c)

Figure 4

(b)

123456

1 2 3 .•• 5 6

(d)

Please explain briefly why the author thinks that natural cities developed over time are better than artificial cities created by modem architects? (6 marks)

。

²⁰⁰⁹ GeographyOlympiad Question 10

WrittenTest

(C) Hsinchu (E) Tainan

Taiwan's towns/cities are generally characterized by the pattem of mixed land use

，

with housing ，factories ，and shops mixed together; but there are some exceptions. Which TWO among the following towns/cities are more likely to be artificial ，tree-like towns/cities? (2 marks)

(A) Taipei (B) Linkou (林口)

(D) Zhongxing New Resediential Quarter (中興新村)

Question 11

Which title is most suitable for this article? (2 marks)

(A) Trees in the Cities (B)甘le Pattem Language of City Trees (C) City Is Not a Tree (D) A Sustainable City Created by Trees

September，

。

²⁰⁰⁹ OlympiaWrittentest

Section IV: Globalization

(14 marks)

WrittenTest

The McDonald restaurant is the world's largest chain of fast food restaurants

，

serving nearly 47 million customers daily. It is also a great symbol of globalization. On the one hand

，

the McDonald offers very similar food and spatial design (空間設計)in its restaurants around the world; on the other，in addition to the similarities ，the McDonald incorporates elements of locali可

(or localness 地方性)in food and space in order to suit different needs of people around the world.

Sociologist (社會學家)George Ritzer argued that the McDonald restaurant has become a typical modem mode of production (生產方式)and he called it McDonaldization (麥當勞化)，where four factors could be highlighted in the process，i.e. efficiency ，calculabili 吵，predictabili.吵and control.

Question 12

What might be the strategy of

“

incorporating elements of locality in food and space in order to suit different needs ofpeople around the world"? Please give an example ofthis strategy. (4 marks)

Question 13

Figure 5，6 7 and 8，are photographs taken in a local McDonald restaurant in Taipei. Examine the photographs carefully.

According to the features you have observed 仕om photographs ，name

two

factors (仕om 吃伊ciency ，calculabili.紗，predictability and control) you like to explain. Please elaborate (闡述、解 釋)how these two factors of

“

McDonaldization" are applied in terms of space design in the restaurant. (6 marks)

Question 14

There is also a seminar room ^{(討論室、小會議問)}open to customers in that restaurant. Why is that?

(4 marks)

。

²⁰⁰⁹ GeographyOlympiad WrittenTest

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Figure 5 Advertisement of the McDonald with a slogan

“

kids playland"

Figure 7

“

the Fun Party" for the kids

Figure 8 Drive-through Service

Figure 6 Kids playground in the restaurant

Figure 9. A seminar room in the restaurant

September

。

²⁰⁰⁹ OlympiaWrittentest

Section

V:

Natural Hazards (19 marks)

WrittenTest

Typhoon Morakot caused severe flooding in Taiwan，particularly across central and southem regions where damage to infrastructure and property was reported. Widespread floods destroyed farm land

，

disrupted road and rail traffic

，

cut off power and water supplies and brought down bridges across Taiwan. The heavy rain also triggered mudslides which tore through houses and businesses

，

ripped up roads and smashed bridges. Apart 企om the heavy rainfall

，

improper landuse is also believed one ofthe major reasons to cause such devastating crisis.

Fan delta (or alluvial fan) 的the lowest section of the Taimali Stream (太麻里溪)(to the east of site X in Figure 10a)，unfortunately ，is one of the areas which were heavily damaged. Refer to Figure

10 - 14 and Figure 15 - 16 (on page 4 in the answer sheets) to answer the following questions.

Question 15

Landscape (地景、景觀)on the Taimali fan delta has changed dramatically over the 20^th centu可﹒Describe the change of:

(a) river channel，(b) settlement (聚落)，and (c) landcover (土地覆蓋)(9 mark) Question 16

Draw the boundary of the floodplain (氾濫平原)on the map provided in the answer sheets.

(4m 缸k) Question 17

Draw a diagram (i丸 a flow chart 流程圖或系統概念圖) to show the factors which cause the flood hazard in this ^訂閱.Both short-term and long-term factors should be considered.

(6 mark)

Figure 10. Images ofTaimali fan delta

，

before (a) and after (b) Typhoon Morakot

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