Appendix A Five Types of Maps
Story Map Problem and Solution Map
The setting (characters, time, place)
The problem
The goal
Action
Problem: who/what/why
(Attempted) solutions
End results
The outcome
(adapted from
http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/
issues/students/learning/lr2grap.
(adapted from Idol, 1987, p. 199)
htm )
Comparison/Contrast map
Features
(adapted from Sinatra, 2000, p.268)
Classification map Theme map
(Both are adapted from Sinatra et al, 1986, p. 7)
85
Appendix B Five Sample Maps Used in Instruction Phase A classification map based on the passage “The Language of Gestures”
The same gesture means different meanings in different countries.
Saudi Arabians:
come here
Europeans:
goodbye
*Americans:
OK
*the Japanese:
money
*the French:
zero
*Brazilians:
a vulgarity
The same gesture means the same thing in different countries but is used in different ways.
Examples:
Point a finger, raise an eyebrow, wave an arm, move another part of body
The Language of Gestures talk without words
(body language) (talk with gestures)
English speakers:
the height of a person Latin Amercians:
the height of a cow
A story map based on the passage “The Phantom of the Opera”
Main Characters
1. The Phantom: ugly, wearing a mask, deserted by his mother, strong, loving music,
2. Christine: a beautiful young singer
3. Raoul: a young man who loved Christine, brave Locale The Paris Opera House
Setting
Time One hundred years ago Starter
Event
The Phantom was made to wear a mask because he was ugly.
Later he was deserted by his mother and lived alone inside the Paris Opera House.
Goal The Phantom wanted Christine for himself Problems
Action 1. The Phantom taught Christine how to sing.
2. The Phantom forced the managers to give Christine better roles in the show. He also caused the death of two people.
3. The Phantom loved Christine, but she fell in love with Raoul.
4. The Phantom kidnapped Christine from the stage.
5. The Phantom captured Raoul, who tried to save Christine.
6. Christine felt sorry for the Phantom, understood his loneliness and kissed his face.
Ending 1. The Phantom freed Raoul and Christine 2. The Phantom disappeared.
Solution
Reaction 1. Christine made the Phantom to cry with joy.
2. The Phantom sadly disappeared.
87
A problem and solution map based on the passage “Think Before You Throw”
Solution 1:
To put as little as possible into the garbage can.
F
1. Large amounts of waste (not from home) is saved and
2. Clean waste material which can be reused come mostly from factories or stores.
acts & Example:
reused each year
3. Cardboard cartons are saved in large amounts.
Solution 2:
Not to buy goods with more
1 st more and produce more
solid wastes.
ny forms. Buy the forms that we need.
packaging.
Facts & Example:
. Goods with more packaging co
2. Potato chips are cheaper in a bag.
3. Cheese spreads come in ma
Solution 3:
To dispose of the wastes in the right places.
Facts & Example:
1. More than two-thirds of litter consists of old packaging.
2. It costs about NT$10 dollars to pick up and disposed of each item of roadside litter.
Problem: Packaging wastes have been increasing over the past few years
Now: W pa
sell prod
e rely on ckage to ucts.
Example: We serve ourselves from n
drugstores and supermarket.
racks of packaged goods i
Reason 1: Too many people Reason 2: More packaging materials are used than before.
Past: Clerks sold goo large containers.
ds from
A theme map based on the passage “Image of Animals”
Images of Animals
Birds
mammals
Fish Reptile
Insects
Having magical Powers (C&J)
Being sly (English)
Bringing long life (C&J)
Foxes
Cranes Storkes
Bringing newborn babies
mice Shy without courage:
Are you a man or a mouse?
as quite as a mouse
elephants
Noisy:
They sounded like a herd of elephants.
Having long memory: Elephants never forget.
A white elephant refers to something which is useless and a waste of time.
Jumbo: the first circus elephant in U.S., meaning elephant in an African language. It is used for anything big. “jumbo jets” and “jumbo hamburgers.”
others
1. When the cat is away, the mice will play.
2. Let sleeping dogs lie.
3. You can take a horse to water, but you can’t make him drink.
Peacock
as proud as a peacock
Chicken
Fearfulness or cowardice:
When someone is called a chicken, that means he is a coward.
shark We call people sharks if they deal with others unfairly.
Ants Bees Being busy: She is as
busy as a bee.
tortoises Bringing long life (C & J)
Being slow but sure
A compare/contrast map based on the passage “A Different Kind of Play”
Topic or Main Idea: American and Kabuki actors perform in different ways, but they both try to please who watch them.
Kabuki (Japanese play):
songs, dances, and ability
American plays
Actors wear
ht-colored robes and wigs Dressing
Actors dress and look like real people.
brig
Acto wea
rs look as they are ring masks:
1.Chalk white faces 2. B
real
lack eyebrows above the eyebrows
3. E or re
yes are outlined in black d
4. Mouths are bright red
Make-up
The actors wear make-up, but the make-up does not often hide their faces.
Make-up helps the actors show their feelings:
Anger—dark blue or red lines on the face
Feelings Actors must make their faces look happy, sad or angry.
層級
平行
Appendix C Articles for the Reading Comprehension Tests Article 1
Ingrid McFarlane Zoo Keeper
ob at a zoo as a student keeper. Now, five passed my exam l animal
oney is not good. I only got￡9,000 a year. You have to be outside in rain or snow, which is hard work, and you get very dirty. But this doesn’t matter to me because animals are the most important thing in my life.
a hundred monkeys and fifty deer in my
houses d to w efully to be sure at they are al well. In fact, rhinos
When I left school at eighteen, I got a j years later, things have changed—I have keeper.
s and I am a ful
The m
There are part of the zoo and I give
atch them car them their food and clean their . I also nee
th l are my favorite anim
frica with a colleague
als and so last year I went to A for a month to study them.
The zoo is open every day and I work five different days each week. I live in a small flat twenty minute
The first thing I d
s away a d I get up at ten to seven and start work at eight.
o when I get ho e at quarter after five is have a shower!
from KET)
欄 e (n.) 同事 flat (n.)
n m (191 words, adapted
重要單字
Rhinos (n.) 犀牛 colleagu 公寓
The Mu 1. Ingri
ltiple-choice Comprehension Test __. (inference question)
*B. earn more money C. change her job D. go back to school again
. How does In rid feel about working in bad weather?(question for ortant detail) A. She hates getting dirty. B. She likes the snow.
it. D. She hates colds.
eck the monkey, stion B. they m
y may run away D. they may attack the visitor (question for important detail) B. deer
*D. rhinos (question for important detail)
B. to have a month’s holiday
*D. to learn more about some animals 6. The zoo is open ____. (question for important detail)
d would like to __
A. take some exams
2 g imp
*C. She doesn’t mind
3. If Ingrid doesn’t ch ____. (que for important detail) ay get hungry
*A. they may become ill C. the
4. The animals Ingrid likes best are the ____.
A. monkeys
C. lions
5. Ingrid traveled to Africa _____.
A. to have an adventurous trip C. to visit a colleague there
91
A. o
D. on different days every week.
at in the evening at ____. ence question) A. twenty after five
nly five days a week *B. seven days a week C. six days a week
7. Ingrid arrives at her fl (infer B. ten to seven *C. five fifteen D. four forty-five
* indicating the correct option
Article 2
There are many smart people in the world, so how does an ordinary person achieve success? The rules are simple. First, learn self-discipline. Most of all, this involves patience, so don’t expect too much too soon. Learning to handle people and get them to be the best they can be is also important. Don’t look for glory for yourself, but make friends and give credit where credit is due. Moreover, continue to learn more about your field. Do extra research until you really know all about your subject.
Likewise, develop abilities you already have, like a logical mind, or bargaining skills, so that you can use them effectively when needed. Also, keep your promises. If people can rely on you, you will earn their respect. Finally, if you fail once, don’t quit.
determined
Use that opportunity to make yourself better and more to succeed.
(144 words, adapted from GEPT, intermediate level) 重要單字欄 self-discipline (n.)自律，自制 most of all (adv.)
involve (v.) (n.) 名譽
bargaining (adj.)議價、交涉的
守 諾 d term 心的
尤其，特別 glory (n.)光榮，榮譽 credit 需要
be due (v.) 功勞，感謝應歸於 research (n.) 研究
keep one’s promises (v.) 遵 承 e ined (adj.) 堅決的，下定決
The Multiple-choice Comprehension Test
ine?
to help him.
3. In the pas il)
1. According to the author, what is the most important aspect of self-discipl (question for main idea)
A. High expectation. B. A logical mind
*C. Patience D. Determination 2. According to the passage, how can you gain the respect of others?
(question for important detail)
*A. By doing what you say you will do. B. By promising
C. By using them effectively. D. By being honest to them.
t rule for succes (question for importa
sage, what is the las s? nt deta
ep trying to improve A. Don’t look for glory. *B. Ke
93
n
4. T se enc “M eo
C. Do extra research D. Continue to lear
he word “field” in the nt e or ver, continue to learn more about your field.” is most similar in meaning to ____. (inference question)
nt A. neighborhood B. assignme
*C. work D. grassland
* indicating the correct option
Article 3
Doug Allan, Wildlife Cameraman
I recently spent two years in the arctic filming the series Blue Planet. I love being in an environment that hasn’t changed for 20,000 years. Of course it’s freezing, but it must be a healthy place because you never catch colds.
When I’m filming, I like to really feel how lonely the environment is. Filming underwater involves cutting through thick ice and diving in tied to a line. The person at the other end has to be ready to pull you out fast if necessary.
Originally I was a research diver for the British Antarctic Survey project, but for me science lacked excitement. I’d always enjoyed photography, and whenever camera teams passed through, they encourage me to
to move into filming in 1985 and have concen ated o
watch and learn. I was then able n Arctic and Antarctic
tr wildlife
ever since.
I prefer to be with the animals I’m film ’t got in the
ller n to. Of co
face to face ing. I haven
u ch the
ent. T to fi hem
ems with p nce I was frightened water with ki whales yet, but I pla urse, it’s dangerous if yo oose
hey’re big an ve f lm t
wrong mom imals and can mo ast, so I’d be stupid searching for food.
I’ve never had probl olar be rs, although oa when one tried to get my tent. Polar bears are bo , clever and dangerou
attack it—I’m sure it realized I wouldn’t hurt it.
ld s. But I made this
one see I wasn’t about to
When I come back home from my trip , I work in the mornings and spent the afternoons swimming to keep fit
s
. Now I’m fifty, filming is harder. The challenge for me is to continue to deliver high-quality work.
7 words, adapted from PET) (27
重要單字欄
arc ic (n.) (a.) 北極(的) film (v.) 拍攝 dive (v.) 潛入水中潛水t origin ject (n.) 計畫 photography (n.)
enc
.)
ally (adv.)本來 最初 pro 攝影
ourage (v.)鼓勵 Antarctic (n.) 南極的 prefer (v.) 比較喜歡 frightened (a.) 受驚的 tent (n 帳篷 fit (a.) 健康的 quality (n.) 品質
The M ltu iple cho e C mp- ic o rehension Test
1. I *A B
o work alone.
D. the beautiful scenery of the Arctic.
s Doug say about his early career? (inference question) A. He wasted the years he spen
*B.
not as young, I still have
de wildlif country in the world, but I want to keep ntil I get
n this text, Doug Allan is describing (question for main idea) . the challenges of the environment he works in.
. the career opportunities in TV camera work.
C. the difficulties of having t
2. What doe
t as a scientist.
It was a good chance to learn about filming.
C. He was bored by working only in Antarctic.
D. It taught him how to become a skilled diver.
3. When talking about killer whales, Doug says that _____
(question for important detail)
A. he will only film them from a safe distance.
B. he has always been careful when diving with them.
C. he tries to avoid any danger by facing them.
*D. he believes there are safe opportunities to film them.
4. How does Doug describe his experience with a polar bear?
(question for important detail)
A. The animal was much more afraid than Doug was.
B. Doug felt nervous that the bear might come back.
*C. The bear seemed to know Doug wasn’t a danger.
D. Doug realized he was wrong to trust polar bears.
5. What might Doug say about his job as a cameraman? (inference question) A. Now I’ve reached fifty, I realize the dangers involved in getting the best
pictures are too great.
B. I’m glad I gave up working as a scientist because I’m now in a position to be able to retire early.
ore difficult now I’m *C. Although I find the work m
other film projects I’m keen to do.
D. I’ve ma e films in every too old.
filming u
* indicating the correct option
A e
的在於了解你對於此活動的 的感覺勾選適當的選項回答。
算參考。請放心作答，謝謝你的協 ppendix D Post-treatment Questionnair
各位同學, 你好:
感謝你參與這次的圖構式閱讀教學活動。本問卷的目 反應及意見，每一題均無標準答案，請依照自己 此問卷僅供本人研究使用，並不會列入成績計 助與合作
基本資料: 性別： 男 女 名字：
非常不同意
不同意
沒意見
同意
非常同意
1. 使用語意圖（semantic maps）於閱讀活動中，
有助於我的閱讀理解。 5 4 3 2 1
。 5 4 3 2 1
。 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
. 老師和學生一起於課堂上所畫的語意圖
6. 老師和學生一起於課堂上所畫的語意圖
助於我回答選擇題。 5 4 3 2 1
0.考試時，我自己畫的語意圖有助於我在文章
回憶測驗（recall）時，寫出文章的內容。 5 4 3 2 1 2. 老師和學生一起於課堂上所畫的語意圖
使我在開始讀文章前對文章內容有粗略的瞭解
3. 老師和學生一起於課堂上所畫的語意圖 協助我去預測文章內容的發展
4. 老師和學生一起於課堂上所畫的語意圖 協助我去猜測學習文章裏的生字。
5
有助於我去瞭解文章的架構。 5 4 3 2 1
有助我去記憶文章的內容。 5 4 3 2 1
7. 我喜歡老師用這種方式教閱讀。 5 4 3 2 1
8. 考試時，讀完文章再畫語意圖有助於我的閱讀理解。 5 4 3 2 1
9. 考試時，我自己畫的語意圖有
1
95
Appendix E The Interview Questions
(喜歡，為什麼？/ 不喜歡，為什麼？)
對你而言，考試時看完文章後再自己畫語意圖會不會難？最困難的部份是什 麼？
(會，哪一科？為什麼？/ 不會，為什麼？)
1. 老師使用語意圖於閱讀課程中有助於你的閱讀理解能力嗎？
(有，哪一方面？為什麼？/ 沒有？為什麼)
2. 你認為何時使用語意圖對你的幫助最大？ (上課文前、中、後)
3. 你喜歡老師使用語意圖於閱讀課程中嗎？
4.
5. 你會將畫語意圖這個技巧運用在其他科目上嗎？
6. 這個活動對你有沒有幫助？若有，你最大的收穫是什麼？
Appendix Protocol
e Zoo Keeper
r F The Idea Units of the Written Recall
Article 1
Ingrid McFarlan
When I left school at eighteen, I got a job at a zoo as a student keepe . Now, five 1
years later, things have changed—I have passed my exams and I am a full animal 3
keeper 2 .
oney is not good
The m . I only got￡9,000 a year. You have to be outside in rain
4 5 6
or snow, which is hard work, and you get very dirty. But this doesn’t matter to me 8
because animals are the most important thing in my life 7
.
There are a hundred monkeys and fifty deer in my part of the zoo 8
and I give 9
em their food and clean their houses
th . I also need to watch them carefully to be sure
10 11
at they are all well
th . In fact, rhinos are my favorite animals and so last year I went to 12
frica with a colleague for a month to study them
A .
13
The zoo is open every day and I work five different days each week. I live in a 14
all flat twenty minutes away
sm and I get up at ten to seven and start work at eight.
15 16
e first thing I do when I get home at quarter after five is have a shower
Th !
17
High-proficiency Students’ Sample
當我１８歲離開學校時，我在動物園找到一份學生媬姆的工作。五年後的現
(1) (0.5)
在，我通過考試成為全職的動物管理員。
97
這裡的待遇並不好 (1)
，我一年只賺 9000 英鎊。這份工作並不輕鬆；無論下雨 (1) (1) (1)
或下雪都必須待在室外，而且全身常常弄得髒髒的。但對我而言這沒什麼關係，
(1) (1)
因為動物是我生活裏最重要的東西。
我負責照顧 100 隻猴子和 50 隻鹿。我必須餵食它們和打掃它們的家（窩）。
仔細看護它們以確保它們不會生病
(1) (1)
我也必須 。事實上，我最喜歡的動物是犀牛，
(1) (1)
而且我和同事去非洲學習關於犀牛的常識。
(0.5)
動物園每天開放而我一星期工作５天。 我住在約２０分鐘路程的一個小公
(1) (1)
寓裏，我早上６點５０分起床，８點開始上班。當我５點回到家做的第一件
(1) (0.5)
事就是沖澡。 Score: 15.5
Low-proficiency Students’ Sample
當我１８歲離開學校時，我在動物園找到一份工作。後來我通過考試成為全
(0.5) (1)
職的管理員。
我一年只賺 9000 英鎊；無論下雨或下雪都必須待在室外。但這不會影響我 (1) (1)
，因為在我生活裏我最愛動物。
(1)
我必須照顧 100 隻猴子和 50 隻鹿。事實上，我最愛的動物是犀牛，而且我 (1)
同事去國外學習關於犀牛的常識。
動物園每天開而我一星期要工作５天 (1)
和
， 我住在一個小公寓裏。當我５點下
(1) (0.5)
班回到家做的第一件事就是沖澡。
Score: 8.5
(0.5)
Article 2
There are many smart people in the world, so how does an ordinary person 1
achieve success? The rules are simple. First, learn self-discipline. Most of all, this 2
volves patience
in , so don’t expect too much too soon. Learning to handle people and
3 4 5
get them to be the best they can be is also important. Don’t look for glory for yourself,
5 6
but make friends and give credit where credit is due. Moreover, continue to learn 7
6
more about your field. Do extra research until you really know all about your subject.
, or bargaining skills 8
Likewise, develop abilities you already have, like a logical mind ,
9
so that you can use them effectively when needed. Also, keep your promises. If
people can rely on you, you will earn their respect
10 11
. Finally, if you fail once, don’t quit.
12 13
Use that opportunity to make yourself better and more determined to succeed.
High-proficiency Students’ Sample 14
世界上有許多聰明的人，那我們普通人要如何才能成功呢？方法很簡單。首 (1)
先，要學會自律；這尤其須要耐心，不能操之過急。不要為了自己去追求名譽榮
(1) (1) (1)
(1)
耀，要將功勞歸於應得到這份功勞的人。此外，繼續研究自己的領域，
(0.5) (1)
直到完全瞭解自己的領域。此外，培養邏輯思考能力和交涉的
(0.5) (0.5)
力
能 ，如此一來有須要時才能有效率地運用。除此之外，要遵守承諾。假如人們
(1) (1)
信任你，你將會贏得他們的尊敬。最後，如果你曾失敗，不要放棄，善用每個機 1)
會
(1) (
使自己更好且更加堅決一定要成功。
99
(1) Score: 12.5 Low-proficiency Students’ Sample
功的呢？方法很簡單。首先，要學會 世界上有許多聰明的人，他們是如何成
自律；這尤其須要 ，所以不要期待太多及太快。榮譽不要占為己有，要將功
(1) (1) (0.5)
勞歸於那些應得的人。繼續充實自己。培養邏輯思考能力和交涉的能力。除此之
(0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
外，要遵守承諾。如果你曾失敗，不要放棄，努力且下定決心一定要成功。
6.5
(1) (1) (0.5)
Score:
Article 3
Doug Allan, Wildlife Cameraman
I recently spent two years in the arctic filming (the series Blue Planet). I love 1
being in an environment that hasn’t changed for 20,000 years. Of course it’s freezing, or 2
but it must be a healthy place because you never catch colds.
2
When I’m filming, I like to really feel how lonely the environment is. Filming
ing in tied to a line.
3
underwater involves cutting through thick ice and div The person 4
at the other end has to be ready to pull you out fast if necessary.
5
Originally I was a research diver for the British Antarctic Survey project, but for 6
me science lacked excitement. I’d always enjoyed photography, and whenever camera
7 8
teams passed through, they encourage me to watch and learn. I was then able to move
9 10
into filming in 1985 and have concentrated on Arctic and Antarctic wildlife ever 11
since.
I prefer to be face to face with the animals I’m filming. I haven’t got in the water
12 13
with killer whales yet, but I plan to. Of course, it’s dangerous if you choose the wrong 14
moment. They’re big animals and can move fast, so I’d be stupid to film them 15
searching for food.
I’ve never had problems with polar bears, although once I was frightened when
one t
16
ried to get into my tent. Polar bears are bold, clever and dangerous. But I made 17
is one see I wasn’t about to attack it
th —I’m sure it realized I wouldn’t hurt it.
18 or 18
When I come back home from my trips, I work in the mornings and spent the 19
afternoons swimming to keep fit. Now I’m fifty, filming is harder. The challenge for
ork.
20 21
me is to continue to deliver high-quality w
近兩年來我都在北極拍攝影片
High-proficiency Students’ Sample
最 。我喜歡待在一個２萬年都未曾改變的環境
健康的地方，因為你從不會感冒 (1)
中，這個地方當然很冷，但它一定是個 。
(1)
一開始我是一個研究潛水夫但我一直喜歡攝影，而且每次攝影隊經過，他們
就鼓
(1) (1)
勵我多看和多學。終於在１９８５年，我開始攝影這份工作，而且專注於南，
(1) (1)
北極的野生動物攝影。
(1)
我較喜歡和我所拍攝的動物面對面的接觸，我尚未拍過殺人鯨，但我計畫去
(1) (1)
拍。如果選錯時間去拍攝那是非常危險的。我不會傻到去拍它們覓食的情形。
一隻企圖進入我的帳蓬的北極熊嚇
(1) (0.5)
我從未遇過北極熊的麻煩，雖然我曾被
101
(1)
到。我試著表達出我不會攻擊的意思，而我也相信它知道我並不會攻撃它。
(1)
當我從我的旅行返家時，我早上工作，下午游泳來維持健康。我現在正挑戰 (1)
繼續拍攝高品質的作品。
(1) Score: 14.5
ncy Students’ Sample Low-proficie
我最近在北極拍攝影片。我喜歡待在一個２萬年都未曾改變的地方，現在有
些改
(0.5) (1)
變但仍保有不受污染的空氣。
本來我是一個研究潛水人員，工作結束後同事就鼓勵我多看和多學。終於在 (1)
１９８５年，我開始攝影這份工作。
(1)
我較喜歡和動物面對面的拍攝，我尚未拍過殺人鯨，但我計畫去拍。我拍攝 (1)
極熊從未遇過問題，雖然我曾被一隻企圖進入我的帳蓬的北極熊嚇到 (1)
北 。
(1)
現在我已經５０歲了，每天下午都會游泳來維持健康。現在較沒體力從事攝
(0.5) (1) (0.5)
影這份工作，對我而言攝影是個有品質的生活。
Score: 8
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