Market Access Map
Improving transparency in international trade and market access
Mr. Dzmitry Kniahin, International Trade Centre Market analyst, Trade and Market Intelligence 23 March 2021
www.macmap.org
ABOUT MARKET ACCESS MAP
Section 1
What is Market Access Map for ?
Information related to
Market Access Conditions
Access a Market
Compare Access
Analyse Markets
Download Data
What does “Market Access” mean?
Market Access for goods refers to the conditions - customs tariffs and non-tariff measures - applied by countries to goods
imported into their markets.
Market Access Conditions in Market Access Map
Market Access Map
Customs tariffs
Applied and
bound tariffs Tariff rate
quotas Ad valorem,
specific, compound,
mixed and technical
Ad valorem equivalents
Other market access conditions
Trade agreements
and Rules of Origin
Trade
remedies Non-tariff measures
• Bound, MFN and preferential customs tariffs of more than 200 countries on products entering their markets.
• Tariff rate quotas of the 85 countries applying this type of instrument either under the MFN or preferential regimes.
• Ad valorem equivalent of non-ad valorem tariffs and tariff rate quotas.
• Information and documents related to more than 400 trade agreements, including their timeline, their members, official text, rules and certificates of origin.
• Trade remedies applied by more than 70 countries: anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, as well as other measures.
• Import and export requirements: sanitary and phytosanitary, other technical and non-technical measures.
• Bilateral import and export values of 237 countries and territories.
Data Availability
Data Sources
Customs tariffs (MFN applied and preferential)
Tariff rate quotas (MFN applied and preferential)
Trade agreements and related documents
(official texts, rules of origin, certificates of origin, timeline)
Trade remedies (anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard measures, as well as other measures)
Trade data (from Trade Map)
Bound tariffs (from the WTO’s Consolidated Tariff Schedules (CTS) database)
Import and export requirements (also known as Non-tariff measures (NTM).
and other organizations*
* Other organizations are World Bank, African Development Bank, ERIA and others.
Who can use Market Access Map?
Find tariff information and other market-access requirements quickly, easily and free of charge in our Overview module.
Compare customs tariffs imposed on your product across multiple markets using our interactive charts and maps.
Compare customs tariffs faced by your competitors in the destination market and see if you have a tariff advantage relative to them.
Compare customs tariffs and other market-access requirements across markets.
Identify prospective markets for exports diversification.
Print your results or Download them in the form of charts and Excel tables that can be embedded in reports or policy recommendations.
Bulk download bound and applied tariffs, non-tariff measures and trade data.
Analyze historical customs tariff data and indicators aggregated according to conventional methodologies (GTAP, World Tariff Profiles).
Conduct tariff simulations and visualize tariff reductions under existing trade agreements.
Access and Download customs tariffs of the past and present years under general (if applicable), the most- favoured-nation (MFN) and preferential regimes.
Analyze more than 800 trade agreements that are under consultation, signed, concluded, in force, or no longer active, as well their texts, timelines and parties.
Analyze partners and sectors with a prospect for deeper liberalization under a preferential trade agreement.
Exporters and Importers
Policymakers and Trade and Investment Support Institutions
Researchers and Trade Analysts
Trade Negotiators
Announcement: MacMap 2-week online course in May!
https://learning.intracen.org/course/view.php?id=1161 Click:
CUSTOMS TARIFFS
Section 2
What are customs tariffs ?
Customs tariffs are a form of tax or duty levied by
governments on the importation or exportation of goods.
They are generally levied on imported goods.
Customs tariffs are levied at the time of importation.
Customs tariffs are generally paid by the importer of record.
Online demo: How to find customs tariff?
A basic product example:
Soya sauce
HS 2103.10
Step 1.
Find your HS code
Logic of the HS system
10 - Cereals
1001 – Wheat and
meslin 1002 - Rye 1006 – Rice
1006.10 – Rice in husk (paddy or
rough)
1006.20 – Rice, husked (brown)
1006.30 – Semi- milled rice, whether or not polished or glazed
1006.40 – Rice broken
Importing
country NTLC – Product description
Viet Nam 1006.10.1000 – Rice in the husk (paddy or rough): Suitable for sowing 1006.10.9000 – Rice in the husk (paddy or rough): Other
South Africa 1006.10.00 – Rice in the husk (paddy or rough)
Argentina 1006.10.1000 – Arroz con cáscara (arroz «paddy»): Para siembra 1006.10.9100 –Arroz con cáscara (arroz «paddy»): Los demás: Parboilizado 1006.10.9200 –Arroz con cáscara (arroz «paddy»): Los demás: No parboilizado
Chapter
Headings
Subheadings
NTLC –
“National tariff line code”
Step 2.
Determine customs tariff
What are the tariffs on my product?
MFN tariffs
MFN tariffs are the customs tariffs imposed by a WTO member state on imports from any other WTO member states without discrimination.
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), which allows
developed and some developing countries to provide ‘unilateral’
tariff concessions on imports from developing countries.
… but with a few exceptions
, includingEvery time a WTO member improves tariff benefits that it gives to one trading partner (whether a member or not), it has to give the same “equally
favoured " treatment to all other WTO members.
Direct Implication
Regional trade agreements (free trade areas and customs unions), in which the Members being parties to such
agreements may eliminate duties to imports from each other, while maintaining duties on imports from other countries.
Non-MFN Tariffs
The non-MFN tariff is a customs duty levied on imports from a country that is not granted most favoured nation (MFN) status.
Preferential tariffs
Preferential tariffs are customs tariffs lower than the MFN and levied on imports from a country that is being given preferential treatment through
Unilateral arrangements
Reciprocal agreements
Partial Scope Agreement Free Trade Agreement/Area Customs Union
Common Market Economic Union
Generalized System of Preferences to developing countries
Trade agreements in force worldwide
Last updated: March 2021
Types of customs tariffs under the WTO
China’s applied tariffs in Market Access Map
MFN Tariff Non-MFN Tariff
Preferential Tariffs
More customs tariff examples
(New Zealand)
(Switzerland)
Preferential tariff
Non-ad valorem tariff
Tariff rate quota (TRQ) Mixed sauce (HS 2103.90)
Preferential tariffs
In order to take advantage of a preferential tariff, exporting firms must Demonstrate where the product was produced
Comply with the rules of origin (RoO)
Prove the originating status of the products with the certificate of origin (CoO) or origin declaration
Watch: https://youtu.be/XQioEBZT8jA
Trade agreements &
Rules and Certificates of Origin
in Market Access Map
Format of customs tariffs
Tariffs
valorem Ad tariffs
Non-ad valorem tariffs Tariff rate
quotas
Technical tariffs Mixed
tariffs Compound
tariffs Specific
tariffs
20% of the value of
certain product
$314/ton ______
326 tons ________
$0/ton 8.3% +
agricultural component MAX 18.7%
30% or £2 per kg, whatever is
the highest
20% + $2 per kg
$2 per kg
Examples:
Outside rate ______
Contingent ______
Inside rate
Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ)
Inside-quota NTLC:
• National Tariff Line Code (NTLC) used to define the product for claiming the inside-quota tariff.
• Generally the same as the outside-quota NTLC
• Some countries apply different NTLCs for the same product depending on whether it is imported inside the contingent or outside of it.
Product coverage: The list of products covered by the TRQ.
Country coverage: The list of countries that can claim an allocation or a portion of the TRQ.
Administration method: The method used to manage the TRQ allocation.
Categories of principal TRQ administration methods
Applied tariffs: No shares are allocated to importers. Imports of the products concerned are allowed into the territory of the Member in unlimited quantities at the in-quota tariff rate or below.
Auctioning: Importers' shares are allocated, or licenses issued, largely on the basis of an auctioning or competitive bid system.
First-come, first-served (at the border): No shares are allocated to importers. Imports are permitted entry at the in-quota tariff rates until such a time as the tariff quota is filled; then the higher tariff automatically applies. The physical importation of the good determines the order and hence the applicable tariff.
Licenses on demand: Importers' shares are generally allocated, or licenses issued, in relation to quantities demanded and often prior to the commencement of the period during which the physical importation is to take place. This includes methods involving licenses issued on a first-come, first- served basis and those systems where license requests are reduced pro rata where they exceed available quantities.
Historical importers: Importers' shares are allocated, or licenses issued, principally in relation to past imports of the product concerned.
Imports undertaken by state trading entities: Import shares are allocated entirely or mainly to a state trading entity which imports (or has direct control of imports undertaken by intermediaries) the product concerned.
Producer groups or associations: Import shares are allocated entirely or mainly to a producer group or association which imports (or has direct control of imports undertaken by the relevant Member) the product concerned.
Other: Administration methods which do not clearly fall within any of the above categories.
Mixed allocation methods: Administration methods involving a combination of the methods as set out above with no one method being dominant.
Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ)
Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ)
WTO Tariff Rate Quota:
• Global allocation
• Country-specific allocation
Tariff Rate Quota committed in trade agreements
• Preferences on the IQTR and/or Contingent
• Preferences on both IQTR and OQTR
• Preferences on IQTR, OQTR and Contingent
• Country-specific allocation
Ad Valorem Equivalent (AVE)
Basic formula:
An AVE is an estimate of a non-ad valorem tariff in the form of a percentage.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 % = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑆𝑆 ∗ 100
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐼 𝑄𝑄𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝑈𝑈𝑡𝑡𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑄𝑄 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑆𝑆𝐼𝐼
Strategic comparative analysis of tariffs
(Tariff Map)
Compare Markets
Compare Competitors
CUSTOMS TARIFFS Section 2 - Summary
Customs Tariffs - Summary
What is a customs tariff? How to find tariffs applicable on my product?
What is an ad valorem and a non-ad valorem tariff ?
In which markets do I have the highest margin of preference?
How to assess whether or not you have any tariff advantage or disadvantage over your competitors in a target market ?
Understand how and why ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) are calculated?
What’s a MFN and preferential tariffs? When can I claim preferential treatment ?
TRADE REMEDIES
Section 3
Actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)
Subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies
Emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, designed to
“safeguard” domestic industries.
Other remedial actions that are taken by governments outside of the scope of the three situations above.
What are Trade Remedies?
Trade policy measures that allow governments to take remedial action against imports which cause
material injury to a domestic industry.
Type of Trade Remedies
Measures Situation Applying Member
Anti-dumping
measures
Dumping WTO Member with
domestic industry suffering injury
Countervailing
measures
Subsidies WTO Member with
domestic industry suffering injury
Safeguard
measures
Unforeseen increased
imports WTO Member with
domestic industry suffering injury
Other measures
Anti-Dumping measures
Anti-dumping measures are authorized when
Essential conditions are met:
1. Dumping 2. Injury
3. Causal link
Fundamental procedural rules are respected
Countervailing measures
Countervailing measures are authorized when
Essential conditions are met:
1. Subsidy
2. Benefit conferred to the recipient 3. Causality
Fundamental procedural rules are respected
Safeguard measures
Safeguard measures are authorized when
Essential conditions are met:
1. Unforeseen increased imports 2. Injury (actual or threat)
3. Causation and non-attribution
Fundamental procedural rules are respected
Which countries apply trade remedies?
70+ countries.
TRADE REMEDIES
Section 3 - Summary
Trade Remedies - Summary
What are trade remedies?
How do I know if the destination market applies any trade remedies on my product? Where to find the measures?
What is a countervailing measure?
What is a safeguard measures?
What is an anti-dumping measure?
EXPORT AND IMPORT REQUIREMENTS (NTM)
Section 4
Export- and Import-related regulatory requirements
Wide variety : technical and non-technical measures
Businesses are constrained: meet the regulations and remain competitive.
Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) Trade Barriers
Procedural Obstacles
What are Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)?
NTMs are policy measures other than ordinary customs tariffs, which can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded or
prices or both.
Class. of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs )
Import-related measures
Export-related measures
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures
Measures aiming to protect :
Human or animal life from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs;
Human life and health from risks arising from diseases carried by animals, plants or products thereof, or from the entry, establishment or spread of pests;
Animal and plant life and health from pests, diseases, diseases-carrying organisms.
Example of SPS measures
Tolerance limit of residues of chemical substance in powdered infant formula
When can WTO Members apply TBT?
TBT measures must satisfy the conditions specified in the TBT Agreement .
Non-discrimination
Necessity : do not create unnecessary obstacles to international trade
Harmonisation: Are based on international standards when they exist and when they are effective and appropriate.
TBT must abide by transparency requirements.
Example of TBT measures
Product quality requirements on oranges imported to France
(Country applying the regulation = France).
Why are NTMs increasingly relevant?
NTMs can inhibit trade even when not design to do so.
NTMs can raise costs for businesses.
Products must comply with wide range of ‘legitimate’ trade-related regulations.
However:
Can a business remain competitive while meeting NTMs?
Does business have the technology, the infrastructure, and the human and financial resources?
Will the business be fined if it does not comply with important regulations?
Are NTMs harmonized across countries ?
ITC NTM Survey Programme
Documents how companies experience NTMs.
NTM series of 39 publications www.ntmsurvey.org
EXPORT AND IMPORT REQUIREMENTS (NTM)
Section 4 - Summary
Customs Tariffs vs NTMs
Taxes imposed on goods.
Collected at the time of importation by Customs (at the border).
Published and administered by national customs authorities, generally every fiscal year.
Expressed in percentage or value per quantity.
Include:
General tariffs
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariffs
Preferential tariffs
Customs Tariffs Non-Tariff Measures
Mandatory requirements, rules or regulations imposed by governments on internationally traded goods.
Inhabit the twilight zone between trade policy and national regulation.
Applicable at every step of the value chain: supply, production,
transportation and distribution.
Applicable on Imports and Exports.
Published and administered by various national institutions.
Can take the form of a prohibition, MLR, technical requirements, taxes, etc.
Include:
SPS
TBT
Technical and non-technical measures.
Export-related measures
REMINDER: MacMap 2-week online course in May!
https://learning.intracen.org/course/view.php?id=1161 Click:
marketanalysis.intracen.org [email protected]
@ITC_MktAnalysis
ITCmarketanalysistools Dzmitry Kniahin
Market Analyst
Trade and Market Intelligence Division of Market Development
