ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรԿཚʳ 2003 ڣ 9 ִʳ 143-171
ഺཱིఀᏰޟᏰࣸࡦ
Ϸݙڗࡣ౪ф
ᕏ Й ၨ ဢ ! ࡌ
20 ધ່৵ԼڣΔඒߛᖂഎՈ࠹ࠩ৵זᖂࣷऱᐙΔۖڶԱৰՕऱ᧢
֏Δԫֱ૿Δٺጟ໌ᄅऱޏΔլឰ༼נΙڇԫֱ૿Δ،ՈᣌԱڍႚอ ऱඒߛᏝଖΖء֮ऱؾऱܛڇ࣍ॣޡᛀಘ໌ᄅඒᖂࢬ௫֗ऱୃᖂञᤜΖ֮։նຝ
։Ζೈፃᓵ؆ΔรԲᆏലಾኙז।ߓזᆠऱᨠ࢚։࣫ኙඒᖂऱᇞ࣫
܂ԫ߲៖Δࠀ֧נଡឭᛯ࣍৵זඒߛᓵ૪ऱإ֘ᓵᠲΖรԿᆏঞൕڼႈᤜ ᠲΚ֘ࢤኙૹዌࢤΙݾ൳ࠫኙ֘ݾ൳ࠫΙᏝଖऱᇞዌኙ৬ዌΙءՒ֏ኙ ٤֏ऱኙឤΔᎅࣔ৵זऱمኙඒᖂᄅإ֘ᓵऱٺ۞ᤖᆠΖᓵ֮รຝ
։Δঞᐉီ৵זᐙՀݺഏ२ڣඒߛޏࢬسऱംᠲ֗ڃᚨհሐΚץਔࢤ ऱኙࢤፖ৵זઌኙࢤऱࡉᇞΙඒᖂઝݾऱפመΙᣊᏝଖऱඒߛრᆠΙא֗
ءՒඒᖂ࢚ऱૹዌΖୃᖂऱ৸ەല౨᠆༄໌ᄅඒᖂऱᓵࡉኔᔌΖ
ᜢᗖӷǺିֈԼࢭă౹າିጯăޢனཌྷăିֈࣰጯ
ҁЎբޣࣁ୯ҥࡀܿৣጄᏢଣ௲
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 4 Д 15 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 8 Д 15 В
Bulletin of Educational Research
September, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 3 pp.143-171
Some Philosophical Reflections on the Innovation of Teaching Methods: From
Analytic Philosophy to Postmodernism
Cheng-Hsi Chien Abstract
>From the perspectives of modernism and postmodernism, this article tackles the philosophical issues involved in the advancement of the innovation of teaching methods. First, after a preview of the issues concerned, the author presents that the concept of teaching upheld by the contemporary analytic philosophy of education is circumscribed by the Enlightenment (modernism) and directly contradicts the basic tenets of postmodernism. Second, the author outlines from viewpoints of modernism and postmodernism respectively the pros and cons of the following four sets of diametric views: (1)rationality vs. anti-rationality, (2)instrumental control vs. anti- instrumental control, (3)value construction vs. value deconstruction, and (4)localization vs. globalization. Third, the author examines the problems found from recent teaching innovations in Taiwan within the context of postmodernism and proposes possible
Professor, Department of Elementary education, National Pingtung Teachers Collage E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Apr. 15, 2003; Accepted: Aug. 15, 2003
resolutions. The concluding remarks suggest that philosophy might play a positive role in developing indigenous theories and teaching practices.
Keywords: educational reform, curriculum and instruction,
postmodernism, philosophy of education
ಥăჰ! ኢ
!լጥݺଚڕ۶ඒߛՀࡳᆠΔڇᖂீխڶݮऱψඒᖂωΰteachingαةඒ ߛ೯խ່ૹऱԫᛩΖ20 ધऱߓΔኙඒᖂऱ࢚Ոᙟထլٵऱ৸ᑪ
ۖڶլٵऱൎᓳΖ1920Ε1930 ڣזΔၞޡᆠΰprogressivismαࢭᤉ J. Dewey ኔ شᆠΰpragmatismαऱႚอΔኙႚอ߷ጟࡐࡳΕᏜ֏ΕאඒஃΕᖂઝխ֨ऱ ඒᖂΔ༼נৰՕऱᔆጊΖጲጰᆠΰessentialismα֗ةਁᆠΰperennialismαঞ ለૹီഗ៕वᢝऱᕆګΔᎁψࠝ࿙խ֨ωլመਢஇ֏ऱඒߛΖຍጟઌյհ
ၴऱឭᛯΔࠡኔᖩًԱ२ۍڣΖ1950 ڣזԱኙݼഏΔၞޡᆠࢬױ౨ທګऱ ᖂᙈዩ٦৫ᔆጊΔٺጟૹီഗء౨Ժऱψڃࠩഗءωΰback to basicsαԾૹ ᄵጲጰᆠऱႚอΙ1960 ڣזΔભഏਙΕᆖΕ૨ࢬݮႿऱኙඒߛ֗รԿ༳൳ ऱ֮֏ᦞΔ࠹ࠩᣤૹऱਗᖏΔژڇᆠΰexistentialismαૹီ۞طऱࡅᜢΔא
್܌৸ࡲऱؐᜠᖂृຟஇԱψڃࠩഗءωऱඒᖂኔᔌΙ1980 ڣזΔᙟထֲ
ءࠅ֜ᆖᛎႨԺᘋದΔٺጟٲᖲܫԾ٦৫נᦨΔ۴ᙟऱඒߛޏਢ༼ᖂ سऱ౨ԺճճΖࠡኔΔڇ 1950Ε1960 ڣזΔࢭጲጰᆠऱז।Գ A. Bestor ༉ མψၞޡᆠωڤऱඒᖂΔהᎅΚψݺଚഏ୮ದ౻ᜤ߶ᖆऄऱԳΔᣄሐהऱʳ ʳ ʳ ඒߛመ࿓ਢམᆖኔچװᨠόؑ९ᙄֆύΔࢨਢόڠጂύႯΛωΰ១ګዺΔ 2002a Κ151αܛঁࠩԱ 1990 ڣזΔ༼ଠψ֮֏ైᕆωΰcultural literacyαΔψு֨
वᢝωΰcore knowledgeα່Ժऱ E. D. Hirsch, Jr.ՈլݱΚψڍ່२ऱඒߛޏ
Δຟࠐ۞ୂֺࠅՕᖂஃᒤᖂೃΰၞޡᆠඒߛऱᖂᄀᤃαመװऱԼڣΕԲ ԼڣΕԿԼڣऱ؈ඓΕደΕ֘ཕऱ۔ᚭᒘΖωΰ១ګዺΔ2002aΚ153αHirsch ڇڼՈৰਐௌᒼዒऱᄆޅ৵זᆠΖ
ݺഏ२ԼڣऱඒߛޏΔۿڶطጲጰᆠߨٻၞޡᆠऱٻΖψڣԫ
ᓰ࿓ωؚధԱڶഗءᖂઝऱ։ᎾΔψڍցԵᖂֱூωᇞዌԱԫᇢࡳึسΔψ৬ዌ ڤᑇᖂඒᖂωऱଠᖄΔኙႚอᑇᖂऱψഗء౨ԺωΔՈڶᄅऱᇭᤩΖψᖂீءۯᓰ
࿓ωኙ࣍वᢝऱسขፖႚᎠΔՈઌᅝ࿓৫ऱ൷࠹Ա৵זኙवᢝᦞԺऱᇭᤩΖψࠟ
ࢤؓᦞඒߛωΕψسࡎඒߛωΕψൣፃඒߛωՈڍ֟ᇞዌԱመװאवᢝᖄऱඒ
ᖂૹរΖ
ࠡኔΔڇ 20 ધ 1950Ε1960 ڣזΔഏऱඒߛୃᖂ୮ኙ࣍ၞޡᆠࠐႨ
ऱՕ്ᐐழΔ༉ڶઌᅝऱಘᓵΔຍࠄᖂृሎشψᄗ࢚։࣫ωऱֱऄΔٞቹᖞ ٽႚอፖၞޡ࠷ٻऱඒߛ္ޣΖ֠ڶၞृΔהଚޓᓻمԱԫ։࣫ऱඒߛୃᖂ ΰanalytic philosophy of educationαऱࠢᒤΔߓඒߛୃᖂၲඔԱᄅΖຍᆢ
։࣫ᖂृીԺ࣍։࣫ψඒᖂωΕψඒߛωඒߛு֨ᄗ࢚Ζ։࣫ᖂृݦඨ౨ሎشᄗ
࢚։࣫ፖ᧤ᙀᓵᢞψඒᖂω೯ᓻمԫড়ᨠऱᄷΖ৵זႨԺऱᘋದΔኙ
࣍։࣫ऱඒߛୃᖂહ৵ऱࢤႨԺΔ।լየΔڼԫंऱឭᛯΔᓯڕڍց֮֏ᓵ
֗৵ཷاᓵृᔆጊ։࣫࠷ٻऱඒᖂᨠࢤհټΔೢྀԱֱ۫ੌऱႨԺΙՖࢤ
ᆠᖂृᎁ։࣫࠷ٻऱඒᖂᨠ࢙ီԱՖࢤऱᆖ᧭Ιޅܒඒߛᖂࢭ 1960 ڣזؐ
ᜠႨԺΔՈኙඒߛહ৵ऱᦞԺሎ܂Δ༼נᤰ༄سᔊऱ֘ઊΖۖᙟထሽᆰጻሁઝݾ ऱડధࢤ࿇୶Δޓڂڼޏ᧢ԱඒփऱඒᖂسኪΔຍጟඒᖂسኪΔࢮ२Աழၴፖ
़ၴΔࠌچޘऱழזΔإڤࠩࠐΖ৵זऱඒߛᓵ૪ΔՕ᧯ՂਢൎᓳฆࢤΕ چࢤΔױਢ٤֏ழזऱࠐᜯΔԫጟޣٵऱႨΔՈբᦓྥګݮΖ
ഏփ२ԼڣऱඒߛޏΔৰ֟ᎁటچൕୃᖂऱᨠរᛀಘΖߪԫۯඒߛୃᖂ ՠ܂ृΔृཚৱٺጟψ໌ᄅඒᖂωΔլԫጟݾሎشΔહ৵௫֗ऱ
ୃᖂمፖञᤜΔޓଖܠԳૹီΖء֮ܛᚵൕୃᖂऱمΔނፕຍԫंឭᛯ ऱඒߛޏऱඒᖂ္ޣΔԫଡ֘ઊΖᓵ֮ऱรԲຝ։១૪א։࣫ऱඒߛୃᖂࢬ
ቤऱψඒᖂωᄗ࢚Δז।ႚอΕזאψࢤωᖄऱႨԺΖृޓൕխዝ ᢂႈፖ৵זઌኙمऱمΙᓵ֮รԿຝ։ঞޓาຝچൕ৵זऱඒߛᓵ૪խ ኙڼႈञᤜऱإ֘ୃᖂᓵΔףאಘᓵΖط࣍৵זऱڍցࢤࠌྥΔڂڼृ
៶ထڼԫإ֘ᓵᠲΔݦඨ౨ᖿᛯנ৵זඒߛᓵ૪ڼհၴլٵऱمΖᓵ֮ร
ຝ։Δঞᖕছ૪ऱୃᖂᓵ૪Δृಾኙݺഏၸऱٺጟ໌ᄅඒᖂΔ٦༼נ ԫୃᖂڤऱ֘ઊፖ৬ᤜΖ
෮ă̶ژ็˭۞Ķିጯķநه
ߓڇ 20 ધ 1960 ڣזඒߛୃᖂऱ࿇୶ڶԱৰՕऱޏ᧢Δ࠹ࠩ։࣫
ୃᖂऱᐙΔඒߛୃᖂܑૹီඒߛشऱ᠖Δۖլڇ़࣍ऑऱ༼נٺጟඒߛ ؾऱΖլመΔຍࠀլਢᎅψᄗ࢚։࣫ωΰconceptual analysisαࢨψ։࣫ऱඒߛୃ
ᖂωڶ۞աऱඒߛ്ΖࠃኔՂΔא R. S. PetersΕP. H. Hirst ཉሁᒵऱ։࣫
ᖂृΔإਢڃᚨᅝழၞޡᆠΕࠝ࿙խ֨ψᄅڤωඒߛऱ္ޣΖאڇऱณ ٠ࠐΔPeters ऱڃᚨֹኑਢৰႚอऱΖྤࢡΔHirstΰ1993αڇ 1990 ڣז৵Δ ૹᄅऱ֘ઊཉሁᒵΔՈᎁ 1960 ڣזא૾ભ։࣫ऱඒߛୃᖂऱඒߛ്Δਢ ৬مڇࢤᓵऱႚอհՂΖ։࣫ऱඒߛୃᖂࡐྥސᚰႚอඒߛୃᖂլᙊᕉԺΔ߷
ਢڇֱऄᓵՂΔ۟࣍ࠠ᧯ऱඒߛ്ΔᓯڕൎᓳψඒߛԳωΰeducated personαΔ ৬مڇवᢝψݮڤωΰformαհՂऱ໑ႁᓰ࿓Δא֗ψඒᖂωխऱٺጟᄷΔࠡ
હ৵ऱ֨ᨋᓵΕवᢝᓵ֗ᖂഗ៕Δຟױאڇඔ፞אࠐऱୃᖂႚอഗ៕Ζ אψඒᖂωऱᄗ࢚։࣫ࠏΖଈ٣Δ༉ඒᖂ೯ۖߢΔψඒᖂωਢඒृࠠڶԫ რٻࢤΔཚৱᖂृ౨ᛧીᖂګ࣠ऱ೯Ζ٦ृΔൕवᢝऱᄷࠐΔ։࣫ᖂ
ृᎁඒᖂਢԫࢤऱࠃᄐΔψൕࠃඒᖂΔڇ່ᑑᄷऱൣݮՀΔ۟֟ࠡૹរਢࠌඒ
ृ౨ထૹᖂسऱᇞፖᗑمܒឰΔޣඒृ౨༼ࠎط֗ጲᒔऱᎅࣔωΰScheffler, 1960: 57 αΔຍڶܑ࣍אݾ౨ऱψಝᒭωΰtrainingαΕࠫપΰconditioningαΔא
֗ޣᖂسൎף൷࠹ऱψᥒᙁωΰindoctrinatingαΖڼ؆ΔൕᄷࠐΔᛧ
ીګயΔլ౨৬مڇլᖗ֫հՂΔψᥒᙁωլႛլฤٽवᢝᄷΔՈլฤٽ
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։࣫ᖂृኙඒᖂऱ։࣫୲ࢨڶլٵΔՕીՂՕٵ՛ฆΔۖࠡࢬञᓵऱาᆏΔ Ո؈հጅΖ༉ՕֱٻࠐΔ։࣫ᖂृՈՕીٵრኙψඒᖂωᄗ࢚ऱ᧤ᙀ൶ߒΔ ױאܫԫᆵΰ១ګዺΔ1994αΖዿ৵Δᚨᇠڇլٵழ़ऱᆖ᧭რᆠՀΔװ൶ߒψඒ ᖂωऱڍցଅᎎΖڕ Kerrΰ1981α։࣫ඒᖂైᔆऱዌΖKerr ࡉ Soltisΰ1976α բٽԱඒᖂൣቼΕඒᖂฃኙψඒᖂωڶܑ࣍᧤ᙀ։࣫ऱ༴ᢄΖMacMillan ࡉ Garrisonΰ1988αڇඒᖂ։࣫૿ᜯ᙭հᎾΔ༼נඒᖂխऱψᖿ࿇ωΰeroteticα ᄗ࢚Δૹᄅൎᓳඒᖂመ࿓༉ਢஃسհၴյ༼ംऱመ࿓ΔඒஃೈԱሎشࢤऱ
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ԋᅚȐ1996ȑӧȠ܄ǵϩǵ௲ػΓȡਜύΨԖ၁ᅰޑፕǴܭԜόᙧǶ
ᑑᄷאᇞᖂسऱ༼ം؆ΔՈጐױ౨ᖿ࿇ᖂس৸ٺጟױ౨ژڇऱംᠲΖԲּ
ܑൎᓳຍլਢՂऱ༇ૹᖂسΔۖਢवᢝՂऱ֧ᏆᖂسΖ։࣫ᖂृ Scheffler ڇ 20 ધ 1990 ڣז৵זΕڍց֮֏ΕՖࢤᆠऱਗᖏհᕉΔսྥഒψඒ ߛԳωऱუΔהᎅΰScheffler, 1995: 90αΚ
௲ػΓޑᏢಞࢂቶറԶߚઞϯǹࢂޕޑှǴԶόѝࢂၗૻޑ୴ࣵ܈
ࢂמೌޑ૽ግǶךॺΨࡰрΑᇡޕޑ೯ᢀΚхࡴЬޑЈᡫǵচ߾ޑඓ ඝǴаϷཷۺޑᎂ౽ǶԶޕޑᕇளΨѸӧаᜢᚶǵ܈ݙޑ
ԄǶךॺΨӆமፓঁΓԾҗวځᢀᗺǴᆶдΓҬඤཀـૈΚϐख़ाǶ നࡕǴךॺΨமፓӵՖࡌҥץղԄޑޗဂǴ٠يୖᆶӚᅿགྷႽࡘԵ ޑύǶ
।૿ՂࠐΔ։࣫ᖂृऱࢤᄷΔৰૹီᖂسऱޅܒΕᔆጊΔຍൕהଚ
ܑ༞࿀ψᥒᙁωױנΔۖψޅܒωࢨψޅܒ৸ەωޓਢൄנڇቝ I. Scheffler, J. Passmore, H. Siegel वټᖂृऱᓵ૪խΖլመΔൕຍࠄ։࣫ᖂृऱᓵ૪խΔս ױנΔ։࣫ᖂृڇւΕቔᚐᖂسᔆጊΕ༼ംΕޅܒհᕉΔսྥഒवᢝऱᎁ वࢤΕ֧ᖄࢤΔא֗ᒔࡳࢤΰcertaintyαΖࠡኔΔڰڣ Peters ڇπᖂፖඒߛρ ΰEthics and educationαԫխΔኙᦞΰauthorityαΕᡕፆΰpunishmentα֗ધ৳
ΰdisciplineαऱ։࣫խΔ༉ᎁຍࠄψषᄎ൳ࠫωऱݮڤΔڶؘࠡΔהଚᅝྥ
֘ኙᡕፆΔ܀ਢਬጟრᆠՀऱᦞΕધ৳սਢψඒᖂωመ࿓խᄗ࢚ऱؘྥΰ១ګ ዺΔ1999αΖԫߢאᓈհΔ։࣫ᖂृፖႚอඒߛୃᖂᖂृኙ࣍वᢝᓵՂ֗ᖂՂ ऱψኙωΔຟڶࢬഒΔຍፖ৵ז֗ڍց֮֏ՀऱඒߛଅᎎΔᒔኔڶءᔆՂऱ
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ڇ 20 ધ່৵ऱԼնڣΔԫैጠհψ৵זωΰpostmodernαऱᖂࣷ
ΔբᦓྥګীΖֱ۫۞ඔ፞ሎ೯א૾ࢬᗑ༇ऱψࢤωΰrationalityαբֲఛ࠹
ࠩᔆጊΔຍैൕୃᖂΕਙएᖂΕ֮֏ᖂΕᢌᏆऱ᠏Δᄐբᐙࠩඒߛᖂ ᏆΖᓯڕΔޅܒඒߛᖂΰcritical pedagogyαࢭ್܌৸ᆠ֗वᢝषᄎᖂऱم
Δ༚࠹ࠩ M. Foucault ထ܂ऱ֏ΔܑૹီඒߛवᢝႚᎠऱᦞԺሎ܂Δהଚ
ՈᔆጊΔᖂீඒߛऱփ୲Δਢ֘ਠԱဍऱ࠺ፖᏁޣΙڍց֮֏ᆠ
ΰmulticulturalismα֗षᆢᆠΰcommunitarianismαঞᔆጊ۞طᆠمഗ࣍ଡԳ ऱᦞܓΕᆠ೭ΔྤԺլٵ֮֏ऱᎁٵംᠲΔ۞طᆠ।૿Ղ༇ૹψฆωΔࠡ
ኔਢאֱ۫ඔ፞א૾ऱᑑᄷᑑᄷΙՖࢤᆠΰfeminismαঞᎁ৬مڇ։࣫א
૾ऱඒᖂᓵ૪Δ࢙ฃԱᄕڶᏝଖऱՖࢤߛࠝհᆖ᧭ΰMartin, 1994αΔ२ڣࠐፖ ޅܒඒߛᖂᅩΔޓ࿇୶נՖࢤᆠඒߛᖂΰfeminist pedagogyαΙ৵ཷا ΰpostcolonizalismαऱᖂृޓൕ್܌৸ΕࠉᘸᓵΕڍց֮֏Εषᆢᆠऱຝ
։ᓵ૪խΔ٤Ժડ᧩٣ၞഏ୮ኙၲ࿇խഏ୮ऱխ֨ᢰၾᣂএࢬขسऱٺጟਙ ᆖΕ֮֏ॿฃΖຍࠄ৸ᑪΔ୲ࢨڶլٵऱڱᔊΖլመΔࠡᤛߡՈऱᒔۼࠩ۞։
࣫א૾ऱඒᖂᓵ૪ီມհ؆Δګ່२ඒߛᖂऱψੌωΖ
ભ۞։࣫א૾ऱඒᖂᓵ૪Δፖψ৵זωऱٌᔴΔขسԱڍڶᔊऱᓵΖ
ृቫᇢ༼נរᙃΚ
ԫΕ։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪ΔڇवᢝᓵՂΔمഗ࣍ඔ፞א૾ऱࢤႚอΔൎᓳ࿇ཆ
ࢤΕޅܒΔൕٺጟჟਡխߨנΙ৵זऱᓵ૪ঞᎁࢤՈਢᔆጊፖޅܒΔ ᎁࢤᄎवᢝՂऱᦞΔ߷৵זऱᓵ૪Ծڕ۶ࠌ۞ալवᢝՂऱᗑ ឰࡋΛ
ԲΕ։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪ΔൎᓳඒᖂխࢤऱᎁवΔለ࢙ฃඒᖂऱݾ૿Ζຝ
։ޅܒඒߛᖂՈ༛ထ؆ऱ౧ΔۖࠩઌٵऱᓵΔܛඒᖂլ౨ݾࢤऱ ՠࠠࢤΰinstrumental rationalityαΖլመΔڇ৵זጻሁཏ֗Δඒᖂݾऱޓᄅ Ծॺ۩ᆠᖂழཚऱඒᖂᖲࢬ౨ֺᚵհᎾΔ৵זऱ໌ᄅඒᖂڕ۶ܓشݾ
ΔԾլݾࢬᖙ൳ࡋΛ
ԿΕ։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪ΔڇᖂՂՈمഗ࣍ඔ፞א૾ऱٺጟ۞طᆠႚอΔ ڕଡԳ۞ࢤΕؓΕ༇ૹΕᐈ୲Ζ৵זऱඒᖂᓵ૪Δਬጟ࿓৫چᇞዌਝࡳ
ᒤऱᑑᄷΔ܀ਢΔ৵זࢬᖕאᇞዌਝࡳᒤऱᑑᄷΔਢܡՈؘႊ৬م ڇؓΕ༇ૹΕᐈ୲ऱഗ៕ՂΖ࣍ڼΔ৵זऱٺጟඒᖂᓵ૪ΔՈؘႊڶޓٽ
ऱᎅࣔΖ
Ε։࣫ᖂृᎁኙψඒᖂωࢬ܂ऱ᧤ᙀፖᄗ࢚։࣫ΔࢬᓻمऱٺጟᄷΔ
ࠠڶཏሙࢤΖຍ֧࿇Ա৵זඒߛᓵ૪ઌᅝऱᔆጊΖڇ৵זൎᓳवᢝઌኙऱഗ
៕ՂΔψڇچωΰlocalizationαΕψءՒωΰindigenizationαല౨ኦ᧩ඒߛऱ᧯ࢤΙ
܀ڇԫֱ૿Δ৵זऱՈਢԫଡψچޘωΕψ٤֏ωऱྤؗࡻΖ ءՒ֏ፖ٤֏ऱױ౨ጹ്ΔՈਢ৵זඒߛᖂृؘႊ৸ەऱૹរΖ
אՂൕኙ։࣫א૾ऱඒᖂᓵ૪Δ֧נԱ৵זඒᖂᓵ૪ױ౨ڶऱإ֘ᓵᢞΖ
।૿ՂΔ৵זऱඒߛᓵ૪ፖ։࣫ऱႚอΔۿլԵΖլመΔृڇॣޡᛀ
ီ৵זऱඒᖂᓵ૪խΔՈ᧯ᄎࠩ৵זඒߛᓵ૪ऱڍցࢤΔຍࠄڍցऱ္ޣΔ ڇψ৵זωऱᐐՀΔױ౨ڶլٵऱૹរΔଖޓגาऱΖ
ણăޢன၆ିጯ۞ϒͅኢ
ʙă̆୩ؒ wt/ࡧ်୩ؒ!
Burbules ࡉ Riceΰ1991αڇ৵ז৸ᑪᐙભഏඒߛᓵ૪հॣΔ༉མᆖូ
ࠡψ٥ຏωऱمΔᓯڕࢴኙΔኙψ৵ඖ૪ωΰmeta narrativeαऱܡࡳΔ ޅܒٺጟषᄎ֗ਙएᓵ૪ژڇऱᦞԺዌΔኙٺጟψڍցωᓵ૪ऱࢭᎁΖ৬م ڇࢤհՂऱवᢝࢨ֮֏Δઌለ࣍ࠡהለᢰၾऱᓵ૪Δࠀڶᚌ٣ࢤΖլመΔԲ
ּՈ։Աࠟጟᣊীऱ৵זمΔࠡխԫᣊऱ৵זΔսႜٻ࣍ڇזᆠऱ ഗ៕ՂΔࠐૹዌԫࠄૹᄗ࢚Κԫᣊঞਢ֘זᆠΔܑਢኙֱ۫אψࢤω
ᖄऱٺጟ৵ඖ૪Δ༼נൎ௺ᔆጊΖᅝྥΔຍࠟጟمࠀլਢྍ։ࣔΖڶ ࠄᖂृՈٵழආ࠷ࠟጟمΖࠏڕΚGiroux མൎԺࢻᚰ 1980 ڣז A. Bloom ፖ E.
D. Hirsch ࠠᐙԺऱထ܂ΔBloomΰ1987α༼נڃូײࠢΔאᇞભഏԳ௬૿Ε ݾΕၝᑗհຨ᠙֨ᨋΖHirschΰ1988αঞ༼נψ֮֏ైᕆωΰculture literaryα܂
ԫጟഗءवᢝאڃᚨֲఛᘋฐऱזषᄎΖGiroux ঞᎁຍጟొጰچ֮֏༚
ײΔࠡኔਢ৬مڇխขၸ్ػԳဍٝऱ֮֏ᦞΰAronowitz & Giroux, 1991 αΖ܀ Giroux Ոᎁ৵זᆠऱඒߛլᚨݙ٤ܡࡳזᆠΔזᆠࢬ ࢭऱඔ፞ሎ೯ႚอΔኙཕᐝऱᣂ֨ፖ৵זڍցࢤऱൎᓳΔᚨ٥ٵᛜທԫֆا
֮֏ΰພኔྕΔ2000aΚ255-256αΖՕ᧯ՂΔ৵זඒߛᓵ૪խऱޅܒඒߛᖂኙʳ ʳ ʳ
זᆠΕ։࣫א૾ऱඒߛ്Δਢආ࠷ለᖿ௺ऱمΖભഏኔشᆠ Dewey
ऱႚอՈૹီवᢝऱੌ᧢ࢤΔCherryholmesΰ1988αঞאڼٽ৵זऱᦞԺᓵ
૪ΔൎᓳᦞԺЯवᢝऱઌኙࢤ֗լࡳࢤΔඒߛऱૹរڇ࣍࠰ܗᖂس֘৸ࢬ൷ʳ ʳ
࠹वᢝऱᦞԺࢤᔆΔ৬مࠡ۞ऱ़ၴΖNeimanΰ1995αՈٵᑌൕኔشᆠऱم
ᎁඒߛਝլ౨ࡰᣬ࣍ኙऱءᔆΔՈլ౨ྤַጐऱᇞዌΔۖະԵဠྤΔګ९ ਢᆖ᧭լឰऱૹิޏທΔהᎁ৵זᆠऱװխ֨Δڍցᓵ૪ऱᗨᄕრᆠڇ
࣍౨ജૹዌඒߛ്ऱრᆠΖPignatelliΰ1993αঞૹၞޡᆠऱጲళΔ༼נψ৵
ၞޡඒߛᓵωΰpost progressive theory of educationαΔᎁඒߛऱૹរڇ࣍ޓֆ
ؓچૹီٺጟڍցऱᜢଃΔڇᥛچኙᇩխװ࿇୶ψฆխޣٵωऱױ౨Δٺጟ
ฆࢤΕڍցࢤΔᚨီԫጟᗨᄕٻՂऱඒߛৈᖲΖCherryholmesΕNeimanΕPig- natelli ΕBurbules ࡉ Rice ᖂृՕ᧯Ղຟጩਢለᄵࡉऱ৵זඒߛᖂृΔהଚ्
ࡳฆΕڍցฒᜢ໕ᏰऱඒᖂᜢଃΔ܀ࠀլݙ٤࣋ඵࢤऱཕᐝΰພኔྕΔ 2000a αΖ
ኙψࢤωऱᔆጊΔ२ԲۍڣࠐࠀլਢᄅធࠃΔൕ Nietzsche ࠩޅܒᓵኙψՠ
ࠠࢤωऱᔆጊΖլመΔޅܒᓵऱᖂृ Habermas থᎁᚨૹዌࢤհڍցଅᎎΔ
ڶؘᑅီࢤΔլނࢤስ֏Δᄮຏࢤױא࠷זՠࠠࢤࠐऱ༞࣠Ζ Habermas ഗءՂᝫਢ्ࡳ۞ඔ፞ሎ೯אࠐΔࢬൎᓳऱ᧯۞ݺ֘ઊऱԺၦΔᆖط ᄮຏࢤΔյઌ༿ೈڼऱᦞԺ୬ࠫΔ৬ዌԫଡڶᦞԺށڴऱუߢൣቼΔ ࠌլٵ᧯ၴψյ᧯ωऱ٥ᢝګױ౨ΰຫؔᐝΔ2002αΖ
2৵זऱૹᖂृ Lyotard ঞᎁ२זऱඔ፞ጲళΔመ࣍ൎᓳԳऱψ᧯ࢤ
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༳༽ড়ᨠཏሙऱటΔઝᖂवᢝޓਢאཏሙࢤऱवᢝ۞ࡺΰຫؔᐝΔ2002αΖ Feyerabend ΰ1975, 1978αޓൕઝᖂୃᖂऱمΔᔆጊઝᖂऱড়ᨠࢤΖLyotard ֘Ꮝ Habermas ऱ٥ᢝᎅΔഏփᖂृຫؔᐝڇូ Lyotard ऱ৵זवᢝᓵழΔՈᎁ
ຍਢԫጟደڤऱمΰຫؔᐝΔ2002Κ33-34αΚ
2
୯ϣླྀు֞ԖسޑϟಏΑ Habermas ޑྎ೯܄ǴྕܴΨԖӭጇፕЎǶԿܭ
܄ޑཷۺӧ௲ػণᏢޑ׳ుቫကǴޣஒќЎॊϷǶ
ኻ༣࠹ᆀǴдςܴදၹӅѝࢂឦܭፕୢᚒਔޑࢌᅿਸ
ݩǴӅ٠όࢂࣽᏢፕޑಖཱུҞޑǹϸϐǴፕޑҞޑόࢂଓӅǴ Զࢂᜪ՟วܴৎޑଓᙤᇤǴҾკઇᚯаޑࣽᏢςࡌҥӳޑ୷ᘵ
ࢎᄬǶࡕжЬကޑՅόࢂӕǴϸԶࢂ౦ǶࡕжЬကޑჴǴ
Ԗһᒘᇟقၯᔍޑ౦፦ӭख़܄ޑкϩޭۓǶӧၯᔍೕ߾ޑ܌Ԗࡕ
ፕ܌֖ޑύЈЬကǴа׳ుቶޑࡋѐቨόठޑྗǴঀᏤ౦
፦ྗǴ൧ख़ബޣޑᙤᇤ܈ҟ࣯ౢғޑёૈ܄ǶǾǾࡕжӝݤ ޑȨཥȩ୷ᘵΏࢂࡌҥӧᙤᇤౢғޑёૈ܄ϐޭۓǴ܍ᇡᒱᇤǵҟ࣯ǵ ౦፦ǵӭϡޑӸӧǴкϩᡉኻ༣ݤើՋੁᅐԄޑှ،БԄǶ
༉ඒߛऱمࠐᝑΔ༇ૹᖂس۞ࢤΕฆΕڍցࢤۿբᆖਢ৵זऱ
ੌრߠΖ܀ਢՈڶᖂृਐנΔຍጟૹီฆࢤऱڍց္ޣΔᣄሐլਢԫጟ৵ඖ ૪ႯΛᣄሐءߪլਢԫጟრᢝীኪႯΛψᇞዌࢤωᣄሐլᄎԫጟᗑឰႯΛ Beck ΰ1995αܛམᔆጊ৵זኙڍցऱൎᓳΔᄎᥔ੪Աψ٥ຏࢤωΰcommonalityα ऱᎁवΔה֘ംΔչᏖψฆࢤωऱૹࢤመψ٥ຏࢤωࡋΛڇඒߛऱ
խΔݺଚึߒڶؘװႚᎠԫࠄᏝଖΖኙψࢤωऱمΔृᣋრආ࠷ଥإΕ ૹዌࢤΔۖॺ֘ࢤऱمΖୃᖂᐋڻऱᓵΔ।૿Ղྤܗ࣍ඒߛኔᔌΔࠡኔ ൕהଚኙψࢤωऱٺጟمΔսྥڶܗ࣍ܠԳኙٺጟ໌ᄅऱඒᖂᓵ૪ףא֘ઊΔ Habermas ्ࡳڍցऱ٥ᢝΔLyotard ܡࡳڍց٥ᢝऱױ౨Δڇᓰ࿓ඒᖂऱኔᔌଅ ᎎխΔսଖܠԳาߒΖ
ृᎁΔܛࠌݺଚආ࠷ Lyotard ऱمΔ࣋ඵڇඒߛխ٥ᢝอԫऱಳޣΔ լٞޣլٵ᧯ၴ։ऱอԫΔՈྤऄܡᎁڇຍࠄڍց։փΔژڇԫࠄ٥ٵऱ ᑑᄷΔױᖕאٺ۞ಳޣࠡ٥ᢝΖ
ʠăӬૡ֙ wt/̆Ӭૡ֙!
ڇֱ۫᧤ٺཎࢤऱႚอհՀΔᖵᆖඔ፞ழזΔઝᖂᖐΙ20 ધհ৵Δψݾ
ωޓൕઝᖂխๅᗩۖנΔ୬Գᣊسऱٺଡᐋ૿Ζ20 ધऱૹୃ৸Δڕژ
ڇᆠΕ್܌৸ᆠΔՈຟམኙຍጟݾ۟Ղऱ৸ፂΔ༼נ֘ઊΖઝݾΕԳ֮
ऱኙمፖᓵᖏΔ່ڶټऱਢ C. P. Snow ࢬ༼נऱψࠟଡ֮֏ωऱኙឤΖڕ࣠ሽᐙ Ոױא܂ᖂψ֮ءωऱᇩΔπ2001 ڣ़֜ደሏρΰ2001: Space Odyssey, 1967αΕ πᎬᜠව֫ρΰBlade Runner, 1982αΕπԳՠཕᐝρΰA. I., 2001αຟઌᅝ࿓৫ኙઝ ᖂΕݾፖԳᣊऱյ೯ᣂএΔ܂ԱԵऱ֘ઊΖזઝݾڇඒᖂխऱࠟᣄΔՈਢ
৵זषᄎؘႊ૿ኙऱਗᖏΰພኔྕΔ2000bαΖ
༉ඒߛඒᖂۖߢΔ20 ધছתᆺ۩ᆠᅝሐΔൎᓳݾΕ൳ࠫऱψᒳ ݧඒᖂωΰprogrammed instructionα Ε ψඒᖂᖲωΰlearning machineαᐖੌ۩Δ1960Ε 1970 ڣזດዬᘋฐऱψሽᆰ᎖ܗඒᖂωΰCAIαΔࠩ৵זऱီಛΕጻሁΕᐈ᙮Ε ሽץΖԳᣊኙݾऱᏁޣΔყዝყ௺Ζڶࠄᖂृ༉ᎁ 21 ધඒߛޏࠢᒤ ऱ່Օޏ᧢Δ໒ઝݾڇඒᖂՂऱᚨشΰThornburg, 1991αΖભഏᤔ࣠ሽᆰֆޓ ڇ 1985 ڣၲ࿇ψֲࣔऱᤔ࣠ඒωΰApple Classroom of Tomorrow, ACOTα ΖDewyer ΰ1996αམኙ ACOT ףאઔߒΔਐנᙟထଡԳሽᆰཏ֗࣍ඒΔઝݾբ࠷זඒஃΔ वᢝऱ༼ࠎլ٦ຘመඒஃΔۖਢᖂس૿ኙሽᆰऱյ೯Ζඒஃऱߡۥլڕ࿓ڤᇞ ᎅፖፂଥԳΖᖂسଡԳऱᖂ౨ԺΕயΕᘋᔊຟڶ᧩ထऱ༼ࣙΖឈྥΔ ຍᑌऱޏ᧢ᄎᨃԳᒱᡖඒஃऱႚอߡۥΔ܀ψઝݾࠢᒤωऱੌႨՀΔথਢ
ඒஃװ༼ࣙ۞աऱઝݾైᕆΔֱլીழזෟޮΖڇሽᆰګඒᖂᄅᡒհՀΔط
࣍ሽᆰऱຒ৫ࢤΕᓤ፹ࢤΕױޏ᧢ࢤΔຟॺൄڶܓ࣍ඒஃૠٺጟᨋऱඒࠠΔ Ոܓ࣍ඒஃނٺጟؓ૿ᇷறᑇۯ֏Δۖ౨ޓᨋऱ೪ᙀፖᚨشΖ
ኙሽᆰઝݾ່ᑗᨠऱᖂृᎁΔٺጟᑇۯऱઝݾਢԫጟՠࠠΔຘመຍጟڶ யΕᄅᗩۖݶ൸ऱඒᖂՠࠠΔױאψ༅ඒ࣍ᑗωΔᨋۖس೯ऱ༼ࠎٺጟඒޗΔٺ ጟψႚอωऱඒߛؾऱΔຟױຘመሽᆰࠐሒګΖඒஃլؘኙሽᆰஎჩΔ֘ۖޓ ᗨᄕऱװᨋࠌشΔψભᣝᄅωܛױࠩࠐΖ
ڶࠄᖂृࠀլൕՂ૪ψՠࠠࢤωऱᨠរΔൕݾயشऱߡ৫ৱሽ ᆰΔ܀הଚࠉྥ्ࡳሽᆰઝݾڇ᠏ངඒᖂՂऱᗨᄕრᆠΖᓯڕᙩኪΕኙवᢝ᧯
ߓऱޏ᧢ΔࠌڍցऱᜢଃటإࠐᜯΔᇞዌඒᦞऱഄԫٽऄࠐᄭΔඒஃլ٦ ਢवᢝऱԫߢഘΔඒᖂֱऄऱޏ᧢ףՂवᢝ٦ऱڍցΔআګԱवᢝޓᄅऱױ౨Ζ
ႚอኙऱवᢝ᧯ߓΔඒஃڇඒփΔࠡኔਢشԫኙऱवᢝᑑᄷڇψಝω
ΰdisciplineαᖂسΔભࠡټᛶإᖂسᖂᙑᎄΖױਢڇᄅऱሽᆰյ೯խΔᆄᆄՏ
Տऱᖂسᄎലႚอऱᐊ᧢ݮΕ୶ᄅऱᓵ૪ֱڤΔၞۖޏ᧢ႚอᐊऱଅΔ Ոऴ൷আګԱڍඒஃऱᓭسΔፖᖂسీڇٵԫೄᒵΔຍጟᄅऱඒᖂኔᔌΔ ฤٽ৵זԫऱवᢝ္ޣΖٵழΔط࣍ሽᆰઝݾऱડధࢤ࿇୶Δٺጟ၏ඒᖂ ޓ࣐࣍ኔਜΔवᢝլ٦ជ᥆࣍֟ᑇဍٝऱᖙ൳Δޓܓ࣍٤اऱཏ֗ඒߛΖP.
Freire א֗ޓڰऱ I. Illich ऱ္ޣΔຟរנԱڼრᆠΖKellnerΰ2000αᎁڇ৵ זຍጟ٤֏ऱႨխΔޅܒඒߛᖂޓᚨൎ֏ڼԫઝݾైᕆΔٽڇچऱषᄎሎ ೯Δല౨আګޓฤٽإᆠऱषᄎࠩࠐΖ
ྤԳᄎܡᎁઝݾᚨش࣍ඒᖂՂऱঁܓࢤΖ܀ૉᎅ،టऱࠠڶছ૪ऱᏝଖΔ Ոآ܍ߢመࠡኔΖMarshallΰ1998, 2000αࡐྥ्ࡳሽᆰጻሁࢬݮګऱψሽ֮ءω ΰelectronic textαࢨψ၌֮ءωΰhypertextαΔऱᒔਢԫଡ؎ՕऱᇷறΔऱᒔ
ڶٚ۶ԫۯႚอඒஃመڼԫᇷறΖױਢΔሽᆰ౨༼ࠎᇷಛΔۖॺवᢝΖ Marshall ᎁ۞։࣫א૾ऱੌඒᖂᓵ૪ΔࢬૹီऱܛवᢝΕᄗ࢚Εঞऱ༳
༽ΔᎁवऱຏᨠΖᇷಛऱᏝଖܛڇ࣍ࠌشृਢܡࠠໂԫऱवᢝહནΔ౨ᇞʳ ʳ
֗ሎشڼאԫᇷಛΖڇሽᆰګԳଚسऱԫຝ։ऱվ֚Δψઝݾైᕆω ΰtechnological literacyαբګᄅऱඒߛؾᑑࢨ౨ԺΖڕ࣠ઝݾైᕆਢᓯڕᑵ
൜Ղጻੌ࿓ΕਐחΕጻૠΕሽᆰ֮ΕႚᙁሽၡٙΔຍࠄլመਢ
ࡳऱψݾ؏ωۖբΔ༉ړቝᙕ࣋ᐙᖲΕሽီᖲΕ֫ᖲګԳᣊسխऱԫຝ։Δ ڕ۶ࠌشᅝྥਢזԳऱؘໂݾ౨Δ܀߷ᚨਢඒߛࢨඒᖂऱؾᑑႯΛటإऱψై
ᕆωࢨጠհᣊۿײࠢԿ R ऱഗءᦰᐊጩ౨ԺΔൕࠐ༉լਢݾ؏ۖբΔޓץਔ ᇠ౨ԺࢬሉऱܒឰΕᇞΕޅܒΔԯ۟࣍ޓՕऱ֮֏૿ٻΰBlake & Standish, 2000 αΖ༉ஃسᣂএࢨਢඒߛऱԳ૿ٻΔጻᎾյ೯ऱឆയࢤࡐྥױאޓܓ࣍ஃس հၴᓫԫࠄឆߏऱᤜᠲΔ܀ਢՈॴᡶԱԳፖԳհၴյ೯ऱױ౨Ζೈॺݺଚݙ٤
࣋ඵԳፖԳհၴటኔյ೯ऱسֱڤΔܡঞਢشဠᚵЯటኔऱߢࠐᥨሽᆰ ဠᚵऱటኔࢤΔࢨᔆጊటኔऱဠᚵࢤ٦ᓵ૪Δਢྤܗ࣍৵זֲఛ งᠦऱԳᎾյ೯
3Ζ
3
Ƞεम௲ػণᏢයтȡȐJournal of Philosophy of Educationȑӧ 2000 ԃ 34 ڔ 1 යޑ
ᚒջࢂаႝηਜቪᆛၡࣽמࣁЬᚒǴԖӭጇᆒறޑፕЎࣽמङࡕޑণᏢကǶ
ڼ؆Δઝݾጻሁឈྥᄎআၞवᢝऱཏ֗֏Δ܀ृথᎁΔڇवᢝᆖᛎऱழ זΔޓױ౨ທګլٵवᢝᖑڶृհၴऱ၏ΖᤝڕΔڇ໌ᄅඒᖂऱ࢚հՀΔඒ ஃޣᖂسشጻሁ፦༈ࢨݙګ܂ᄐΖᖂسऱषᆖહནΔ୮ᇙڶྤሽᆰٽΔ༉ᄎ ਢԫଡެࡳࢤऱڂైΖۖΔڇ܂ԫጟൎႨߢऱᖂ֮֗֏ࣷՀΔ ጻሁࢬᚏژऱᑇۯᇷಛΔ֮ਢֱ່ঁऱտ૿Ζඒᖂጻሁ֏ऱહ৵Δױլױ౨ਢ
؆ԫጟ֮֏ऱཷاΔՈਢඒߛᖂृլ౨լ৸ᑵᐞऱچֱΖ
ऄᥞ܌ጝᖂᖂृ W. Benjamin ڇ 20 ધ 30 ڣזΔᖲඳբ౨ᓤ፹ᢌΰڕ ٱࠧᢄΕఎᜢഀׂαऱழଢΔ༉ਐנڇᖲඳᓤ፹ழזΔᓤ፹ᢌֶԱటኔᢌ
ऱψࣷωΰauraαΖ༉ړቝٱࠧءऱཏ֗ΔψᎅԳωᄎ۞೯ऱຓΖױਢΔ ݺଚൕ՛ᎅխऱᔹᦰᆖ᧭ΔፖแᦫᎅԳऱᆖ᧭ΔኙڶࠡฆΖࠩվ֚
ַΔแᦫՕஃऱዝΔսਢڍფᑗृऱ່ფΔຍਢٚ۶٦ጲയऱᑇۯᙕଃ
ՈྤऄֺᚵΔኙ࣍ඒஃᖂسۖߢΔඒᖂऱψࣷω۶ΛஃسൣᓩΕԳຯ ᘜൣრ૿ٻऱඒߛؾᑑΔڕ۶ڇբᝬԵψᑇۯᓤ፹ωڣזऱ৵זषᄎᇙΔս ਢԫܺᣄऱਗᖏΖֱةੈڇᓵ૪ᖲඳᓤ፹ፖᑇۯᓤ፹᧯ழזኙඒߛऱᓢᚰ ழΔՈڶԫጟψྤچᑗᨠωΔהΰֱةੈΔ2002Κ93αᎅΚ
ΨǴӧࣽמޑቹៜΠǴךॺѸѨѐа۳܌ᇡࣁޑനख़ाޑ٣ނǹ ՠࢂӧ௲ػπբޣޑոΚΠǴཥޑ௲ػࢲԄΨஒ٬ঁΓόӆѝࢂ
ޕޑȨፄᇙޣȩᆶȨፄᇙޣȩǴԶࢂૈԋࣁཥࠠޕޑȨғ
ౢޣȩᆶȨኞޣȩǼ
ڇ৵ז໌ᄅඒᖂऱႨՀΔሽᆰઝݾݾਢԫጟᄅীऱඒᖂઝݾΔᄎ᠏
ངԳᣊբڶऱᖂଅᎎΔ۞լৱߢΖਢΔڼԫ᠏Δࢬੌຓऱլႛਢႚอඒᖂ ऱࣷΔޓױ౨ਢඒߛࢬੴီऱൣრ૿ٻΖԫߢאᓈհΔ৵זսྥឭᛯڇઝݾ ऱᖑᥨፖᏭᘰհၴΖ
ʭăᅋࢄڟཌ် wt/ݚ်!
ᄕጤऱ৵זᓵ૪լႛܡᎁवᢝऱኙࢤΔڇᏝଖᓵՂޓਢආ࠷ઌኙᓵऱم
ΔᎁႚอऱᏝଖᒤΔ।૿ՂՈᄎൎᓳψ༇ૹฆաωΔ܀ᇙথਢאੌऱ
֮֏ΕممΔ֘ۖటإ࢙ฃԱ֟ᑇᢰၾΕஇႨΕՖࢤऱᜢଃΖृڇছ૿
բ༼נΔԱൎᓳኙฆաऱᚘ૰Δ৵זᓵऱᖂृႜٻ࣍ൕवᢝᓵऱઌኙࢤנ࿇Δ װᣌ۞ඔ፞ሎ೯אࠐאࢤᖄऱႨԺΔװਗᖏࢤᗑՕऱԫց്Ζլ֟
ᖂृᎁᇞዌࢤլԫࡳਢ່ړऱֱऄΖJ. S. Mill ຍۯײࠢ۞طᆠृڇᓵᢞψߢ ᓵ۞طωழΔܛམאवᢝᓵՂऱمਐנΔԳլױ౨լנᙑمᓵࠉᖕհԫΔԳ լ౨ᒔঅ۞ալحᙑΔอएृᅝྥՈլ౨რشഏ୮ڜ٤հټጪࠫᄅፊࢨߢᓵ۞
طΰ܀ਟΔ2002αΖ܀ਢΔຍլᤖොထݺଚլ౨شড়ᨠऱᑑᄷࠐ٘ဪԫࠄࠃൣΖ ࠃኔՂΔײࠢ۞طᆠإਢԱַڶᦞृᛒشᦞԺΔུᚘฆաΔթൎᓳሎش
ࢤΔאൕٺጟᗑឰऱႨԺխߨנΖ৵זᖂृ࣍ᣌٺጟႚอᏝଖΔ।૿Ղ ړቝᄎࠌᏝଖᝬԵဠྤΔլመΔהଚኙႚอᏝଖऱᏭᘰΔᣄሐլᏁمഗ࣍ਬࠄ ᏝଖհՂႯΛ႑ཛᙤΰ1996Κ548αڇေ૪ڍց֮֏ழΔམᆖ༼֗Κ
ཥЎϯЬကϷӭϡЎϯ௲ػੋϷډᅿ୷ҁޑউᏢচ߾Ǵ൩ࢂჹܭ Ȩ౦ρȩޑ൧ख़Ƕՠࢂा൧ख़ǵाȨЬᡏ໔ሞޑ۶ԜᇡӕȩǴଁόࢂ
ΞນፏჹܭΓᜪදӕԖਏ܄ޑȨයࡑȩǻᜤၰନԜϐѦǴձԖҥىᗺǻ Զ೭ኬޑউᏢႣᆶжፕύޑ୷ҁрวᗺΞԖՖৡ౦ǻ
Siegel ຍۯ։࣫࠷ٻඒߛୃᖂऱ৵ದհߐΔڇψ։࣫ω৵זΕՖࢤᆠΕ ڍց֮֏ႢհᎾΔದࠐᓡאࢤᖄऱඒߛᨠΔהΰSiegel, 1997: 181αམ אՖࢤᆠኙੌᖂऱޅေࠏΔᎅࠩΚψՖࢤᆠᖂऱಥܛڇ࣍༼נ ԱԫࠄࡳऱᑑᄷΞΞࠡኔਢ֘ਠԱኙՖࢤऱೣߠΖྥۖΔݺଚլױ౨ԫֱ૿֘
ኙຍࠄڶೣߠऱᑑᄷΔٵழԾ֘ኙေᦸຍࠄೣߠऱᑑᄷΖωSiegel ᎁ৵ז
ࢬൎᓳऱ༇ૹฆፖڍցΔՈਢԫጟሐᐚऱ္ޣΖSiegel լ֘ኙຍጟሐᐚ္ޣΔ
֘ۖᎁψ༇ૹהԳωΔࠡኔਢඔ፞ሎ೯אࠐ່ੌऱሐᐚ္ޣΖࢬᘯψ۞ࢤω ז।ऱਢଡԳឭๅ؆ڇᛩቼऱեឫΔ္ᓯ࣍ࢤऱᗑمܒឰΔۖψ۞ࢤωՈਢ
۞։࣫א૾Δߓ່ੌऱඒߛࢨሐᐚඒߛؾऱΖຝ։৵זऱᓵ૪ԫֱ
૿ᔆጊႚอऱᏝଖΔᚘލԱଡԳऱ۞ݺΔ܀Ոٵழᔆጊψ۞ࢤωءߪਢඔ፞
ࢤऱขढΔຍጟ᧯ࢤঞΰprinciple of subjectivityαਢඔ፞ऱݛඖࠃΔ৵ז
ᖂृ໗ψ᧯բڽωΔإਢڼԫ౧ऱᄕીΖݺଚլᆃംΔ᧯բڽਢܡז।
ထኧࢍᇞዌٺጟᏝଖΔڕ࣠ਢऱᇩΔՈլشᓫඒߛԱΔڂඒߛኙਢᇞዌ ऱኙွΖڕ࣠৵זऱٺጟᓵ૪ΔਢൎᓳٺጟڍցᏝଖऱᗑمࢤΔ༉սቃ
ԫࠄᏝଖڕؓΕ༇ૹΕᐈ୲Ε۞طΔࢬᘯᏝଖऱڍցΔإਢᆵኔຍࠄᏝ ଖΖឈྥࠡᓵᢞऱֱڤፖ։࣫א૾ऱඒߛୃᖂڶৰՕऱฆΔ܀ױ౨ᓵڶչ ᏖլٵΖृൿ༴ഏփૹऱ৵זሐᐚඒߛᓵ૪ΔՕᄗຟսྥൎᓳ༇ૹڍցΔ ഛᕆޅܒ৸ەΕᗑم৸ەΕኙᢰၾΕᆵኔऱإᆠࡅᜢΞΞृᎅऱਢΔ։࣫א
૾ࢬ৬مऱඒߛ്Δਢ৬مڇඔ፞ሎ೯א૾ऱ۞طᆠႚอΔឭᛯ࣍৵זऱ ٺጟඒߛ္ޣΔۿ؆ԫଡᏆΔ܀ኙ۞طᆠࢨ։࣫ऱඒߛᖂृۖߢΔהଚ ຟᣋრܮຍࠄ৵זऱጲళΔਢהଚᎁຍࠄ္ޣຟױאڇڶऱࢤਮዌ խΔࠩᢞګΖඒߛՠ܂ृڕ࣠լނຍࠄ္ޣီᓵࢨՑᇆΔגาװה ଚլٵऱᓵᢞֱڤലޓ౨᧯ڼऱ്Ζ
ͲăΏˀ˽ wt/ϒ୨˽!
ڇ৵זऱᓵ૪խΔ؆ڶԫଡਙएΕ֮֏ΕઝݾٌઌᓢᚰऱᓵञΔ߷ਢء Ւ֏ፖ٤֏ऱञᤜΖᙟထᆖᛎዌޏ᧢א֗ጻሁઝݾऱཏ֗Δழၴፖ़ၴլ٦ ᙩַፖࡐࡳΕլ٦ॴᐹԱڼऱ၏ᠦΔψچޘωऱழזΔᒔբࠐᜯΖԱᏺၞഏ ᎾڼऱԱᇞΔ٤֏ᄎൎᓳԫଡψ٥ຏωऱഗ៕Δאআၞڼឭๅਙएᡲऱ ᢋΖ܀ڇԫֱ૿Δ৵זᓵ૪ৰൎᓳኙڍցฆաऱ༇ૹΔՈৰᔆጊֱ۫
ԫऴא۞ݺऱ֮֏܂ᑑᄷΔڶ༇ૹլٵഏ୮ऱ֮֏Ζຍጟኙඔ፞א૾ֱ۫խข ၸ్ߊࢤػԳऱޅܒΔᎅਢ৵זऱੌᓵ૪ΔՈࠀլᇥՕΖψ٤֏ωࠌഏፖ ഏհၴऱᡲດዬऔೈΔஇ֏Աഏ୮ऱᗑمࢤΰnational autonomyαΙ܀ਢᙟထڍ ց֮֏ऱૹီΔءՒڇچ֮֏ऱૹီΔԾᓉԫᄅऱழࡸΖຍհၴژڇထਝጹ്
ԾᢞհၴऱᣂএΰBurbules & Torres, 2000: 14αΖ
ൕֱ۫ਙएୃᖂऱ࿇୶ࠐΔ२ڣࠐ۞طᆠאଡԳऱᦞܓᆠ೭נ࿇Δٞ
ޣ৬مԫཏሙࢤऱֆاߪ։ᨠΔբ࠹ࠩઌᅝऱᔆጊΖषᆢᆠፖڍց֮֏ᆠຟ ᎁଡԳࠀլਢאࠡᗑمऱ۞ݺװ࿇୶ࠡᎁٵΖۖਢڇԫ٥ຏऱ֮֏ႚอፖࣷ
խΔװ৬ዌଡԳऱ۞ݺΕ֮֏ΕᏝଖΕԯ۟ഏ୮ऱᎁٵΖC. Taylor ፖ A. MacIntyre
ຟམᓵ૪መଡԳ۞ݺਢլឰፖ؆ڇऱψኙᇩωۖګݮΖլመΔWaldronΰ1996:
114 αঞᎁଡԳऱᎁٵຟਢڇڍցऱ౧խګݮΔଡԳլ٦ႛ࠹ࠩהࡳជ᥆ऱ
֮֏षᆢऱᐙΖWaldron ڇڼऱრ৸ਢᣠܫࡳ֮֏ᎁٵΰྤᓵਢषᆢᆠࢨ ڍց֮֏ᆠαऱԳՓΔլৰስچ֮֏ᎁٵհټΔ۩֮֏ᚘ૰հኔΖڍց
֮֏ඒߛऱૹរլ౨ԫऱൎ֏ଡԳፖගᆢऱፂᢀΔڂଡԳፖගᆢհᎁٵࠀ ॺڕڼԫΖଡԳኙගᆢ֮֏ऱ्ᎁՈࡵൕᨠΰcosmopolitanismαऱمΔ ڇ्ᎁ۞ݺගᆢհ֮֏ऱٵழΔՈ౨ޓψڍցωऱൕࠡהլٵऱ֮֏Δ৬مە ਮዌΖࠃኔՂΔڇ᧤ᙀ֗ᄗ࢚ՂΔଡԳࢨਬԫගᆢհࢬא्ᎁ۞աऱ֮֏Δإ ਢڇ൷ᤛࠩլٵऱ֮֏৵Δኙ۞ݺ֮֏ࢬऱܑࢭᘭΖڕ࣠ڍց֮֏టऱਢ৬ مڇฆաऱ༇ૹΔ߷נ۞֮࣍֏ऱᓡΰڕஎ᥈۞աऱ֮֏ᄰαΔࢨਢኙࠡה
֮֏ऱլ୵Δ߷լመਢݺගխ֨Հऱ֮֏ᎁٵΔຍጟඈהࢤΔࠀլߩ࠷Ζ McDonough ΰ1998αܛᎁൕڍց֮֏ऱᨠمΔױאଥإ Taylor ለೣ
ऱ֮֏ᎁٵمΰ១ګዺΔ2000αΖS. Hall ൕᑛᖞٽऱᨠរΔ༼נψזഏ୮ ਢ֮֏ᓤٽ᧯ωऱᄗ࢚ΰmodern nations are all cultural hybridsαΔቔᚐڍց֮֏ၴ
ऱઌյො᥊Δࠌԫऱاගഏ୮ڼհၴޓ࣐࣍ઌյᇞΔۖ৬مޓՕऱᆖᛎΕ ਙएࢨ֮֏ऱ٥ٵ᧯ΰStoer & Cortesão , 2000α
Luke ࡉ Lukeΰ2000αኙ࣍٤֏ፖࡳءՒ֏Εڇچ֏ऱጹ്ᣂএΔ༼נ ԱԫଡᄕڶᏝଖऱඒᖂᑓڤΖԲּאڇഏઔߒऱᆖ᧭Δהଚଈ٣ൕ৵זΕ৵
ཷاऱޅܒਮዌխװ։ֱ࣫۫ऱ֮֏Δྥ৵ഏᅝچऱषԳՓװᔆ ጊΕޅܒΕ֘ઊຍࠄψཏயωऱֱ֮۫֏Δࠀൕڇچऱᨠរװ࿇୶ᓰ࿓ΖഏԳ ڂڼױאᇞֱ۫Գڕ۶ৱࠃढΔՈ౨ᇞֱ۫Գڕ۶ৱഏԳΔ٦ᛀಘה ଚ۞աਢڕ۶ৱֱ۫ԳΔ۟࣍ࠌլٵഏچֺለڼհฆΖངߢհΔൕ ٤֏ऱᨠរΔױא༼ࠎԫࠄᅃီມΔ᠆༄چࢤऱ֮֏Δࠌࡳऱ֮֏
ᎁٵ౨অڶطՀۖՂऱ౻ڤۥΔঅڶ۞ݺۖԾլ؈໌ᄅΖ٤֏ࠀլٞޣװ ৬مԫԫΕཏሙऱ֮֏ᎁٵΔଡԳ۞ݺڇࡳچऱ֮֏ᎁٵΔ౨ജլඈהࢤ چፖࠡה֮֏൷ᣮΔڼ٥ࠆԾ༇ૹڼऱᗑࢤΖ
ڶԳᄎܡᎁΔ৬مፕ֮֏᧯ᎁٵऱૹࢤΖ܀ਢΔݺଚլ౨ܡᎁխഏ
ႚอ֮֏ऱᐙΔՈլ౨۞֮࣍֏षᆢΖψᄅፕԳωլႛᏁኙ۞ݺ֮֏
ऱ्ᎁΔޓڶॾ֨Δլ۞ૻ࣍ࡳਙएኔΔլؘڶඈהࢤऱ֮֏္ޣΔթױ
אڇഏᎾ֏Ε٤֏ՀঅڶݺଚءՒऱᗑࢤΖ
དྷăԧ઼౹າିጯ۞࠷ޥ
։࣫ᖂृڇ։࣫ψඒᖂωழΔམᆖਐנΔڇᄗ࢚ऱࡳՂΔψඒᖂωਢԫጟؾ ऱᖄٻऱ೯Δቃထᖂګயऱᛧΰ១ګዺΔ1994αΖᣤᎅࠐΔψڶயωඒ ᖂਢڍڼԫᜰऱݮ୲ဲΔඒᖂ೯Δฤٽࠡᄗ࢚ࡳΔܛڶயΖψ໌ᄅωඒ ᖂࡋΛृؘႊᎅΔψڶயωඒᖂΔآؘ໌ᄅΔۖψ໌ᄅωඒᖂՈڶױ౨լਢඒᖂ ΰڕ࣠ආ࠷։࣫ᖂृኙඒᖂࢬࡳऱઌᣂᄷΔܑਢࢤᄷαΖឭᛯ࣍זፖ
৵זऱᓵञΔृਢထאזᓳࡉ৵זऱمΔኙ࣍वᢝΕᏝଖࠀլᄕ ጤઌኙऱمΖءᆏृലಾኙছᆏ৵זඒᖂᓵ૪ऱإ֘ᓵᠲΔٽ२Լڣࠐ ݺഏඒߛխऱွΔቫᇢ༼נ໌ᄅඒᖂኔᔌՂऱઊ৸Ζ
ʙă୩ؒڟ൘ဇჄݣ୪̈́ߺဇؒڟַཌ!
वᢝऱᇞዌګ৵זழᏐऱՑᇆ৵Δݺഏඒᖂመ࿓խऱٺጟڍցေၦΔՈ ᚨሎۖسΖ2002 ڣኦ֏ԫࢬഏխऱਢॺەᠲψᕆࠝ۔ωਢܡإᒔΔூਢψŰωΔ
ۖਬࢬᒳհඒઝᓵ֗ࡎ٣௺Զਐല૨႓ᘋਢڇψ࣑ࣳದᆠωԫݰխ႞Δ
ឰԲਐΰᚨψ႓क़ൂհݰωαΖृႛאڼԲߠᓯ᧯ऱࠏΔॣޡऱಘᓵΖ ᇨྥΔψᕆࠝ۔ωຍײΔױ౨֘ਠԱԫᙩኪऱ୮அΔΰ৵αזषᄎΔ ᙟထഏاڣ८ऱቤΔਙࢌՈފዝထ۔ԳڜᕆऱᗨᄕߡۥΖլመΔڼԫᏝଖຫ૪Δ ਢլਢᔞٽشψਢॺᠲωࠐᒔᎁΔঞլྤጊംΖ։࣫ᖂृৰڰ༉ਐנΔᏝଖऱႚ
Ꭰլ౨ੌ࣍ψᥒᙁωΔ৵זޓൎᓳᏝଖऱڍցΖψᕆࠝ۔ωຍᑌऱᨠ࢚Δਢᚨ ᇠຘመఄ్ऱಘᓵΔۖլᚨਢࡳ࣍ԫऱூΖ႓ᘋڇ႓क़ൂԫݰխᐘΔ؈װԲਐΔ ڼԫψࠃኔհवωΔᚨᇠڶवᢝઌኙኙऱञᤜΖࡐྥΔLyotard ऱᓵ૪ৰൎᓳ
ฆΔԯ۟ᙑᎄऱᗨᄕრᆠΖ৵זऱඒߛᖂृ Dollΰ1993αՈᎁזᆠऱ वᢝᓵΔྤऄإီ᧢೯Ε႖Ε؈ݧΕᙑᎄڇඒߛऱᏝଖΖ܀ਢΔຍࠀլਢᎅ ݺଚױאٚრᗳޏઝᖂࢨᖵࠃኔΖݺଚᅝྥױא٦ᒔᎁ႓ᘋਢܡటऱڇ႓क़ൂ
ԫݰ؈װԲਐΖՈױאᔆጊຍᑌऱᖵψࠃኔωڶڶؘ٨ԵඒޗࢨەᠲΖࠡ
ኔΔൕ৵זवᢝᓵऱمࠐΔᖵࠃٙऱಖሉΔৰՕ࿓৫֘ਠԱᅝᦞृऱრ ᢝݮኪΖאዧගխ֨ऱᖵΔኙקٕٮ؉ऱᇞᤩΔ༉ױ౨حԱݺගխ֨ऱֻఐΔ ຍਢױאՈᚨᇠ༼נ֘ઊऱΖڕ࣠ݺଚլటإװإီ৵זڍցऱጲళΔࢨਢނ
৵זवᢝᓵऱઌኙࢤፖኙࢤऱᔆጊΔီਢԫጟՑᇆΔՈ୲࣐ݮګԫጟ ᗑឰऱඒයΖSiegelΰ1987, 1997αܛᎁഒवᢝऱઌኙࢤࢨץ୲ΰinclusionαΔ լߠ༉լᄎඈהΔۖഒवᢝऱኙࢤՈլߠ༉ᄎະԵᗑឰΖ৵זवᢝઌ ኙऱمΔቔᚐݺଚൕڍցऱߡ৫װ৸ەٺጟױ౨Ε༼ᙌݺଚ৸ەਝࡳवᢝહ৵ ऱᦞԺሎ܂ΔᇞլٵवᢝႚᎠመ࿓ࢬז।ऱٺጟൣቼፖمΔຍࠄຟᚨီૹ ዌڍցࢤऱᗨᄕრᆠΖ։࣫א૾ऱඒߛᓵ૪Δ࣐࣍ނඒᖂመ࿓խऱࢤঞཏ ሙ֏ΔࠀլਢຍࠄࢤঞڶչᏖլኙΔۖਢཏሙ֏ऱࢤঞΔৰᣄڇࠠ᧯ऱ ౧խటإ࿇ཀࠡפ౨Ζृీڇ։࣫ႚอऱمܮ৵זᓵ૪Δᎁ৵ז ٺጟڍցᓵ૪Δ֘ۖױאᏺףࢤऱᒤΔՈ౨ࠌࢤऱᄷঞڇኔᎾऱൣቼխΔ
᧯ޓڍցऱױ౨Ζڕ࣠ݺଚऱ໌ᄅඒᖂਢࡰᣬԫጟψإᒔωऱᏝଖΰڕ၈ލ ᕆࠝ۔αΔࢨਢ࢙ฃԱԫࠄࠃኔΔۖທګᙑᎄΰڕ႓ᘋ࣑࣍ࣳದᆠឰԱԲਐαΔ ຟڴᇞԱ৵זڍցᓵ૪ऱጲళΖ
ٵᑌچΔ৬ዌڤᑇᖂඒᖂڕ࣠ီψԫጟωᑇᖂඒᖂֱڤհԫΔڶԳᄎ֘
ኙΖڕ࣠ਢא৵ऱᑇᖂඒᖂຟ౨ش৬ዌڤඒᖂΔ٣լᓵຍᑌऱਙࠫࡳฤլฤ ٽᑇᖂඒᖂऱറᄐრߠΔՈլਗଵਢᓴױאൕխᛧܓఛΰمऄࡡޅຝ։ᒳ ᙀࡡڇܽၴᇖఄᓰΕଫαΔຍጟԫցऱጲళΔ༉բᆖሔ֘Ա৵זڍցऱ ጲళԱΖݺଚᙟრᜰഏᒳءรԮםπᑇᖂ܂ρΰ 73αΔڶՀ٨ऱࠏψشڶ űᇆऱጩڤჄךᠲಖᙕംᠲΔࠀشڶଊᇆࡉ྇ᇆऱጩڤނ܃ऱऄಖՀࠐωΔ ψ264 ءΔ39 ءᇘګԫᒣΔᕣၦᇘݙΔױᇘګ༓ᒣΛໍՀ༓ءΛωڍඒஃ
ᖕਐᖄΔޣᖂسԫࡳشڶଊᇆࡉ྇ᇆऱጩڤΔܡঞ༉ᙑΖृ٦ൎᓳΔ ৬ዌڤᑇᖂඒᖂኙ࣍ᔞᚨଡܑฆΔᆵኔᖂسᆖ᧭א֗ᏺၞᑇᖂڇسխऱᚨ شΔຟڶࠡߜऱඒߛრᆠΖ܀ਢᅝඒஃψլωᖂسહଊऄழΔڼԫ໌ᄅ ඒᖂऱං۩֫Δ༉ଖܠԳઊԱΖ
ʠăደࠋӬڟ͒྆!
ઝݾऱޏ᧢ᅝྥᄎऴ൷ᐙࠩԳᣊऱسֱڤΖ܀ਢΔԳᣊፖઝݾհၴऱᣂ এΔՈࠀլਢৰొऱԳᣊܓشઝݾΔޏسֱڤΖԳፖઝݾհၴޓױ౨ژ ڇฆ֏ࢨढ֏ऱᣂএΔࠌԳऱ᧯ࢤໜΔৰڍԳ֮ᖂृຟ༼נᣊۿऱᤞಛΖᅝ
ྥΔݺଚՈྤऄደڤऱ֘ኙઝݾΔ܀ਢழழኙઝݾࣄထᤞᤚمΔֹኑਢԫ ٽऱኪ৫Ζψ໌ᄅඒᖂωլ౨ԫ࠺ऱאٺጟီಛሽᆰᄅഄԫݾەၦΔݺଚ Ոլ࢙ฃԱઝݾऱ༼ࣙΔՈԫࡳᄎޏ᧢ԳᣊऱਬࠄᏝଖΖࠏڕΔڇሽᆰຌ᧯ෟ
ޮངᄅऱזΔኙψᆏᏠωऱᄗ࢚ΔᚨڶࢬᓳᖞΖܡঞΔψᆏᏠωऱ࣠Δ֘ۖ
ᄎࠌઌᣂऱຌ࿏᧯ޗΔྤऄढጐࠡشΖڼ؆ΔሽᆰऱྤؗࡻΔՈࠌ e זऱԳኙ࣍ழၴΕ़ၴऱ၏ᠦტ྇இΔ֚ෑૉֺᔣհՀΔᘣࣛړ֖ΕൣԳհၴऱ
ൣ⚰ΔՈᄎขسᔆ᧢Δ־߫ీՈլ٦ਢᠦൣࠉࠉհቹᤴွᐛΔ֮ᖂ܂Ոլᄎ ٦אࠟچઌሶհᠦൣ܂ၗΞΞழၴΕ़ၴڇሽᆰ़ၴऱݶຒ֊ངΔሽᆰޗऱ ݶຒෟޮΔٺጟᐙଃᓤ፹ऱཏ֗Δຟڇڇࠌ e זऱԳլ٦ੴ൦ԫࠄႚอழזࢬ ੴီऱԳࠃढፖᏝଖΖۖጻሁא֗ٺጟյ೯໌ᄅऱሽᆰඒᖂຌ᧯ΔՈࠌࠌ شृޓ౨ᖕਝࡳऱ࿓ڤװ༳൳Ζছඒߛຝ९ܦࠇٚփΔԫႈᄅऱሽनሽ
ᠪଅᣇፕΔܦຝ९ᑗᨠऱᎅױڇᖂீمψᕆᠪωΔຘመሽनΔഛᕆᖂسᣂᡖΕ ຂٚճճΖࠡኔΔຍጟݾࢤऱຘመ࿓ڤװᖙ᜕Ε൳ࠫऱ֨ኪΔਢܡ౨ᏺၞᣂᡖΕ ფ֨ൣრؾᑑΔጊംΖ
৵זኙזषᄎאࢤᖄऱႨԺΔኙՕ۞ྥྤᒡྤጐ൲ኆאང࠷֮ࣔ
ၞޡऱऄΔլאྥΖᛩঅრᢝऱࣉᙰΔՈਢ৵זऱૹ္ޣΖጻሁऱ ሽႚᙁΔړቝᆏઊԱڍՂ܂ᄐΔڶழآؘΖ۟֟ڇսྥྤऄݙ٤࠷זؓ
૿᧯ΖڇመװؚڗᖲऱழזΔط࣍ྤऄٚრޓޏΔൕ֫ᒚࠩٱࠧګݮΔࠌشृ
ྤլᖏᖏቢቢΔլᄎڶ֜Օऱ၄ΔۖڇޢଡԳຟױڇٱ।ᖲছΔ۞ط໌܂Ε ଥإΔᖇڍჾΖඒஃڇඒᖂመ࿓խࢬࠌشऱᖂΔਈሽᆰઝݾհᔅΔఄ
్ඒࢬჾऱ്ΔլवՅ༓Ζڕ࣠ݺଚऱ໌ᄅඒᖂΔਢᨃஃسຘመሽᆰΔ
፹ທޓڍ٠ធॽᣝऱګ࣠܂ᄐΔۖΔאհ܂ඒᖂய౨ऱᑑᄷΔ༉ױ౨፹ທޓ
ڍऱᛩঅംᠲΔۖլ۞वΖृڶԫڻװေᦸԫࢬഏ՛Δਬఄ్ऱ೯ૠਢቔ
ᚐᖂس୮ࠃΔ೯ૠհԫਢ՛֖ࣛଚ࠰ܗ׀ئᄾ๛ץΔຍጟسᓰ࿓Δ
مრߜΖ܀ਢᇠֱூথ՛֖ࣛװሽᆰᢄቹΕჄᐊᄾ๛ץऱᖂΖࠡኔΔ
ᣊۿຍࠄኔ܂ࢤऱ೯Δᚨᇠڇ࣍ኔ܂ᆖ᧭ऱ։ࠆۖլਢ٠ធॽᣝऱඒᖂᚾூΖ ᅝृނ۞աऱუऄ༼נழΔᇠᖂீऱٵո֘ਠΔψՂ૿ီኘழΔݺଚ༉ؘႊڶ ຍࠄᖂΔթᄎฤٽ՛ఄ՛ீᖂீءۯऱ໌ᄅඒᖂጲళωΖԫᆺवટΔृ٦ ൎᓳΔڇሽᆰઝݾழזᇙΔݺଚլ౨ደڤऱܡࡳઝݾΔՈլ౨ࡰ॑۞ᓾ࣍መ װऱᏝଖΖؘႊإီઝݾࢬԳᣊسֱڤޏ᧢ࢬڂᚨऱᄅᏝଖΖۖඒஃኙઝ ݾࣄᤞᤚمΔլԫ࠺ऱװᖑࣄΔՈലױאࠌݺଚᙟழፂԳऱ᧯ࢤΔլી
࣍ݰ࣍ढΖ
ڼ؆Δ໌ᄅඒᖂױ౨Ոᄎሔ֘षᄎإᆠΖᑵ൜ඒߛऱԳຟवሐΔڇ 20
ધ 1950Ε1960 ڣזΔψඒߛᖲᄎ݁ωऱ࢚ΔբഀԵႆΔ৵זٺጟڍ ցऱ္ޣΔહ৵ࠡኔڶԫैৰᖺদऱሐᐚ္ޣΔ۟֟ტ೯ृऱլਢٺጟॽᣝᄅ ฆऱ္ޣΔۖਢኙٺጟᢰၾΕஇႨऱ࿇ᜢΖຍጟኙψإᆠωऱൎᓳΔृᤚፖ ඔ፞ሎ೯א૾۞طᆠࢬཚৱᓡԳᣊ༇ᣤऱึᄕؾᑑΔࠀྤԲીΖृڇڼᚵ ൕԫඒߛਙएᆖᛎᖂΰpolitical economics of educationαऱمਐנΔݺഏຍԫं
ڣԫᓰ࿓ऱޏֱூऱ༼נપڇ 1996Ε1997 ڣհᎾΔᅝழऱٺጟਙएൣႨΔ ڕᆖᛎګ९Ε؈ᄐΕਙࢌತਙൣݮΕاၴ၄ਐᑇΞΞΔፖਙ᤻ᔚཙ৵ऱվ
֚ΔլױٵֲۖΖृᎅऱਢΔڍඒᖂ࢚ࢬᏁऱٽ৫Δྤᓵਢਙࢌࢬ ౨༼ࠎᖂீऱᇷᄭΔא֗୮९ଚࢬ౨༼ࠎऱඒߛᖜΔຟࡳڇઌᅝ༄ᇛऱᆖᛎ යٙհՂΖຍԫΕԲڣࠐΔψ՛ఄ՛ீωऱᆵኔ࠹ૻ࣍ᆖ၄ۖೖឭΙೣچᖂس
ٌլנᛜᕆ֑ᙳ၄ऱൣݮΔழڶࢬፊΙٺጟڍցԵᖂֱூऱټΕᄷໂࠃࡵΔՈ ە᧭ထ୮९ऱತԺΙᖂீփٺጟ໌ᄅඒᖂΔՈᏁ୮९ढᔆයٙ֗୮९ඒߛ࿓৫ ऱٽΖԫߢאᓈհΔڣԫᓰ࿓ऱᆵኔΔലڶױ౨ڇຆ༄၏৺ຒឩՕऱፕ
ΔࠐޓՕऱլֆ
4ΖৰٶᇫऱਢඒߛޏऱॣհԫਢނޢۯຟՂ ࠐΖृڇڼݙ٤آᔆጊඒߛޏࢨڣԫᓰ࿓ऱუΔუਐנΔڕ࣠ݺଚ ऱඒߛਙࢨਢඒஃڇఄ్փၞ۩ऱ໌ᄅඒᖂΔլ౨᧯ኘຍጟᛩ៥ڇඒᖂ؆
ऱਙᆖଅᎎΔ߷ඒߛޏࠩࢍኙᓴڶܓऱ৵זڤਐ൳ലޓڶٽࢤΖڕ࣠ඒߛ
4
ԙᅇȐ2003ȑࡰрǴΜԃ 10%ৎЊԏΕࢂࡕ 10%ޑ 19 ७Ǵ2002 ԃৡຯၲ 61
७Ƕ௲ػᡏس҅ԋࣁᘉεޗ໘ભᗶྎᆶࠤໂৡຯޑᔅӁǶ
ޏࢨٺጟ໌ᄅඒᖂऱኔᔆΔਢ؆ԫጟඒߛᚌႨृऱᎽณऄΔྤܗ࣍ᖂسऱٻ Ղੌ೯Δ߷৵זඒߛᓵ૪່ᚦߩੴ၆ऱᇞዌੌᦞΔటإᆵኔᅃஇႨऱإ ᆠࡅᜢΔലլ༚ژΖ
ʭăͪᘸᅋࢄڟՉ๎༎!
ഏᖂՕஃີ֜ङམᏭᘰᔴൄൣტऱඩඔ၌ψ֟ڣωΔא᎘ऱ֮ঐ࠷
ஙڣ᎘ᦰृΖृڇആՕᖂழΔඒଚᓬᓬඒᎇݺଚՕᖂسψᖂ࠷ٻωΔլ
ψၝᑗ࠷ٻωΖ२ڣࠐΔყࠐყڍऱᖂீၲᖂΕฅᄐࠢ៖Δך؞ထٺጟψঋωऱ
೯Ζඒߛຝམᦸ࣍ဎՕᖂᜰᙄՏԳᖑܭΕګפՕᖂऱक़փᘟ೯Δ࠹ࠩषᄎ ᚘԺۖ࿇֮ٺֆߏمՕറೃீΔψᓮףൎሐᐚඒߛΔᝩ܍ᙄ႞ଅඓঋ൷२όࢤ ᄆقύհ೯ΔאޏषᄎଅΞΞωΰፕ(91)ಝ(Բ)ڗร 91123786 ᇆࠤαΖ
ृܛאՏԳᖑܭΕक़ᘟ֘ઠ֗խإՕᖂฅᄐࠢ៖ऱᙓጥፘࠏΔ១ऱಘᓵΔ אڃᚨءᓵ֮໌ᄅඒᖂڇڍցᏝଖऱإ֘ᓵᠲΖଈ٣Δਬࠄ৵זᓵ૪ᄎᎁൕ ᏝଖڍցऱᨠរΔᖑܭΕᙓጥፘΕक़փᘟፖ႞ଅඓঋᜤᢀڇԫದΔਢܡਢԫጟψۆ ټ֏ωΛۖඒߛຝشԫֆ֮ΔՈڍ֟ੌנԫࠄψ׀ᦞ֨ኪωΖ֮֏ႚࢭم
ऱඒߛᖂृΔঞᎁՕᖂਢಳޣటΕழזًײᏝଖհ༅ࢬΔᚨݼࢴঋੌଅΖ ឭᛯ࣍ڼԲृհၴΔᣄሐڶᙄऄ৬م٥ᢝႯΛຍࠄ೯Δբઌᅝ࿓৫ऱګਬ ጟᏚڤΰritualαࢨႚอΔࠠڶԫࠄွᐛრᆠΔՈᄎດዬ࿇୶ࠡփڇ᧤ᙀΔၞۖݮ ګᖂீऱۥፖீଅΖຍࠄ೯հࢬא֧ದञᤜΔຟࢨڍࢨ֟ፖࢤऱᄆقڶᣂΔ
ृൕࢤܑრᢝऱᨠរΔᣋრ٦ၞԫߢΖኙဎՕᖂΕګפՕᖂۖߢΔຟਢψၺ ฐອಐωऱᖂீΔᖂீإױאຘመԫࠄ೯ΕᏚڤࠐኦ᧩ࠡߊٵᖂऱൣტᏁޣΖ ψᖑ ܭωז।ऱਢᅝࠃԳൣტऱֆၲΔᣋრ൷࠹٥ٵऱఴጝΔՈז।ᖂீቔᚐᖂسװ ଥ᧐ფᖂ։Ιψक़ᘟωೈԱᣌႚอឆߏຝۯ؆Δᝫڶ۶ᗨᄕრᆠΛृ౨უࠩ
ऱਢڕ࣠ڼԫ೯౨ૠᨃګՕᖂسΰߊسα۞۩ઠಾ֧ᒵΔ۞۩ᢄΖᖂسڂ ڼ౨ڇڶᔊऱ೯խԱᇞႚอՖࢤऱՠ܂Δᖿ࿇ֲ৵ޓ౨ګᑵފዝՖࢤߡۥհრ ᣋΔ߷Ոլ؈ԫၺଶᖂீኙߊࢤފዝ׀ছऱੑ៖ᏚڤΖխإՕᖂᙓጥፘΔڕ
࣠౨ڶޓᗾയऱᇘΔۖլਢڶ֘ਠᇷءᆠऱ၇ᔄ۩ᖂسक़ᙒࣲᓾᙓ
ጥፘΖᙓጥՖᤜᠲ۟֟௫֗ઌᣂऱભᖂᑑᄷፖՠ܂ᛩቼΔᓯڕኙᙓጥՖፘݾ
ऱᐉભᆖ᧭ΔڼԫፘݾڇषᄎऱᖂࢨഛಝᑓڤΔᙓጥՖڇڼԫ।ዝسኪ խऱԳᦞයٙΔڕᆖધԳࠫ৫ΔਢܡԳႃቸ൳ࠫΔڶܡሔ֘ࢤ۞Δ।ዝࢬ
ऱܓᑮਢܡଷচᤜᠲΖຘመڼԫٞΔᙓጥፘၞԵீႼΔՈല౨೯ᖂس װ֘৸ۖࠠڶࢤܑؓᦞऱषᄎኔᔌრᆠΖױਢΔՂ૪ᖂீᖂسڇᜰᙄຍࠄ೯ழΔ ਢܡᆖመຍࠄ֘৸ࡋΛ
ृࠀլ٣ᎁࡳຍࠄ೯႞ଅඓঋΙᅝྥլ౨شਝࡳऱᏝଖ٤ྥܡࡳΙ܀Ո լٵრᖂீ०ٽᖂسΔࢨृ۟࣍ԱՂ᧯Δۖᜰᙄٺጟᣊ೯Ζإڂ
ڍցᏝଖழזऱࠐᜯΔݺଚսᚨᓿղຍࠄٞቹᣌࢨᇞዌႚอᏝଖऱ೯ᣤऱ რᆠΖۖृՈઌॾΔٺ్ᖂீඒߛՠ܂ृڕ࣠౨شຍᑌऱኪ৫װૹᄵٺጟ໌ᄅ ඒᖂΕᣊ೯ऱඒߛؾऱΔ߷ڍցऱᏝଖലլᄎທګᏝଖऱๅݧΔ৵זڍց
ᑣऱسᖲΔലᄎ࿇୶ԫጟ֮ࣔऱ఼ݧΖ
Ͳăࡧ်Ώˀደ୩؈!
२ڣࠐΔृՈڶᖲᄎᨠᐰڍഗᐋඒஃس೯ऱඒᖂΔຍࠄഗᐋඒߛ ՠ܂ृऱᑷൣΕ࡚ፖ໌რۖტ೯Ζլመߪഏփඒߛᓵՠ܂ृΔृսྥᤚ
ഏփඒߛᓵՠ܂ृΔآ౨ڬጹψءՒ֏ωऱრොΔીࠌඒߛᓵྤऄ୶ਐ ᖄඒߛኔᔌऱய࣠ΰ១ګዺΔ2002bαΔृᣋრڇڼڍ᠇ԫߢΔא༉ඒٵሐΖ
ψءՒ֏ωլᚨᇠਢࡳழ़ਙएႨԺऱψਙएإᒔω്Δඒᖂ೯լႛ
ਢԫጟݾࢤऱ೯ΔՈլႛਢࡳറᄐऱࢤࠃᄐΔ،ٵழሉထԫऱ ᖵ֮֏Ε٥ࠆऱᏝଖΕא֗Գଚ֨խऱਝژॾ࢚ΖٶᇫऱਢΔඒߛޏࢨ໌ᄅ ඒᖂΔൄൄਢআګբڶᏝଖऱ᧢ᔢΖຍጟኪ৫ΕᏝଖΕॾ࢚ऱޏ᧢Δլ౨
ᔾݾࢨࠫ৫Ζݺഏ२ڣࠐඒߛޏऱ؈Δਙࢌࡴࢨᖂृറ୮ൄូհ࣍ച۩
૿נೣΖച۩૿ऱೣΔء༉ਢඒߛޏං۩հᎾΔؘႊ٣۩ەၦऱૹរΖ
ۖΔച۩૿ڶೣΔإז।ထඒߛՠ܂ृΰഗᐋ۩ਙृΕᖂீ۩ਙृ֗ඒஃα
ऱഗءඒߛॾ࢚Ε౨ԺΔא֗ඒߛޏऱؾᑑհၴڶ၏ΖݺଚլܡᎁΔഗᐋඒ
ߛՠ܂ृױ౨ऱ৹༦ΕڜၝΕլޣၞޡऱঅښ֨ኪΔਢඒߛޏऱॴԺΖլመΔ
ߪഏ୮ቤඒߛਙऱᖂՠ܂ृΔݺଚՈؘႊ۞֘ઊΔݺଚਢڕ۶֧ၞඒ
ߛᄅवΕݺଚਢڕ۶ഛߛױ৵سΔٺጟඒᖂጚՓࢨ۩ਙጚՓऱఄܑΔݺଚհ
ࢬ༼ࠎऱᖂಝᒭΔਢటڶܗ࣍ඒߛኔᔌΔᝫਢਢᖂۯऱፖΔऴ൷ܗఛ࣍ଡ ԳऱچۯፖඖᜲΖԫߢאᓈհΔඒߛᖂՠ܂ृڕ۶ৱඒߛᓵΕڕ۶৬ዌᔞ ٽءՒऱඒߛᓵΔലਢψച۩૿լೣωऱך։යٙΖլᘨߢΔݺଚՕڍᑇऱ ඒߛᖂՠ܂ृΔൄൄڇ۞աऱറᄐᏆխ࣍տฯᄅवΔۖለ࢙ฃᇠඒߛ ᄅवΕᓵࠡኔਢڇԫޓՕऱඒߛᖂႚอΔ۟ਢֱ֮۫ࣔऱᖂࣷΖۖഏ
؆ඒߛᓵൄਢڇ֮ࠡ֏ႚอխڂᚨࡳംᠲऱࠠ᧯ኔᔌΖڂڼΔഏ؆ᖂீ۩ਙΕ ᘬ᎖ᖄΕᓰ࿓ඒᖂΔԯ۟ٺጟඒᖂઝݾᓵऱ༼נΔਢڶࠡࡳऱ֮֏౧Ζ ڕ࣠ݺଚਢొऱ֧ၞΔᖪማঞ᷾ऱွΔലྤױᝩ܍Ζຍլ౨ొऱނ ຂٚංࠩച۩૿Δڇԫֱ૿Δڇ৬ዌݙऱඒᖂᓵΔೈԱటإऱψԱᇞω ה՞հفऱٺጟ֮֏ႚอ؆ΔޓؘႊԱᇞ۞ݺΖݺഏመװ 50 ڣࠐऱඒߛᎎΔਢ ܡګݺഏඒߛᖂՠ܂ृऱψᇷᄭრᢝωΔᓯڕኙ࣍መװඒߛૹՕඒߛ᧢ᔢऱګ ඓ։࣫ΔૹՕඒߛ৸ᑪڇլٵழ़ऱრᆠΔא֗Օڍᑇऱඒߛՠ܂ृࢬښऱॾ
࢚ΖՈΔ୮९ଚኙඒߛڶԫࠄլᅝཚඨΔຍࠄཚඨऱषᄎΕ֮֏ڂై۶Δ ڕ۶ᛜທԫଡޓڍցऱ़ၴΔᆵኔ۩۩נणցऱ֮֏ࢨࠫ৫ᖲࠫΔஎࢢਢڍցԵ ᖂֱூհছװᨈऱ֮֏ࢨࠫ৫Ζڕ࣠ءՒ֏ΔլਢԫଡስچਙएإᒔΔࢨ ਚޡ۞Δۖਢݺଚኙ࣍۞աᏁޣऱࠥ۞ઊΔᖂृኙլᄎڶψ؆ഏऱִॽֺ
ለႽωऱ֨ኪΔݺଚᄎٽऱ৸ەഏ؆ඒߛᓵڇࠡࡳ֮֏౧խऱጲళΔྥ
৵ނ༽ڼԫጲళΔڇەၦࠩݺഏඒߛऱࠠ᧯سኪխΔᔞழ֧ၞΕ໌ᄅ᠏ངΖඒߛ ޏऱ؈ඓΔլ౨٤ࢡਙࢌ㕏☵Δլ౨٤ࢡച۩ᤥၞΔޓլ౨ނຂٚංࠩഗᐋՠ
܂ृߪՂΖඒߛᖂՠ܂ृऱ৺פ२ܓፖଇլ֏ΔՈᣄࠡࡏΖ
ृאՂኙᖂՠ܂ृऱਐ൳Ոৰൎ௺Δ܀ृᎁඒߛᖂऱᓵ૪ᄎݮ ګԫଡᐖՕऱඒߛ࢚ࣷΔۖګഏ୮ඒߛਙࢨޏऱૹរΔᅝྥՈ༉ᄎݮ ګᆄᆄՏՏഗᐋඒஃऱඒᖂਐ֧Ζຍհၴױ౨ݮګߜࢤऱյ೯Ոױ౨ᖄી༞ࢤऱ
༛ᛩΖृߪԫۯඒߛᖂՠ܂ृΔᅝྥՈྤऄطՂۖՀऱٞቹψਐᖄωഗᐋ ඒஃΔृΰ2002bαਐנඒߛᓵࠠڶॺൄൎऱኔᔌᓵΰpractical theoryα
ࢤΖڇᄗ࢚ऱࡳՂΔኔᔌᓵܛڶࠡءՒ֏რᆠΖ܀ط࣍ኔᔌᓵڶᘸ࣍ഗء
ᖂઝऱᥒΔۖඒߛᖂऱڍഗءᓵഗ៕ΰڕ֨ᖂΕषᄎᖂΕୃᖂαءߪՈ
ਢࠐ۞ֱ۫ᖂषᆢΖࢬאඒߛᓵऱءՒ֏ΔለհψొωഗءᖂઝऱءՒ֏Δ
ژڇृޓᠨૹऱܺᣄΖឈঞڕڼΔڇψᚨྥωՂΔءՒ֏ፖഏᎾ֏սᚨյࡉ ᇞΔᆺඔਙΰ2001Κ165αਐנΚ
ᏢೌࣴزҁβϯޑדǴ๊όૈᆶঁΓᜪЎܴวޑᐕўે๎႖ᚆǴ ԋࣁࢂᜪ՟మ҃ကکიޓҞϐඦβ௨ѦޑୱϯၮԶςǶӢԶǴȨҁ βϯȩޑҞόࢂፂናՋБжȨ܄ȩЎܴǴаٰ༟ᆶᔼȨڗ ԶжϐȩԄޑ፺ඹ܄៙ǴԶࢂૈᙖԜոΚǴࣁӄᡏΓᜪЎܴޑ҂ٰǴ ගٮ׳ӝޑғࢲᕉნکғࢲБԄǴΨගٮ๏ᡏΓᜪЎܴ׳ቨቶǵ׳
ᙦǵ׳ుᙲǵ׳ӭߍӭޑЎϯࠨᐒǶӢԜǴȨҁβϯȩࢂΓᜪЎܴර ӛȨӄౚϯȩϐჴᐕўॉၞύ๊ჹόё܈લޑᕉǴΒޣϕࣁ߄္Ǵ Ψ࣬ϕЍኖǵԌሒᆶ֖ឪǶ
ृઌॾΔඒߛᖂृૉ౨ࠥ᧯ᄎڼԫጲళΔؘྥլᄎڂਙएإᒔऱءՒ֏
ۖਚޡ۞Δޓլᄎଇլ֏Δ۟࣍۞ૹΖطհۖ৬ዌऱඒߛᓵࢨޏ
ᓵ૪Δലޓ౨ፖഗᐋՠ܂ृݮګߜࢤյ೯Ζ
Ёăඕ! ᄬ
բᆖၞԵءᓵ֮ऱݠᜢΔृൕ։࣫ࠩ৵זբ܂Աԫ٤૿ऱᛀီΔृԺ լߩאݙ٤ᇞެઌᣂऱᖂञᤜΔ܀ृբጐԺނ৵ڇऱٺጟᓵ૪Δ܂ԫለา ຝऱەၦΔࠀኙݺഏऱඒߛΔ܂Աԫ֘ઊፖ৬ᤜΔ౿ڇڼូء֮ᓵΚ
ԫΕ։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪Δمഗ࣍ࢤऱႚอΔ৵זऱᓵ૪ٵழࠠڶ֘ࢤፖ ૹዌࢤऱۥΖृආ࠷ૹዌࢤऱمΖࠠ᧯।ڇඒᖂኔᔌՂΔ৵זऱ ઌኙࢤΕڍցࢤΔԯ۟ੴီٺጟ႖Ε؈ݧΕᙑᎄऱრᆠΔլრ࠺ထڇඒᖂՂ ױאڴᇞڍࠃኔհवΖ
ԲΕ։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪ΔૹီԳᣊऱࢤᎁव࣍ݾಝᒭΖ৵זऱᓵ૪ኙ
࣍ݾऱᏝଖٵழڶإ֘مΖڶࠄᖂृࢭޅܒᓵऱႚอΔᔆጊመ࣍ݾᚨ
شऱՠࠠࢤΔڶࠄᖂृঞൎᓳݾኙԳᣊسڍᑌࢤऱಥΖृᎁࠟጟ
مڇඒᖂኔᔌՂΔٺ۞ڶࠡᔞ֊ࢤΖڇݺଚሎشٺጟጻᎾઝݾհᕉΔլ࢙ฃ
ݾױ౨ށڴԳࢤऱൣტΔױ౨ኙՕ۞ྥڶధᡏ܂شΔՈױ౨լᆖრऱឩՕຆ༄
၏Δۖሔ֘षᄎإᆠΖ
ԿΕ։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪Δૹီऱᒤפ౨Ζ৵זڇٺጟᏝଖՂΔڍց ऱمΔൎᓳኙਝࡳᒤऱᇞዌΖृഗءՂᎁΔ৵זٺጟૹီڍցΕᢰၾ ऱᓵ૪ΔսቃԫࠄᓯڕؓΕ༇ૹΕᐈ୲ႚอᏝଖΖڇࠠ᧯ऱඒᖂխΔඒ ߛՠ܂ृԫֱ૿լ౨ LKKΔݙ٤լܡᎁਝࡳᏝଖऱრᆠΔ܀Ոլ౨ੌ࣍ၝᑗΕ ᓅΔᚨڇຍࠄຐᔊऱඒᖂ೯խΔإီٺጟᢰၾΕᣌႚอᏝଖऱᣤრᆠΖ
Ε։࣫ऱඒᖂᓵ૪ΔᎁඒᖂᄷࠠڶཏሙࢤΔ৵זԫֱ૿ൎᓳڇچ֏Δ ױਢط࣍ઝᎾጻሁऱྤؗࡻΔ٤֏ΕഏᎾ֏Ոਢ৵זऱԫႈᐛΔຍՈࠠ
ໂઌᅝ࿓৫ऱཏሙࢤΖࠠ᧯।ڇඒᖂኔᔌՂΔՈլ܍ขسጹ്Ζृᎁඒߛ
ᓵ৬ዌृᚨૹᄅ৸ەඒߛᓵऱءՒ֏რᆠΔթ౨ፖඒᖂኔ೭ՠ܂ृݮګԫޓ ߜࢤऱյ೯Ζ
່৵Δृڍഗᐋՠ܂ृ໘७Δط࣍ᖂፖኔᔌऱ։ՠΔլጥᖂՠ
܂ृڕ۶আၞᓵፖኔᔌऱᖞٽΖψ໌ᄅඒᖂωսڶᘸഗᐋඒஃװᆵኔΖᖂೃփऱ ᖂृՈױא᧯ኘඒᖂᓵऱփොΔᙟழ֧ၞᄅवΰڕᎁव֨ᖂ֗ళᆖઝᖂαΕ ञ࠷ඒᖂᇷᄭऱٺጟઌᣂൻਜΔ֗ࠥ֘ઊඒᖂ֗वᢝႚᎠહ৵ऱڍցᦞԺ ሎ܂Ζ܀ਢΔຍࠄຟݙ٤ྤऄ࠷זඒஃ۞۩࿇୶ऱඒᖂݾ౨ፖኔᔌཕᐝΖຍ༓ڣ ऱඒߛޏፖᓰ࿓ޏΔឈྥڶڍऱ؈ΔԫैطՀۖՂඒஃ۞ऱسᖲΔՈ ດዬګݮΖृઌॾຍैԺၦլᄎధᄰΔຍڶᘸඒߛ۩ਙᅝݝ्ࡳΔඒߛᖂՠ
܂ृإီΖࢨຍਢඒߛ۩ਙΕඒߛᖂഎΔא֗ഗᐋඒஃյ೯ऱৈᖲΖא ழֲΔڇ٤֏ऱઌյࠨᖿՀΔݺଚല౨ૹዌటإᔞٽءՒऱඒᖂ࢚Ζ ठᖴǺҁЎමаȨᡂᆶόᡂϐ໔ޑᘍᕏǺബཥ௲ᏢޑণᏢ࣪ࡘȩว߄ܭᆵ௲ػ
ኞᄤࣽמᏢǵ୯ҥᆵৣጄεᏢ௲ػᏢسӝᒤϐȨፐำׯॠᆶ௲Ꮲബ
ཥٿ۞ΟӦᏢೌࣴȩǶќѦΨགᖴൂЎ௲ޑᗎፎǶ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
ڹႆዧΰ2003αΖਙएऱဠ֤ፖటኔΖϛਢൢΔ92 ڣ 7 ִ 14 ֲΔA2Ζ
ֱةੈΰ2002αΖᖲඳᓤ፹ፖᑇۯᓤ፹ൕఄႁࣔτᖲඳᓤ፹ழזऱᢌ܂υᇷಛ
᧯ழזऱඒߛΖሉ࣍ᤕةࣔΰᒳαΔऋᄇఀىޟፐᔞȞఀىᏰᇄМϽ 5ȟΰ
39-99αΔፕקΚնতΖ
܀ਟΰ2002αΖ१ᔔᅭޟȶՌҥ፣ȷΖፕקΚᖂ༄Ζ
ຫؔᐝΰ2002αΖזፖ৵זհञޕᑛჃኙ৵זवᢝऱ֘ઊΖሉ࣍ᤕةࣔΰᒳαΔ ऋᄇఀىޟፐᔞȞఀىᏰᇄМϽ
ऋᄇఀىޟፐᔞȞఀىᏰᇄМϽऋᄇఀىޟፐᔞȞఀىᏰᇄМϽ
ऋᄇఀىޟፐᔞȞఀىᏰᇄМϽ 5555ȟΰ 1-38αΔፕקΚնতΖ
႑ཛᙤΰ1996αΖ৵זऱڍցᆠΚխীᓵࢨݝຝࢤᓵऱ৬ዌေᓵΖሉ࣍խဎاഏ
ֺለඒߛᖂᄎΰᒳαΔఀى८Ȉ༈ಛڗࡣ౪фΰ 547-549αΖፕקΚஃՕ
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ພኔྕΰ2000aαΖ৵זᆠऱඒߛୃᖂΖሉ࣍५٢ΰᒳαΔఀىᏰΰ 237-275αΖ ፕקΚஃՕΖ
ພኔྕΰ2000bαΖזઝݾڇඒᖂՂհᚨشፖسኪඒߛ࢚հං೯ขسऱࠟᣄΖዉछंـΔ
41ΰ2αΔ 111-144Ζ
ᆺඔਙΰ2001αΖޥོᏰڷҏπϽΖፕקΚ؎ੌΖʳ ᑛၺඒΰ1973αΖఀىᏰᏲ፣ΖፕקΚ֮ནΖ
១ګዺΰ1994αΖඒᖂऱᄗ࢚։࣫֗ࠡࢬ௫֗ञᤜऱ൶ಘΖሉ࣍ 93 Ᏸԑ࡙ৱጒᏰఀىᏰ
፣Мีߒོ፣МȞΙыȟΰ 377-411αΖ ១ګዺΰ1996αΖ౩ܒȃϷݙȃఀىΡΖፕקΚஃՕΖ
១ګዺΰ1999αΖඒߛֱऄΖሉ࣍ᑛၺඒΰᒳαΔఀىᏰΰ 277-309αΖႂΚᣝ֮Ζ ១ګዺΰ2000αΖڍց֮֏ඒߛऱᓵᢞΕञᤜፖኔᔌΚൕ۞طᆠፖषᆢᆠᓵದΖሉ࣍
܀ਟΕᤕةࣔΰᒳαΔМϽȃӻϯМϽᇄఀىȞఀىᏰᇄМϽ 2ȟΰ 81-132αΔ ፕקΚնতΖ
១ګዺΰαΰ2002aαΖఀىᏰᏲ፣ΖፕקΚնতΖ
១ګዺΰ2002bαΖءՒඒߛᓵհ৬ዌΚඒߛୃᖂՠ܂ृऱ֘ઊΖఀىऋᏰѐΔ3ΰ2αΔ
36-61Ζ
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