ځдౢૡ୯ৎૡ༜ύޑယᙜᅿᜪ

ӧ٥ࢪྕ஥Ϸ዗஥ૡယޑεౢ୔ӵВҁǵύ୯ǵຫࠄǵӑࡋ฻୯ৎǴλᆘယ ᙜឦ (Empoasca spp.) ֡ࢂૡᐋ΢ޑख़ε্ᙝ (Cranham, 1966; Hazarika et al., 2009)Ǵόӕ୯ৎૡ༜໔λᆘယᙜᅿᜪϷᓬ༈ᅿԖ܌ৡ౦Ǻύ୯ࢂШࣚ΢നεޑ

ౢૡ୯ৎǴ໳ݞаࠄӦ஥ࣁШࣚനεૡౢ୔ϐ΋ǴӅԖຬၸ 60 ᅿယᙜڗ१ૡᐋǴ ځύଷ౳λᆘယᙜ (E. vitis (Gothe)) ࣁനख़ाϐ্ᙝ (Zhao et al., 2000; Fu and Han, 2005)ǹчӑࡋЬाᓬ༈ᅿࣁ E. flavescensǴЬाࣁ্হૡǹZhao et al. (2000) ߄ӈрٿޣ໔׎ᄊ੝ቻϐৡ౦Ǵ٠ᛤԖ׎ᄊკ (ߕᒵΟ)ǶВҁӦ୔߾а E. onukii ࣁЬ (Kosugi, 2000)ǹຫࠄӦ୔߾Ԗ E. flavescensǵE. onukii ᆶ J. formosanaǴЪ Ԗ΋ᅿа΢ယᙜวғܭӕӦ୔ϐ௃׎ (Zeiss and Braber, 2001)Ƕ

2.2 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜϐࣴز 2.2.1 ϩᜪᆶ׎ᄊ

ૡλᆘယᙜӧϩᜪᏢ΢ឦܭܲᙝᆜ (Insecta)ǵъવҞ (Hemiptera)ǵᓍ֍٥ Ҟ (Auchenorrhyncha)ǵယᙜࣽ (Cicadellidae)ǵλယᙜ٥ࣽ (Typhlocybinae)ǵλ ᆘယᙜ௼ (Empoascini)Ǵύ୯Ў᝘ύஒځڮӜࣁѠ᡼໡Мယᙜ (Qin, 2003)Ƕ Chiang (1989) ຾Չᆵ᡼ౢλယᙜ٥ࣽϐϩᜪǴමჹૡλᆘယᙜ຾Չ׎ᄊඔॊ

(ߕᒵΟ)Ǻᡏߏ֖વऊ 3-3.6 mmǴᡏՅ఩໳ᆘՅǴፄ౳ుፃՅǴᡏ΢คඬદ܈ඬ ᗺǶᓐ߷༝໌Ǵύѧ༾ँǴ߷ᕳ҂ຬၸ౳ϐ߻فǶᓐ֖౳ቨλܭ߻ૅङ݈നቨೀǶ λ࣯݈ࡐλǴᐉڅऊӧύѧǶဎϣϣମଏϯǴ໻Ӹ౩ၞǶሟᙝಃΎဎހύѧпΕǶ Πғ෗݈ಒߏǴ΢ڀԖ೚ӭߏޑεখЛᆶಒߏᚎރڈЛǴङጔڀ΋ӈλখЛǶ׀

࿯ᆄ೽ౣӾǴΠߕᏔ݈ЋރǴङጔԖϿኧεখЛǶᖊᆅߏǴᖊႋܬᓐރǶܤᏔಒ ߏǴᆄ೽៻ԔǴԛᆄ೽ڀ΋ӈᐚஏλখЛǶ഍ಳόڀߕᏔ܈ँଆǴ୷೽ౣևఊ׎Ƕ ම೏ᇡࣁࢂ J. boninensis ϐӕނ౦ӜǴDworakowska (1984) Ӣٿޣ׀࿯ΠߕᏔ ᆄ೽ϩΰ׎ރӸӧ٤༾όӕԶஒځϩ໒ǹTeng (2013) ຾΋؁ࡰрᆵ᡼Ӛૡ୔܌

ౢϐૡλᆘယᙜคܴᡉ׎ᄊৡ౦ᆶғ෗႖ᚆǴନᆵܿജഁӦ୔೽ϩૡ༜ёૈӸӧ ᗦᙒᅿ (cryptic species) ѦǴᔈӄ೽ࣁ࣬ӕᅿǶ

2.2.2 ϩѲᆶ஌Ьጄൎ

ૡλᆘယᙜϩѲܭܿࠄ٥Ӧ୔Ǵх֖ᆵ᡼ǵੀ୯ǵӑࡋǵථٚើьǵຫࠄǵ Ѓ୷ථڶǵଭٰՋ٥аϷύ୯ࠄ೽ (෫ࠄǵቶܿǵቶՋǵᅽࡌǵ໦ࠄ) ฻Ӧ (Chiang, 1989; Qin, 2003)Ǵՠ໻ӧᆵ᡼کຫࠄૡ༜Ԗၨᝄख़ࣁ্ޑइᒵǶӧᆵ᡼ǴԜᅿቶ ݱϩѲܭӄ৞ѳӦԿύଯੇܘૡ୔ǴጄൎၹϷᆵ᡼ 97% а΢ໂᙼૡ୔ (Shih, 1973; Chen et al., 1978)Ǵࢂᆵ᡼ૡ༜ύϩѲጄൎനቶޑ্ᙝǹӧੀ୯߾ࢂ⣽ഞޑ നख़ा্ᙝϐ΋ǴमЎ߫Ӝҭ೏ᆀࣁ⣽ഞယᙜ (castor leafhopper) (Teerakapong, 1992)ǶԾҁࣴز߻ૡλᆘယᙜ೏૶ᒵϐ஌Ьхࡴૡᐋǵ⣽ഞǵਲǵ๼لǵढഞǵ

ාǵҖ๭ǵਬᐋǵ࢔ਧᐋ฻ (Chiang, 1989; Teerakapong, 1992; Wang et al., 2012)Ƕ

2.2.3 ғࢲў

ૡλᆘယᙜሟᙝӧૡᐋ΢Ьाஒռౢܭცఋૡఒ΢ǴռኧаԾЈ޵ᆉଆಃ

Ο࿯നӭǴځԛࣁಃΒ࿯ᆶಃѤ࿯ǴϿኧռౢܭಃ΋࿯ǵಃϖ࿯ǵယ࢓Ϸယે (Hu, 1973; Chen et al., 1978)ǶռಈқՅౣࣁ៻ԔǴߏऊ 0.6-0.9 mmǴаൂᗭ׎ԄකΕ

෌ނಔᙃύǴ٠ܭ෌ނಔᙃ߄य़੮Πౣ༾ँଆϐౢռ౩ǶғࢲўឦόֹӄᡂᄊǴ ϩࣁռǵऩᙝᆶԋᙝයǹChen et al. (1978) ܭ࠻ϣႩᎦӧૡᐋ΢Ǵ٠຾ՉғނᏢ ϐᢀჸ૶ᒵǺռය 5-24 ϺǴѳ֡ 9.8 ϺǹऩᙝӅԖϖសǴ΋ډΟសၨอЪសය ਔ໔ৡ౦όεǴऊ 2-2.3 ϺǹѤសѳ֡ 2.67 ϺǴϖសਔ໔ၨߏǴѳ֡ 3.89 ϺǴ നߏёၲ 15 ϺѰѓǹ᏾ᡏऩᙝයऊ 7-28 ϺǴѳ֡ऊ 13 ϺǴྕࡋեܭ 10ºCġ ਔ ӚᙝයࣣଶЗࢲ୏Ƕӧᆵ᡼եੇܘૡ༜ύǴԋᙝനΦёࢲѤঁДǴѳ֡ౢռ 26.2 ಈǴനӭёຬၸԭಈǹӚวػයӄԃࣣёว౜Ǵ΋ԃวғΜѤঁШжǴ΋Шжന อ 16-19 ϺǴനߏ 71 ϺǴѳ֡ऊ 30.3 Ϻ (Chen et al., 1978)ǹӧ჏ကଯੇܘ ૡ୔΋ԃ߾໻วғ 11 Шж (Huang et al., 1996)ǶTeerakapong (1992) а⣽ഞ෌

ਲ਼ႩᎦǴว౜ሟᙝӭౢռܭယે΢Ǵѳ֡ౢ 70.5 ಈǴܭ 29ºC ᕉნΠǴऩᙝऊ 9-13 ϺջԳϯࣁԋᙝǶ

2.2.4 ࢲ୏ಞ܄ᆶ௼ဂ੃ߏ

۳ܯࣴز૶ᒵૡλᆘယᙜࣁВՉ܄Ǵܭ໚Ӏόமਔၨࣁࢲ៌ǴऩᙝЬाڗ १ԾЈ޵ᆉଆΟယϣϐც޵Ǵڗ१БԄࢂаڈ֎МαᏔ֎ڗҊనǴѳதӭၧᙒܭ ယϐΠ߄ҜϷ݄༸΢Ǵԋᙝӭܭૡᐋၨଯೀࢲ୏ǴၨपஏϐૡᐋύࢤယᙜኧԖቚ у௃ݩ (Hu, 1973)ǹڹ໔аᇨᙝᐩҭԖᇨ໣ډԋᙝϐ૶ᒵġ (Cheng and Fan, 2009;

Yu, 2010)ǶόӕӦ୔ޑวғଯঢ়යᆶวғໆόӕǴύ೽ࠄ׫Ϸч೽եੇܘૡ୔а হۑϖԿΎДਔ௼ဂໆനεǴਔதэӄԃวғໆޑ΋ъа΢ (Chen et al., 1978)ǹ

჏ကҡਫଯξૡ୔аΐДԿಜԃ΋Дࣁวғଯঢ়ය (Huang et al., 1996)ǹᆵܿૡ

୔ಖԃྕཪǴယᙜวғଯঢ়ДҽόۓǴวғ௃׎Ьाᆶᔸࡋև҅࣬ᜢ (Shiau, 1997)ǶᕴᡏԶقૡλᆘယᙜวғᆶᕉნྕࡋǵᔸࡋεठև҅࣬ᜢǴᆶफ़ߘமࡋ

߾ևॄ࣬ᜢ (Tseng, 2005)ǴՠӧྕࡋനଯޑΎǵΖДҽǴૡλᆘယᙜޑ௼ဂໆё

ૈӢ஌ғ܄ϺእᒿϐεวғԶफ़ե (Chen, 1982)Ƕ

2.3 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜڈ֎ჹқడਜ਼ᓪૡϐቹៜ 2.3.1 ჹౢໆϐቹៜ

ૡλᆘယᙜڗ१ࡕǴᒿڗ१ำࡋቚуԶჹૡᐋც޵೷ԋό฻ำࡋޑ໾্Ƕယ ᙜໆϿਔڗ१೷ԋც޵ᜐጔև໳ᆘՅǴεໆယᙜڗ१ਔ೷ԋૡ޵௔ᕭό՜ߏǴယ ևಭ׎௔ԔǴယጔፃϯǴനᝄख़ਔ᏾ယ๺঒ಥပǶယᙜ֎१ࡕǴ޵ယύယᆘન֖

ໆᡉ๱फ़եǴ೷ԋӀӝբҔਏ౗෧եǴ٬ૡ޵ϐယТελǵԭ޵ख़ໆǵૡ޵ಳ೽

ޔ৩฻ᡉ๱ᕭ෧ (Shiau and Chu, 2002)Ǵջ٬౽ନယᙜǴԜယТதϝฅคݤ՜৖

Կ҅தελǴёૈᆶယᙜൄనჹ෌ނ೷ԋࢥ܄Ԗᜢ (DeLong, 1971)Ƕନჹც޵ޑ ࣁ্ѦǴယᙜޑڈ֎Ϸ௨ᒪܰ೷ԋጼᐨ (hopper burn) Ϸྡྟੰ (sooty mould)Ǵ

೷ԋ෌ނғߏڙߔǴ໔ௗ೷ԋၭբނ෧ౢ (Backus et al., 2005)Ƕࡺёளޕૡλᆘ ယᙜࣁ্ำࡋᆶқడਜ਼ᓪૡϐᆶౢໆԖॄ࣬ᜢ܄ (Chen et al., 1991; Shiau and Chu, 2002)Ƕ

2.3.2 ჹࠔ፦ϐቹៜ

қడਜ਼ᓪૡϐ੝ਸ॥ښྍܭૡλᆘယᙜϐڈ֎Ǵڈ֎ࡕӭϡ⇌ᜪӵٽૡનǵ ڜଢ଼Ӣ฻֖ໆ߾ቚу (Juan et al., 1991; Shiau and Chu, 2002)Ǵځύࢌ٤ԋϩӵڜ ଢ଼Ӣǵữ୷ለ֖ໆޑᡂϯቹៜૡޑαག (Tsai and Chang, 1986)ǴԶᡉ๱ቚуޑϯ Ꮲ ԋ ϩ ӵ linalool ǵ linalooloxides (furanoid type, pyranoid type) ǵ 3,7-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatrien-3-olǵ2,6-dimethyl-3,7-octatrien-2,6-diolǵbenzaldehydeǵ benzyl alcoholǵ2-phenylethanol ฻ԋϩᆶځᐱ੝ϐᇋ३ǵ݀३ښஏϪ࣬ᜢ (Hu and Lee, 2005; Teng, 2013)ǶᕴԶقϐǴૡλᆘယᙜࣁ্ำࡋᆶқడਜ਼ᓪૡϐࠔ፦Ԗ

҅࣬ᜢ܄ (Chen et al., 1991)Ƕ

2.4 ᆅ ᆅ౛ૡ༜λᆘယᙜࣴز

٩ྣሡ؃Ǵᆵ᡼ᔈԖٿᜪᆅ౛БԄаᆅ౛ૡ༜ύૡλᆘယᙜǺటᇙڀᇋ३ښ ϐᇋ३आǵᆘૡǴаϷқడਜ਼ᓪૡਔǴѸ໪ᆢ࡭܈ቚуૡλᆘယᙜϐ௼ဂໆǹట ᇙԋځᎩૡᜪǴ߾Ѹ໪ٛЗૡλᆘယᙜࣁ্ǶҞ߻ᆵ᡼ૡ༜ύǴૡλᆘယᙜନё ғౢܿБऍΓૡૡ๭ѦǴ೏ຎࣁૡ༜ύࣁ্നᝄख़্ᙝϐ΋Ǵଞჹૡλᆘယᙜࣁ ख़ᗺٛݯჹຝޑࣴزΨၨځдૡᐋ্ᙝࣁӭǴՠّϞᆵ᡼ۘ҂ࡌҥǵ᏾ӝр΋س

಍ϯޑૡλᆘယᙜᆕӝ্ᙝᆅ౛Бݤ (Integrated pest management, IPM)Ƕჹૡλ ᆘယᙜޑٛݯБݤύǴаϯᏢٛݯݤϐࣴزၨӭǴԖ೚ӭၭᛰϷߚၭᛰၗ׷ςܭ Җ໔຾Չᛰ্ෳ၂٠ว߄Ǵࡹ۬ೕۓϐૡλᆘယᙜϯᏢٛݯҔᛰᅿᜪኧΨࢂૡ༜

্ᙝϐന (Wang et al., 2012)ǶғނٛݯБय़ǴҞ߻ςޕૡλᆘယᙜԖ 3 ࣽ 12 ᅿ ռ ஌ ғ ီ ࣁ ځ ஌ ғ ܄ Ϻ እ Ǵ ځ ύ Stethynium sp. ǵ Bakkendorfia sp. ǵ nr.

Megaphragma sp.ǵArescon sp. ၨࣁख़ाǴЀа Stethynium sp. നࣁख़ाǴՠԋ ᙝғڮຼයอᜤа࠻ϣႩᎦǴаठܭᜤаᔈҔԿҖ໔ (Chen, 1982)Ƕ୷ቻ૛ೋ

(Mallada basalis (Walker)) Ѵᙝࣁځਂ१܄Ϻእϐ΋ǴՠࡼҔਏ݀όᄆǴҞ߻໻

оϺယᙜኧໆၨϿਔ؂ਲ਼ૡᐋࡼܫ 30 ଫ୷ቻ૛ೋѴᙝǴ٠ଛӝނ౛ٛݯωัڀ ਏ݀ (Yen, 1997)ǴᕴԶقϐǴᆵ᡼Ҟ߻ϝคϺእёճҔа׭ڋҖ໔ૡλᆘယᙜ

௼ဂ (Tseng et al., 2011)Ƕނ౛ٛݯБय़ǴҞ߻ςޕቔНёफ़եૡλᆘယᙜҖ໔

௼ဂໆǴԜѦ٬Ҕ໳Յᗹᙝરǵঅ୊ૡ༜ᚇ૛ǵ௦ᄔ΋ЈΟယа΢ૡ๭ࣣԖշܭ फ़եૡ༜ύૡλᆘယᙜޑ௼ဂኧໆǶቚуҖ໔ૡλᆘယᙜϐ௼ဂໆϐ࣬ᜢࣴزၨ

ٛݯࣴز׳ϿǴҞ߻а໳Յ༟ጤѲϷᐊՅ፿ጬᆛёԖਏᇨЇૡλᆘယᙜ (Lin, unpublished data)Ƕ

ύ୯຾Չ೚ӭа߈՟ᅿଷ౳λᆘယᙜࣁٛݯჹຝϐᆕӝᆅ౛ࣴزǴӵૡᐋǵ ယᙜǵЬाਂ१܄Ϻእқඬᘪ຅ (Evarcha albaria) ϐ໔ޑϯᏢғᄊᏢࣴز (Zhao et al., 2002)ǹόӕࠔᅿૡᐋǵόӕᅿ෌ᆅ౛БԄჹܭယᙜϷឦܭᠻλီࣽ

(Mymaridae) ϐယᙜռ஌ғ܄Ϻእޑ௼ဂ੃ߏϐቹៜ (Hu, 2009; Jin et al., 2012)ǹ

ૡλᆘယᙜวғঢ়යޑႣෳ฻ (Qin et al., 2008)Ǵ٠Ԗ௖૸ଷ౳λᆘယᙜࣴزϐ

ֹ᏾Ў᝘ӣ៝᏾౛ (Wang et al., 2013)Ƕ

2.5 ܲ ܲᙝεໆႩᎦБݤϐࣴز

ܲᙝεໆႩᎦۓက࣬྽᠈಍ǴЪӢόӕܲᙝᕷ෗ૈΚϷႩᎦᜤࡋৡ౦ࡐεǴ ӢԜᜤаुр಍΋ޑໆϯచҹǴࡺႩᎦঁᡏϷႩᎦࢬำޑࠔ፦ᆅ౛࣬ჹख़ा

(Chambers, 1977)ǶҞ߻ම೏࠻ϣεໆႩᎦϐܲᙝӭࣁڀԖғނٛݯᔈҔ܄܈ወ

ૈϐܲᙝϷځ஌ЬϐႩᎦӵᄺቺৱ૯λီ (Encarsia guadeloupae)ǵੇӦৱ૯λ

ီ (Encarsia sp. nr. haitiensis) ᆶᖥ௽ણጼ (Aleurodicus dispersus) (Chien et al., 2000)฻ǹࣴزᛰᏊ၂ᡍǵ଺ࣁಒ๵܈ੰࢥғނၩᡏ฻ࣁҞޑ܌຾Չϐ্ᙝεໆ ႩᎦӵ௹દڹာ (Spodoptera litura) (Chu et al., 1978)ǵΒᗺယ䌌 (Tetranychus urticae) (Lee, 2006)Ǵ܈ࢂё१ҔǵᙴᕍҔǵᛰҔ܈ځдᔈҔϐܲᙝӵৎᡠ (Bombyx mori)ǵကεճီ (Apis mellifera)ǵεᓐ᜽ᛳ (Chrysomya megacephala) Ѵᙝ฻Ƕ೭٤εໆႩᎦࣴزҗܭόሡஒ෌१܄ܲᙝഁܫǴӢԜόሡෳ၂෌१܄্

ᙝܭҖ໔చҹΠޑ፾ᔈ௃׎ǴԜБय़ࣴزӢԶ࣬྽લЮǶԜѦεໆႩᎦޑਏ݀ᆶ ᕉნǵ஌Ьǵჴᡍ࠻ࠔس฻ԖஏϪޑᜢ߯ (Nakamori and Soemori, 1981; Corrigan and Lashomb, 1990;)ǴԵቾډВࡕᔈҔޑёՉ܄Ǵࡌҥё፾ᔈҖ໔ᕉნޑჴᡍ࠻

ࠔسࢂҖ໔εໆញܫλᆘယᙜԋфᆶցޑѸाచҹǶ

λᆘယᙜ௼ϐယᙜӭ֎१෌ނၨცޑယТ೽ՏаϷ໧Ҝ೽ (DeLong, 1971)

܈ࢂယԺ߄ҜϷᖓᏛಒझ (Jin et al., 2012)ǴЀځ߃សऩᙝϐαᏔၨอǴ೯த໻֎

१ც޵೽ՏǶԾԐයԿ߈ය೚ӭࣴزճҔλᆘယᙜ௼բࣁ၂ᡍ׷਑Ǵ࠻ϣႩᎦϐ БԄ൳Яӵр΋ᙰǴࢂаϣ֖෌ނࣧਭϐಒᆛҞᎦᙝ᠈܈࣒ዟ฿ǵ༟ጤ৒Ꮤ܈ᓸ լΚ৒Ꮤᆢ࡭௼ဂǴٯӵǺBeyer (1922) а࣒ዟ฿ႩᎦ E. maliǹSaxena and Saxena (1971) аޔ৩ 10 cm × 15 cm ଯϐ༟ጤ৒ᏔϷࣿဗႩᎦ E. devastansǴ؂৒Ꮤύ ယᙜኧໆёၲ 200 ଫǹChen et al. (1978) а࣒ዟ฿ᆶૡᐋც݄ႩᎦૡλᆘယᙜǹ Teerakapong (1992) а⣽ഞभࣧਭ࿼ܭ 60 cm × 60 cm × 90 cm Ꭶᙝ᠈ύԋфႩ

ᎦૡλᆘယᙜǹRaupach et al. (2002) аلࣽ෌ނ Vicia faba L. ࿼ܭ 50 cm × 50 cm × 60 cm Ꭶᙝ᠈ύႩᎦ E. decipiensǹKosugi (2010) а୻Ꭶ୷Ꭶ෗ૡभႩᎦ

E. onukii฻Ǵՠ೭٤ႩᎦ૶ᒵҞޑࣣࣁႩᎦϿໆ၂ᡍҔᙝԶߚҔаεໆႩᎦǶ

Chapter 3 ׷

׷਑ᆶБݤ

3.1 ૡλᆘယᙜᅿྍϐڗளᆶᆢ࡭

3.1.1 ڗளᅿྍġ

ҁࣴزճҔ֎ᙝᆅϷġ 250 mL Ѳ΍݆࿽ՐယᙜԋᙝࡕஒځᏤΕϣ࿼ԖΟਲ਼ ૡभġ (ᖼܭࠄ׫Ӝ໔ЎੇૡभϦљ) ޑġ 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm ಒથᆛᎦᙝ᠈

(റຎࣽ௲ BD43030F)ġ(კΒ A)Ǵа໵Յڱ֣೓хᙟᎦᙝ᠈ࡕឫӣჴᡍ࠻Ƕࣴز ҔᙝྍӭٰԾཥԮᑜড়࣭ໂ൤ᑫᡂႝ܌਒ড়࣭ໂૡယಃ΋ౢᎍ੤໳ۉૡၭ܌ᅿ

෌ૡ༜ (Ԗᐒਭ୻ǴࠔᅿࣁߙЈεᢲǴૡ༜य़ᑈऊ 0.63 Ϧഘ)ǴځԛٰԾཥчѱ ҡ☇୔๮఍εᏢߕ߈໳ۉૡၭ܌ᅿ෌ૡ༜ (ߙЈਜ਼ᓪ) ϷཥԮᑜч঵ໂΒቧߕ ߈൹ۉૡၭ܌ᅿ෌ૡ༜ (ߙЈεᢲ)ǴϿኧٰԾᆵ᡼ч೽ځдқడਜ਼ᓪૡౢ୔Ǵ х֖ڳ݅ǵૡׯ൑Ўξϩ൑ǵΟ৙ǵૡׯ൑ᕴ൑ǵᓪ዇฻ӦǶġ

3.1.2 ᅿྍᆢ࡭

௦ளޑယᙜܭ؁ΕԄғߏጃġ (ྕࡋġ 28ºCǵ25ºCǵ22ºC ± 2ºCǵӀྣǺ໵སġ = 16 λਔǺ8 λਔ) ϣႩᎦǴ௦ӣࡕ΋ϺϣቚуΟਲ਼ૡभаٮယᙜڗ१ (კΟ)ǹ ΟϺࡕယᙜᅌᖿᛙۓǴஒૡभϷϝӸࢲϐယᙜ౽Εġ 90 cm × 45 cm × 45 cm ಒથ ᆛᎦᙝ᠈ġ (റຎࣽ௲ BD44590DH)Ǵ٠ቚуૡभኧၲԿϿ 15 ਲ਼аٮڗ१٠ᆢ࡭

௼ဂǹऊٿࢃයࡕӭኧယᙜԋᙝςԝΫǴԜਔஒૡभڗрǴ٠а 2 ဦНற฽а Ϸ୊݄БԄஒཥғϐယᙜऩᙝ໣ύܭ 9 ਲ਼҂೏ڗ१ϐཥૡभ΢ǴܫӣচᎦᙝ᠈

ύᝩុႩᎦԿԋᙝǶځࡕऊ؂႖ 5 Ϻ׳ඤ΋ԛૡभǴຎभਲ਼଼நރݩаϷᙝα ஏࡋԶۓǶऩभਲ਼ც޵ယጔܭΟϺϣัـ࢏๺܈ယᙜஏࡋၨଯǴ߾ஒऊ΋ъޑယ ᙜඤԿќ΋৒ᏔǶඤΠϐૡभ႖ᚆ 10-14 Ϻ٬ځ΢܌ԖռӄኧჯϯǴຎႩᎦϐ

ྕࡋԶۓǶჯϯϐऩᙝ౽୏ԿচᎦᙝ᠈܈ཥᎦᙝ᠈Ǵૡभ߾ࡑځԿϿӆ๴วр΋

ЈΟယࡕω຾Չख़ፄ٬ҔǶ؂႖ऊъԃԾচౢӦံкऊ 100 ଫഁғঁᡏǴаᗉ խჴᡍ࠻௼ဂёૈӢߏਔ໔߈ᒃҬଛ೷ԋࡕжόؼቹៜǶ

3.2 ၂ ၂ᡍ஌Ьϐਭ୻ᆅ౛

3.2.1 ૡᐋभϐਭ୻ᆅ౛

ҁࣴزӅ٬ҔΟࠔᅿǺߙЈεᢲǵߙЈਜ਼ᓪǵߎဖ (ᆵૡ 12 ဦ)Ƕ܌Ԗ၂ᡍ Ҕϐૡभࣣᖼܭࠄ׫Ӝ໔ЎੇૡभϦљǴभЕଯ 15-25 cmǴ֖ԿϿ 3 ঁ޵ϷԿ Ͽ΋ঁ΋ЈΟယϐცఋǴᅿܭ໵Յ༟ጤᔼᎦ೓ϣǶ၂ᡍૡभϩ࠻ϣѦᅿ෌Ǻ࠻ϣ ޣϝᅿܭᔼᎦ೓ϣǴ࿼ܭԖϾϦЎ݅ύаБߡཚၮǵᆅ౛Ǵ΋ϦЎ݅ϣ಍΋ܫ࿼

30 ਲ਼Ǵа޸ᝊΒဦ (Ѡک༜᛬Ϧљ) ีញ 1,000 ७բࣁޥ਑Ǵ؂႖΋ԿΒϺа

዆޸Ꮤ዆፾ໆНǴ؂ঁϦЎ݅؂ࢃයࡼҔ 250 mL ޥ਑Ǵ٠ܫΕϿ೚Ԗᐒᆭ෌β а෧጗βᝆࢬѨǴ෌ԖૡभϐϦЎ݅࿼ܭ؁ΕԄғߏጃϣǴаф౗ 20 W ϐ෌

ނᐩᆅکӕф౗ϐВӀᐩᆅӚٿЍ଺ࣁӀྍ (ӀྣǺ໵སġ = 16 λਔǺ8 λਔ)ǹ

࠻Ѧ߾ϩ೓းϷӦਭᅿ෌БԄǺ೓းޣᅿ෌Ϸᆅ౛БԄᆶ࠻ϣޣ࣬ӕǴٮε೽ϩ ၂ᡍ٬ҔǹӦਭभ߾ନѐᔼᎦ೓ѦхးࡕǴᅿ෌ܭβύǴ଺౤уம௨Нᆅ౛Ǵૡ

༜ӅϤ౤Ǵϩ෌ΟࠔᅿǺߙЈεᢲǵߙЈਜ਼ᓪǵߎဖǶ؂΋౤ϩٿ௨Ӆᅿ෌ 40-45 ਲ਼ૡभǴຎ௃ݩନѐڬൎᚇ૛܈຾Չ୊݄ǴځᎩޥ୻ᆅ౛БԄҭ࣬ӕǴٮࡼܫ၂ ᡍ٬ҔǶ٬Ҕਭܭ࠻Ѧभਲ਼຾Չ࠻ϣ၂ᡍ߻Ǵ܌Ԗ౽ΕғߏጃϣϐभӃ࿶Ҟຎନ ѐёـ্ᙝǶ

3.2.2 ځд஌Ьϐਭ୻ᆅ౛

ନૡᐋѦǴҁࣴزۘ٬Ҕόӕ෌ނ຾Չ၂ᡍǴхࡴǺ⣽ഞ!(Ricinus communis)ǵ ᡂယЕ (Codiaeum variegatum)ǵᙝ࠿ (Melanolepis multiglandulosa)ǵਬᐋ (Morus alba)ǵ޸ғ (Arachis hypogaea)ǵጭ޸ғ ( Arachis duranensis)ǵፚل (Pisum sativum)ǵ ๼ ل (Phaseolus vulgaris) ǵ ޸ ل (Phaseolus coccineus) ǵ ࣤ ࡆ ل (Phaseolus lunatus)ǵҖ๭ (Sesbania cannabiana)ǵߓࠁୌ (Cassia fistula)ǵ࢔ᐊ ᐋ (Citrus sp.)ǵਲᐋ (Prunus persica)ǵξឮ޸ (Prunus campanulata)ǵᖗᖚ (Rosa multiflora)ǵढഞ (Boehmeria nivea)ǵ๋޸㍚३ᖜ ( Ageratum houstonianum)ǵε

޸ࠍᙦ૛ (Bidens pilosa)ǵؽ૛ (Miscanthus sp.)ǵਦԮ (Phyllostachys makinoi) ฻Ƕ

ନૡभаѦ஌Ьࣣ௦Ҕᆶ࠻ϣᅿ෌ϐૡभ࣬՟ਭ୻ᆅ౛БԄǴ෌ਲ਼λޣᅿ෌৒Ꮤ ׯࣁλࠠ޸ࣧǴ؂ࣧ΋ਲ਼Ǵࡼޥࣁ؂ 20 ਲ਼ࡼҔ!250 mL ޥ਑ǹ෌ਲ਼ၨεޣ߾ᄔ ڗ஥ც޵ϐ݄చකܭක޸ੇᆟ (oasis premium) аߥ࡭НϩǴ٠ܭ୊݄ࡕΟϺϣ

຾Չ၂ᡍǶ!

3.3 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜҖ໔௼ဂ੃ߏᆶВຼࢲ୏௃׎

3.3.1 Җ໔௼ဂ੃ߏፓࢗ

Ծ 2011 ԃ 12 ДԿ 2012 ԃ 12 ДǴ؂ДԿϿ΋ԛа 400 W қӀНሌᐩ ܭч঵ૡ༜ (Ԗᐒਭ୻ǴࠔᅿࣁߙЈεᢲǴૡ༜य़ᑈऊ 0.39 Ϧഘ) аϷ႖Вܭ ҡ☇ૡ༜ (ᄍՉਭ୻ǴࠔᅿࣁߙЈਜ਼ᓪǴૡ༜य़ᑈऊ 0.34 Ϧഘ) ௦໣ૡλᆘယ ᙜ (კΒ B)Ǵ٠૶ᒵፓࢗϐ่݀Ǵᆶ਻ຝၗ਑ჹྣǶ

3.3.2 Вຼࢲ୏௃׎ፓࢗ

а໳Յᗹᙝર (ଯ߷ϦљǴ215 mm Ø 150 mm) ܭཥԮᑜড়࣭ໂ൤ᑫ୯λ਒

஭ۉૡၭૡ༜ (Ԗᐒਭ୻ǴࠔᅿࣁߙЈεᢲǴૡ༜य़ᑈऊ 0.21 Ϧഘ) ϣᗹਂૡ λᆘယᙜ (კϖ A)Ƕҗܭύ୯߈՟ᅿଷ౳λᆘယᙜԋᙝϩѲև౜ᒿᐒϩѲ (random distribution)Ǵ፾ӝ٬ҔჹفጕڗኬǵZ ӷ׎ڗኬϷϖᗺڗኬ (Decante and van Helden, 2008; Wang et al., 2010)ǴҁࣴزҭୖԵځ௦ኬБԄǶࣁٛЗᗹᙝરϕ

࣬υᘋϷԵໆᏹբБߡǴ٬Ҕ 30 ஭ᗹᙝરаჹفጕБԄ௠ܭૡᘀ໔Ǵ؂႖ٿλ ਔ׳ඤ΋ԛǴӕਔइᒵ྽ਔૡᘀ໔ྕᔸࡋϷྣࡋၗ਑аϷࢂցफ़ߘǴ၂ᡍೱុ຾

Չ 24 λਔǴᕇளϐኧᏵа಍ी೬ᡏ SAS Learning Edition 4.1 (аΠᙁᆀ SAS) ϩ݋ယᙜᆶӚ਻ຝӢη໔ϐ Spearman ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǶਂਆډϐယᙜа Xylene (ᛰ౛

ϯᏢπ཰ਲ਼Ԅ཮ޗǴВҁ) ࢱΠࡕ੆ݰܭ 75% ଚᆒύߥӸǶ

3.4 ૡλᆘယᙜεໆႩᎦ஌Ь෌ނϐᒧ᏷

3.4.1 ૡ༜Ϸຼᜐ஌Ьፓࢗġ

ӧഁѦа௟ᆛک֎ᙝᆅ௦໣ૡ༜ߕ߈෌ނ΢ޑယᙜġ (კΒ C, D)Ǵ௦ӣޑ኱

ҁ٩ġ Chiang (1989) ޑᔠ઩߄຾Չ׎ᄊ᠘ۓǴ٠੆ݰܭ 75% ଚᆒϣߥӸǶќஒ

܌ፓࢗϐ܌Ԗ෌ނġ (ـ 3.2.2)ġ ᐱҥܫ࿼ܭ 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm ಒથᆛᎦᙝ

᠈ϣǴܫΕૡλᆘယᙜ຾Չ࠻ϣႩᎦǴᡍ᛾ځࢂցڀԖ࡭ុϐڗ१ՉࣁǶ

3.4.2 ჹόӕ஌Ь፾ᔈ܄

٩ૡ༜Ϸຼᜐ஌Ьፓࢗ (ـ 3.4.1) ϐ่݀Ǵӧ 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm ಒથ ᆛᎦᙝ᠈ϣа஌ЬǺယᙜġ = 1Ǻ5 ௗᅿૡλᆘယᙜϐ΋ԿΒសऩᙝ܈ԋᙝǴᢀჸ ယᙜϐӸࢲ௃ݩǴ٠аᡂБϩ݋ݤ (Analysis of variance, ANOVA) Кၨሟԋᙝӧ όӕ஌Ь΢ϐტڮߏࡋࢂցڀԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ (significant difference)Ƕऩόӕ஌Ь໔ ယᙜტڮԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴаᎅМཥӭᡂୱෳᡍݤ (Duncan’s new multiple range test) Кၨᡉ๱ৡ౦௃׎Ǵஒόӕೀ౛ϩဂ (α = 0.05)ǶኧᏵа SAS ೬ᡏ຾Չ಍ीϩ

݋Ƕ

3.4.3 ౢռ஌Ь഻ӳ܄

٩஌Ь፾ᔈ܄ (ـ 3.4.2) ᢀჸ่݀ᒧрёႩػૡλᆘယᙜϐ஌Ь෌ނǴ٠ ӧ೭٤஌Ь΢ࡌҥૡλᆘယᙜϐჴᡍ࠻௼ဂǶஒႣෳ၂ϐ஌Ь෌ނаᒿᐒ௨ӈБ Ԅ࿼ܭӕ΋Ꭶᙝ᠈ϣǴ٠ᅰໆ௓ڋ܌Ԗ஌ЬᏱԖ࣬ӕኧໆޑც޵Ϸ෌ਲ਼ଯࡋǶа

஌ЬǺယᙜġ = 1Ǻ5 ௗᅿૡλᆘယᙜሟԋᙝǴ٠ᅰёૈ٬؂΋၂ᡍೀ౛܌٬Ҕϐ ယᙜх֖Ⴉػܭόӕ஌Ь΢ϐჴᡍ࠻௼ဂǴ΋ࢃයࡕ౽ନ܌ԖယᙜԋᙝǴ૶ᒵӚ

஌Ь΢ယᙜޑռኧǶ၂ᡍ௦ᒿᐒֹӄ୔໣೛ी (Randomized Complete Block Design, RCBD)Ǵόӕ၂ᡍВයࣁ୔໣ǴаᡂБϩ݋ݤϩ݋Ӹࢲ౗ࢂցڀԖᡉ๱

ৡ౦ǴаᎅМཥӭᡂୱෳᡍݤКၨᡉ๱ৡ౦௃׎Ǵஒόӕೀ౛ϩဂ (α = 0.05)Ǵ ٠а SAS ೬ᡏϩ݋่݀Ƕҁ၂ᡍӅΟᅿೀ౛БԄǴӚ຾Չ 6 ख़ፄа΢၂ᡍǺ(1)

܌Ԗૡλᆘယᙜ஌ЬǴа 30 cm × 30 cm × 75 cm ᆛ᠈ġ (റຎࣽ௲ BD43074F) ၂ᡍġ (2) ഻ӳำࡋ߻Οଯϐ஌ЬǴа 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm ᆛ᠈၂ᡍġ (3) ഻ӳ ำࡋനଯ஌ЬϐόӕࠔᅿǴа 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm ᆛ᠈၂ᡍǶġ

3.4.4 ׯᡂ஌Ь၂ᡍ

٩߻ॊ஌Ь࣬ᜢ၂ᡍ (ـ 3.4.1 - 3.4.3) ่݀ǴஒᛙۓӸࢲܭӚᅿ஌Ь෌ਲ਼΢

ϐယᙜΒសऩᙝ຾Չᙯ౽ǴаΑှႩػၸำύׯᡂ஌Ь܈౽୏ऩᙝࢂցჹځӸࢲ

౗೷ԋቹៜǶ၂ᡍ௦ᒿᐒֹӄ୔໣೛ीǴԭϩКኧᏵຎሡ؃຾ՉفࡋᙯඤǴаᡂ Бϩ݋ݤϩ݋Ӹࢲ౗ࢂցڀԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴаᎅМཥӭᡂୱෳᡍݤКၨᡉ๱ৡ౦௃

׎Ǵஒόӕೀ౛ϩဂ (α = 0.05)Ǵ٠а SAS ೬ᡏϩ݋่݀Ƕ၂ᡍӅԖΟᅿೀ౛

БԄǴ؂ԛӚೀ౛٬Ҕ 10 ଫऩᙝ٠૶ࣁ΋ԛख़ፄǴӅ 3 ख़ፄǺ(1) ჹྣಔǴ ό຾Չೀ౛ (2) а 2 ဦНற฽ஒऩᙝ౽ԿૡᐋǴаᕕှׯᡂ஌ЬࢂցቹៜӸࢲ

౗ (3) а 2 ဦНற฽ஒऩᙝ౽Կӕᅿ஌Ьόӕ෌ਲ਼ǴаᕕှҔНற฽౽୏ယᙜ ऩᙝࢂց཮ჹځ೷ԋᐒఓ໾্Ƕġ

3.5 ྕ ྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿჹယᙜวػޑቹៜ

ҁ၂ᡍෳ၂ယᙜܭΟᅿྕࡋ (22ºCǵ25ºCǵ28ºC) ϷΟᅿૡᐋࠔᅿ (ߙЈε ᢲǵߙЈਜ਼ᓪǵߎဖ) ਔӚғߏයวػਔ໔ᆶӸࢲ౗Ƕаක޸ੇᆟ༧ක 10 ݄খ

୊Πϐ΋ЈϤယ (܈Ϥယа΢) ૡᐋც޵ǴܫΕ 15 ჹԋᙝǴ٠ܫΕႩᎦ᠈ϣ΋

Ϻаԏ໣ӕВសϐռǴऩᙝჯϯࡕϩձ౽Ε 500 mL ೸ܴ໯਑݆ύൂᐱႩᎦǴ૶

ᒵ؂ଫঁᡏԾռԿԋᙝၸำύ؂΋วػය໔႖ਔ໔аϷӸࢲ౗Ƕ၂ᡍ௦຋୔೛ी

(Split Plot Design, SPD)Ǵځύྕࡋࣁε୔ (whole plot)Ǵૡᐋࠔᅿࣁλ୔ (sub plot)ǶаᡂБϩ݋ݤϩ݋Ӛೀ౛໔วػයਔ໔ߏอᆶӸࢲ౗ࢂցԖᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵԭ ϩКኧᏵຎሡ؃຾ՉفࡋᙯඤǴаᎅМཥӭᡂୱෳᡍݤКၨᡉ๱ৡ౦௃׎Ǵஒό ӕೀ౛ϩဂ (α = 0.05)Ǵ٠а SAS ೬ᡏϩ݋่݀Ƕ

3.6 ૡλᆘယᙜౢռଯঢ়ය 3.6.1 ౢռଯঢ়ය

аߙЈεᢲࣁ஌ЬǴஒখԳϯ (΋ВសϣǴ૶ࣁ 0 Вស) ԋᙝ΋ჹܫΕ 500 mL ೸ܴ໯਑݆ႩᎦǴ؂В׳ඤཥޑ΋ЈΟယа΢ც޵Ǵीᆉ؂Вౢռໆ (߃ۈ

ც޵΢ऩڗளռǴ၀ռ૶ࣁ 1 Вសሟᙝౢ)ǴаΑှႩᎦၸำύന፾྽ޑ௦ռϺ ኧǶ؂ץܫ࿼ 1 ჹယᙜ૶΋ԛख़ፄǴӅ຾Չ 10 ԛख़ፄǶ૶ᒵڗளޑ܌ԖռኧǴ аϷ؂ВڗளϐռኧǶ၂ᡍྕࡋࣁ 28ºC ± 2ºCǶ

3.6.2 ሟᙝౢռਔВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗࣬ᜢ܄

ஒ 3.6.1 ڗளϐ܌ԖռႩᎦԿԋᙝ٠૶ᒵӸࢲ౗ǴԭϩКኧᏵຎሡ؃຾Չف ࡋᙯඤǴа SAS ೬ᡏ؃ளሟᙝౢռਔВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗ϐ Spearman ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǴ аᕕှሟᙝౢռਔВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗Ԗค࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ

3.7 ࡼ ࡼܫૡλᆘယᙜ

ஒૡλᆘယᙜࡼܫԿ࠻ѦаӦਭᅿ෌Ǵ࿶ΟঁДᅱෳዴᇡคယᙜวғϐϤ౤

ૡभभল (ـ 3.2.1)Ǵ٠૶ᒵࡼܫϐԋऩᙝኧໆǶࡼܫࡕջଶЗჹૡभল዆Нǵ

ࡼޥϷନ૛Ǵ؂႖ΒԿΟϺаҞຎݤᔠࢗૡभলύယᙜԋऩᙝኧǴ٠ᒿᐒᄔڗ 20

݄చ΢ಃΟԿϖယǴ૶ᒵ೏ࣁ্Кٯ (ယТ΢ว౜ԋऩᙝޣ܈΋Та΢ယय़р౜

ᇋ៛౩ၞޣ૶ࣁԖࣁ্)Ǵаᕕှယᙜڈ֎ც޵௃׎ǴаϷယᙜࢂցԋфҥىǶ ԋऩᙝࡼܫ߻Ӄ໣ύᆅ౛ܭᎦᙝ᠈٠аૡभගٮڗ१ǴࡼܫਔஒૡभԾᎦᙝ᠈ύ ڗрǴ٠࿼ܭभলύѧ٬ယᙜԋᙝԾҗᘉණǹаᐩӀྣ৔٠ᇸܡ৒ᏔᇨЇഭᎩԋ ᙝ०рǴஒ෈৲ऩᙝϐც޵ᎎܭٿ௨ૡᐋ໔ǴϤ౤ࡼܫໆ࣬߈Ƕभলࣁ 2013 ԃ 9 ДۭਭᅿǴ2013 ԃ 12 Д 27 Вమఃࡼܫԋᙝ 15 ଫᆶऩᙝ 30 ଫǹ 12 Д 30 Вమఃࡼܫԋᙝ 120 ଫᆶऩᙝ 191 ଫǶа 12 Д 30 В૶ࣁࡼܫࡕಃ΋

ВǶ

Chapter 4 ่

่݀

4.1 ૡλᆘယᙜҖ໔௼ဂ੃ߏᆶВຼࢲ୏௃׎

4.1.1 Җ໔௼ဂ੃ߏፓࢗ

ҁࣴزаᇨᙝᐩፓࢗૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂ੃ߏǴԖਏ၂ᡍӅी຾Չ 13 ঁДǴӅ ௦ளૡλᆘယᙜ 2,867 ଫǴځύ 2,205 ଫ௦ܭч঵Ǵ662 ଫ௦ܭҡ☇Ǵч঵ૡ

༜ૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂໆऊࣁҡ☇ૡ༜ϐ 3.33 ७ǴЪ؂ԛፓ่ࣣࢗ݀ࣁч঵ૡ༜ယ ᙜ௼ဂໆၨҡ☇ૡ༜εǶҖ໔௼ဂ੃ߏ่݀ӵკѤ܌ҢǺٿӦ୔੃ߏ௃׎࣬߈Ǵ

ࣣև౜΋ԃ΋ଯঢ়යǶٿӦࡾۑࡕ௼ဂໆࣣ໒ۈቚуǴԿϖϤД௼ဂໆၲډଯঢ়Ǵ ҡ☇Ӧ୔ૡλᆘယᙜϖϤД௼ဂໆӝीэӄԃޑ 48.8%Ǵ൳Яၲӄԃ΋ъޑယᙜ

௼ဂໆǹч঵߾эӄԃޑ 39.9%Ƕч঵ૡ༜ယᙜ௼ဂܭϖДၲډ 502 ଫʏВǴ ϤД௼ဂໆΠफ़Կ 329 ଫʏВǴΎДౣࣁ΢ϲԿ 342 ଫʏВǴΐДਔ௼ဂໆന եࣁ 56 ଫʏВǴԿΜΒДࣁЗ௼ဂໆౣࣁ΢ϲǴՠ٠όև౜ܴᡉଯঢ়ǹҡ☇Ӧ

୔၂ᡍૡ༜аᄍՉݤਭ୻٠௦ᇙЎξхᅿૡǴϖϤД௼ဂໆϩձࣁ 156 ଫʏВ Ϸ 163 ଫʏВǴоۑΜΒԿ΋ДനեǴ໻ 6-8 ଫʏВǶ

௦ૡ཮ቹៜૡλᆘယᙜϐҖ໔௼ဂໆǺч঵Ӧ୔ѤДࡾૡ௦ૡਔယᙜ௼ဂໆ ࣁ 213 ଫʏВǴԶϖДቚуԿ 502 ଫʏВǹϤДহૡ௦ૡਔ௼ဂໆ 329 ଫʏ ВǴΎДቚуࣁ 346 ଫʏВǹΜДоૡ௦ૡਔ௼ဂໆ 64 ଫʏВǴΜ΋Дቚу ࣁ 72 ଫʏВǹҡ☇ѤДࡾૡ௦ૡਔ௼ဂໆ 78 ଫʏВǴϖДቚуࣁ 156 ଫʏ ВǹΜД௼ဂໆ 55 ଫʏВǴΜ΋ДоТ௦ૡਔ௼ဂໆ 13 ଫʏВǴԶΜΒДࣁ 6 ଫʏВǴ௼ဂໆ෧Ͽ൯ࡋᕭλǶ

4.1.2 Вຼࢲ୏௃׎ፓࢗ

Ծ 2013 ԃ 12 Д 24 В 22 ਔԿ 12 Д 25 В 22 ਔЗǴа໳Յᗹᙝરፓ

ࢗૡλᆘယᙜܭૡ༜ύೱុ 24 λਔࢲ୏௃׎Ǵ٠ᆶᕉნྕࡋǵ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵྣࡋ ჹྣǴ่݀ӵკϖ B ܌ҢǺૡλᆘယᙜࢲ୏ໆᆶᕉნྕࡋϐ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ r²= 0.1139

(P = 0.2834) (კϤ A)ǴᡉҢࢲ୏ޑယᙜԋᙝኧໆᆶྕࡋค࣬ᜢǴཀջယᙜࢲ୏ǵ ०Չঁᡏኧໆёૈόڙྕࡋቹៜǹᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋϐ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ R² = 0.3208 (P = 0.0549) (კϤ B)ǴᡉҢࢲ୏ޑယᙜኧໆᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋև౜ύࡋॄ࣬ᜢǴယᙜࢲ୏ǵ ०Չঁᡏኧໆܭᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ΢ϲਔౣࣁ෧Ͽǹᆶᕉნྣࡋϐ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ R² = 0.1547 (P = 0.2059) (კϤ C)ǴᡉҢࢲ୏ޑယᙜኧໆᆶྣࡋค࣬ᜢǴယᙜࢲ୏ǵ ०Չঁᡏኧໆёૈόڙྣࡋቹៜ܈ቹៜόεǹᆶफ़ߘϐ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ R²= 0.4100 (P

= 0.0271)ǴᡉҢࢲ୏ޑယᙜኧໆᆶफ़ߘև౜ύࡋॄ࣬ᜢǴယᙜࢲ୏ǵ०Չঁᡏኧ ໆܭᕉნफ़ߘਔၨϿǴඤقϐယᙜߘϺਔၨόࢲ៌ (კϖ B)ǶԜѦǴᝌ௠ܭఁ

΢ (ΠϱϤԿΜΒਔǹ΢ϱ႟ਔԿϤਔ) ϐᗹᙝરϝਂᕇ 26 ଫယᙜǴэӄϺޑ 32.5%Ǵࡺёޕૡλᆘယᙜӧૡ༜ϣВڹࣣԖࢲ୏ǵ०ՉϐՉࣁǴՠқϺࢲ୏ঁ

ᡏኧໆၨڹఁࣁӭǴᆶ Hu (1973) ܌ඔॊϐВՉ܄όӕǶ

4.2 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜႩᎦ஌Ь෌ނϐᒧ᏷

4.2.1 ૡ༜Ϸຼᜐ஌Ьፓࢗ

܌Ԗፓࢗϐ஌Ьᅿᜪᆶፓ่ࢗ݀ӵ߄΋܌ҢǺӧҖ໔ନૡᐋѦǴܭεඐࣽ

ϐ⣽ഞǵلࣽϐጭ޸ғǵ๼لǵࣤࡆلǵᖗᖚࣽϐਲᐋ΢Ԗ௦ᕇૡλᆘယᙜ (܈

ځ߈՟ᅿ)ǴՠаૡᐋϷ⣽ഞ΢ϐૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂஏࡋၨଯǶନਲᐋѦǴ΢ॊ෌

ނӧ࠻ϣаࣧਭभ܈ც޵ௗΕ௦Ծૡᐋϐૡλᆘယᙜෳ၂ਔǴᢀჸډ೽ϩယᙜа αଞڈ֎෌ނ࡭ុਔ໔ၲ 10 ϩដа΢ǴЪԖϿ೽ϩௗΕϐယᙜӸࢲຬၸٿϺǴ

᛾ჴૡλᆘယᙜԋᙝ཮ڗ१೭٤෌ނǴࡺёஒځຎࣁ஌ЬǹځᎩૡ༜ڬൎၨදၹ

෌ނǴаϷ Chiang (1989)ǵWang et al. (2012) ૶ᒵϐ஌Ь෌ނӵਬᐋǵҖ๭ǵා

ᐋ (ҁࣴز҂຾Չෳ၂)ǵ࢔ᐊᐋ฻Ǵܭҁࣴزύࣣ҂ܭ෌ਲ਼΢௦ᕇૡλᆘယᙜǴ Ъ࠻ϣаࣧਭभ܈ც޵ௗΕૡλᆘယᙜႩᎦਔ໻ᢀჸډယᙜଽᅟаαଞ௖ෳ෌

ਲ਼Ǵ࡭ុਔ໔҂ၲ 10 ϩដǴЪௗΕϐယᙜӭܭ΋ϺϣջԝΫǶġ

4.2.2 ჹόӕ஌Ь፾ᔈ܄

ҁࣴز٬Ҕϐ஌Ьх֖ε೽ϩ۳ܯࣴزϐ஌Ьکҁࣴز܌ዴᇡϐ஌ЬǴ࠻ϣ

ႩᎦΠಕжӸࢲ௃׎ӵ߄Β܌ҢǺယᙜܭૡᐋǵ⣽ഞǵ޸ғǵጭ޸ғǵࣤࡆل฻

஌Ь෌ਲ਼΢ԋфֹԋШжǴ٠ԋфࡌҥჴᡍ࠻௼ဂǹԜѦܭ๼ل෌ਲ਼΢ҭᢀჸډ ယᙜڗ१ϷౢռՉࣁǴՠऩᙝԋфԳϯ౗եܭ 10%Ǵჴᡍ࠻௼ဂϐࡌҥаѨ௳

֋ಖǴᡉҢૡλᆘယᙜჹ๼لޑ፾ᔈૈΚၨ΢ॊځᎩ஌ЬեǶԜѦǴКၨ 15 ଫ ૡλᆘယᙜሟԋᙝӧૡᐋǵ⣽ഞǵ޸ғǵጭ޸ғ฻஌Ь΢ϐტڮǴ่݀ᡉҢૡλ ᆘယᙜӧѤᅿ஌Ь΢ტڮڀԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P = 0.0432)Ǻځύӧ޸ғ෌ਲ਼΢ტڮന ߏǴѳ֡ࣁ 22.53 Ϻ ± 12.54 Ϻǹӧ⣽ഞ (13.53 Ϻ ± 8.60 Ϻ) Ϸጭ޸ғ (14.13 Ϻ ± 7.71 Ϻ) ΢ϐტڮᡉ๱ၨอǴԶӧૡᐋ΢ (20.87 Ϻ ± 10.16 Ϻ) ሟᙝტڮ

߾ϟܭٿޣ໔ (კΎǹ߄Β)Ƕ

4.2.3 ౢռ஌Ь഻ӳ܄

аૡᐋǵ⣽ഞǵ޸ғǵጭ޸ғǵࣤࡆل฻ϖᅿനૈԋфႩػૡλᆘယᙜϐ஌

Ь຾Չౢռ഻ӳ܄ෳ၂Ǵ၂ᡍӅ຾Չ 7 ԛख़ፄǴڗள 327 ᗭռǴ่݀ᡉҢૡλ ᆘယᙜԋᙝჹౢռ஌Ь഻ӳ܄ڀԖᡉ๱ৡ౦ġ (P < 0.001) (კΖ A)Ƕӧϖᅿ஌Ь ӕਔӸӧޑ௃ݩΠǴယᙜന഻ӳஒռౢܭૡᐋ΢Ǵѳ֡ࣁ 21.14 ± 10.19 ᗭǴᡉ

๱ଯܭځд஌Ьǹ഻ӳำࡋԛଯޣࣁ⣽ഞǴѳ֡ռኧࣁ 9.71 ± 5.22 ᗭǹԜѦယ ᙜჹࣤࡆلϐ഻ӳำࡋᡉ๱եܭځдѤᅿ஌ЬǴѳ֡ռኧ໻ġ 3.28 ± 3.6 ᗭǶவ߻

ॊϖᅿ஌Ьύᒧр഻ӳำࡋനଯϐૡᐋǴᆶ഻ӳำࡋԛଯǴЪ፾ە଺ࣁ໔բ܈Ӧ

೏෌ނϐ⣽ഞǵጭ޸ғ฻Οᅿ஌Ьӆ຾Չٿٿ࣬КǴځύૡᐋᆶ⣽ഞӅ຾Չ 8 ԛ ख़ፄ၂ᡍǴڗள 299 ᗭռǴ่݀ٿޣคᡉ๱ৡ౦ǹૡᐋᆶጭ޸ғӅ຾Չ 7 ԛख़ ፄǴڗள 224 ᗭռǴ่݀ӧૡᐋ΢ϐѳ֡ռኧ (25.29 ± 12.84) ᡉ๱ଯܭጭ޸ғ (6.71 ± 2.81)ǹጭ޸ғᆶ⣽ഞӅ຾Չ 7 ԛख़ፄǴڗள 153 ᗭռǴ่݀ӧ⣽ഞ෌

ਲ਼΢ϐѳ֡ռኧ (14.57 ± 6.16) ҭᡉ๱ଯܭጭ޸ғ (7.29 ± 5.85) (კΖ B)Ƕġ வ΢ॊ၂ᡍ่݀ளޕယᙜ഻ӳำࡋനଯޑ஌ЬࣁૡᐋǴԶځύᆶқడਜ਼ᓪૡ ϐᇙբന࣬ᜢޑࠔᅿࣁߙЈεᢲ (ч঵ǵড়࣭) ᆶߙЈਜ਼ᓪ (ҡ☇ǵڳ݅)ǴЪԜ Βࠔᅿჹܭૡλᆘယᙜϐל܄ࣣόமǴғߏೲࡋΨόᄌġ (Lee and Chang, 2003)Ǵ

ၨёૈ፾ӝբࣁ࠻ϣႩᎦૡλᆘယᙜϐ஌ЬǴӢԜჹߙЈεᢲᆶߙЈਜ਼ᓪٿࠔᅿ ӆ຾΋؁຾Չౢռ഻ӳ܄Кၨ၂ᡍǴӅ຾Չ 6 ԛख़ፄǴڗள 327 ᗭռǴ่݀ᡉ ҢԜٿࠔᅿϐ໔ယᙜౢռ഻ӳำࡋ҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P = 0.168) (კΖ C)Ƕġ

4.2.4 ׯᡂ஌Ь၂ᡍ

аႩᎦܭ⣽ഞǵ޸ғǵጭ޸ғ෌ਲ਼΢ϐယᙜऩᙝ຾Չׯᡂ஌Ь (ૡᐋ) ၂ᡍǴ

่݀ӵკΐ܌ҢǺΟᅿೀ౛่݀ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P = 0.0430)Ƕჹྣಔ (ό຾Չೀ౛) ӧ⣽ഞǵ޸ғǵጭ޸ғ෌ਲ਼΢ѳ֡Ӹࢲ౗Ӛࣁ 60%ǵ66.67%ǵ50%Ǵᆶൂપ٬

ҔНற฽౽୏ယᙜϐӸࢲ౗ (43.33%ǵ63.33%ǵ53.33%) ҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵཀջ٬

ҔНற฽λЈ౽୏ယᙜऩᙝ٠ό཮܈໻ჹϿኧঁᡏ೷ԋނ౛໾্ǹԶஒယᙜऩᙝ ϐ஌ЬᅿᜪׯᡂǴځӸࢲ౗ (6.67%ǵ6.67%ǵ0%) ᡉ๱եܭ҂ׯᡂޣǴࣗԿр

౜ 30 ଫ၂ᡍऩᙝӄኧԝΫϐ௃ݩ (җጭ޸ғᙯ౽Կૡᐋ)ǴᡉҢӧႩػၸำύ ׯᡂ஌Ь཮٬ယᙜऩᙝӢคݤ፾ᔈԶԝΫ౗ε൯ගଯǴҁࣴزύٿޣϐӸࢲ౗ৡ ౦ёၲ 10 ७а΢Ƕ

4.3 ྕ ྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿჹယᙜวػޑቹៜ

ҁ၂ᡍ่݀᏾౛ӵ߄Οǵ߄Ѥ܌ҢǶҁ၂ᡍၸำӅԾߙЈεᢲૡभ΢ڗள 204 ᗭռǴځύ 28ºC Ӆ 74 ᗭǵ25ºC 67 ᗭǵ22ºC ߾ڗள 63 ᗭǹߙЈਜ਼ᓪ ڗள 182 ᗭǴځύ 28ºC 75 ᗭǵ25ºC 60 ᗭǵ22ºC ߾ڗள 59 ᗭǹߎဖ߾ڗ ள 158 ᗭռǴځύ 28ºC 57 ᗭǵ25ºC 58 ᗭǵ22ºC ߾ڗள 43 ᗭǶӧΟᅿૡ ᐋࠔᅿ΢Ǵ28ºC ܌ڗளϐռኧࣣၨ 22ºC ࣁӭǴՠሟᙝϐঁᡏৡ౦۳۳೷ԋౢ

ռໆᡂϯ൯ࡋཱུεǴЪҁ၂ᡍ؂ঁೀ౛Ϸख़ፄࣣ٬Ҕόӕሟᙝܰ೷ԋ၂ᡍᇤৡǴ

ࡺռኧϐৡ౦όӈΕКၨǶҁ၂ᡍЬा௖૸ယᙜӚวػයวػ܌ሡਔ໔ߏࡋᆶ Ӹࢲ౗Ǵ่݀ӅϩࣁΜ΋ಔ຾ՉКၨǴϩձࣁǺռǵ΋សऩᙝǵΒសऩᙝǵΟ សऩᙝǵѤសऩᙝǵϖសऩᙝǵऩᙝයǴаϷռԿԋᙝϐᕴวػਔ໔ǹռӸࢲ

౗ǵऩᙝӸࢲ౗ǴаϷռԿԋᙝၸำύ᏾ᡏӸࢲ౗Ƕ

ჹယᙜวػਔ໔ߏࡋቹៜБय़ǴྕࡋکૡᐋࠔᅿٿӢηࣣ೷ԋယᙜռวػ

ਔ໔ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0206)Ǵځύྕࡋ೷ԋޑวػਔ໔ৡ౦ࣁ 28ºC < 25ºC < 22ºCǴԶૡᐋࠔᅿਏᔈ߾ࢂߙЈਜ਼ᓪ΢ռޑวػਔ໔നอ (ѳ֡

7.57 Ϻ)ǴߙЈεᢲᆶߎဖ߾҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿٿӢη໔Ҭགਏᔈ (interaction effect) όӸӧ (P = 0.4261)Ƕ܌ԖសයޑယᙜऩᙝӧΟᅿόӕྕࡋΠ วػਔ໔ϐᡉ๱ৡ౦ࣣၲ 99.99% а΢ߞЈНྗ (P < 0.0001)ǴЪวػਔ໔ϐ ৡ౦ࣣࣁ 28ºC < 25ºC < 22ºCǴඤقϐϟܭԜྕࡋ୔໔ਔྕࡋຫଯ཮٬วػਔ໔ ᡉ๱ᕭอǶаૡᐋࠔᅿࣁӢη຾ՉКၨ؂ঁសය่݀όӕǺ΋សᆶΟសऩᙝӧ Οૡᐋࠔᅿ໔วػਔ໔҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P ϩձࣁ 0.0930 Ϸ 0.4132)ǹΒសऩᙝ ӧߙЈεᢲ΢ϐวػਔ໔ᡉ๱ၨߎဖอ (P = 0.0085)ǹѤǵϖសऩᙝӧߙЈεᢲ کߙЈਜ਼ᓪ໔҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵӧߎဖ΢วػਔ໔ၨߏ (P ϩձࣁ 0.0064 Ϸ 0.0132)Ƕᆕᢀ᏾ঁऩᙝයǴӧόӕྕࡋΠวػਔ໔ࣁ 28ºC < 25ºC < 22ºC (P <

0.0001)ǴԶаόӕࠔᅿૡᐋࣁᡂӢਔǴယᙜऩᙝӧߙЈεᢲᆶߙЈਜ਼ᓪ໔҂ၲ

ᡉ๱ৡ౦ǴԶӧߎဖ΢ϐวػ܌ሡਔ໔ᡉ๱ၨߏ (P < 0.0001)ǶԜѦǴа᏾ঁऩ ᙝයࣁൂՏ຾Չϩ݋ځ่݀ᡉҢྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿٿӢηϐ໔Ҭགਏᔈᡉ๱Ӹӧ (P = 0.0054)ǴځύҬགਏᔈӧΒសਔനࣁܴᡉ (P = 0.0347)ǴځԛࣁѤសᆶϖ សऩᙝ (P ϩձࣁ 0.1038 Ϸ 0.1519)ǴځᎩសයٿӢηҬགਏᔈࣣόӸӧǶռ ډԋᙝ܌ሡวػਔ໔ৡ౦ҭࣁ 28ºC < 25ºC < 22ºC (P < 0.0001)ǴЪߎဖ΢ϐว ػ܌ሡਔ໔ᡉ๱ၨߙЈεᢲᆶߙЈਜ਼ᓪߏ (P < 0.0001)ǴٿӢηҬགਏᔈܴᡉ (P = 0.0030)Ƕ

ჹယᙜวػයӸࢲ౗ϐቹៜБय़ǴռයޑӸࢲ౗ӧόӕྕࡋ໔҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ ౦ (P = 0.0191)ǴԶߙЈεᢲ΢Ӹࢲ౗ᡉ๱ଯܭߎဖ (P = 0.0566)ǹٿޣᆶߙЈ ਜ਼ᓪࣣ҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦ǹऩᙝයӸࢲ౗߾ӧόӕྕࡋΠᆶόӕૡᐋࠔᅿ໔ࣣ҂ၲ

ᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P ϩձࣁ 0.5556 Ϸ 0.3156)ǹவռԿԋᙝ᏾ᡏၸำύǴΟྕࡋ໔Ӹ ࢲ౗คᡉ๱ৡ౦ (P = 0.7392)ǴߙЈεᢲᆶߙЈਜ਼ᓪ΢Ӹࢲ౗߾ᡉ๱ଯܭߎဖ (P = 0.0610)ǶྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿٿӢη໔ҭόӸӧҬགਏᔈ (P = 0.9183)Ƕ

4.4 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜౢռଯঢ়ය 4.4.1 ౢռଯঢ়ය

ሟᙝౢռኧᆶሟᙝВសჹྣӵკΜ A ܌ҢǺҁࣴز٬Ҕ 10 ଫሟᙝǴӅڗ ள 192 ᗭռǴѳ֡؂ଫሟᙝౢռໆࣁ 19.2 ᗭǴեܭ Chen et al. (1978) аϷ Teerakapong (1992) ϐ૶ᒵǶҁࣴزύሟᙝനזܭ 3 ВសਔౢΠಃ΋ᗭռǴՠౢ

ռଯঢ়යЬा໣ύܭሟᙝ 5-16 ВសǴҁࣴزύԾԜВស୔໔ሟᙝளډ 90.67%

ޑռǶԜѦԾԳϯࡕǴຬၸġ 50% (55.96%) ޑռܭ 9 Вϣڗளǹຬၸġ 80%

(82.91%) ޑռܭ 13 Вϣڗளǹຬၸġ 90% (92.23%) ޑռܭ 16 Вϣڗளǹӄ೽

ޑռܭ 25 ВϣڗளǴ҂ᆶ໢ᙝҬ׀ϐሟᙝܭҁࣴزύ҂ᢀჸډౢռՉࣁǶԜ่

݀ᡉҢૡλᆘယᙜԳϯࡕനอܭΟϺϣջёၲ܄ԋዕǴڀԖᆶ໢ᙝҬ׀ૈΚǴЪ Ҭ׀ࡕᒿջ໒ۈౢռǴӸࢲຬၸġ 16ġ Вޑሟԋᙝջ٬ϝฅόᘐ຾१ࢲ୏Ǵՠځౢ

ռໆε൯फ़եǹҁࣴزύΟଫӸࢲၲ 30ġ Вសа΢ሟᙝӧ 25 Вសࡕջ҂૶ᒵډ

ౢռՉࣁวғǶġ

4.4.2 ሟᙝౢռВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗ϐ࣬ᜢ܄

ஒԜԛ၂ᡍ܌ள 192 ᗭռႩػԿԋᙝǴӅள 40 ଫԋфԳϯϐԋᙝ (15 ໢ 25 ሟ)ǴᕴӸࢲ౗ࣁ 20.83%ǶКၨሟᙝВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗࣬ᜢ܄Ǵ่݀ӵკΜ B

܌ҢǺሟᙝВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗ϐ Spearman ࣬ᜢسኧ R²= 0.0168 (P = 0.0724)Ǵ ᡉҢሟᙝౢռਔځВសᆶࡕжӸࢲ౗ค࣬ᜢǴཀջሟᙝౢռਔϐВសόቹៜࡕж ޑӸࢲ౗ǶԜѦ่݀Ψ߄Ң߻ॊႩᎦယᙜ၂ᡍ (ـ 4.2.2, 4.2.4, 4.3) ύڗளϐռ

ঁᡏৡ౦ࡐλǴёຎࣁӕ፦܄ϐ၂ᡍൂՏǶ

4.5 ࡼܫૡλᆘယᙜ

ҁࣴزӅࡼܫૡλᆘယᙜԋᙝ 135 ଫϷऩᙝ 221 ଫǴ٠ܭࡼܫࡕಃ 4ǵ6ǵ 9 Ϻ຾ՉᔠࢗǴ่݀ӵკΜ΋܌ҢǺࡼܫࡕಃ 4 Ϻᢀჸډ 52 ଫঁᡏǴځύ 42 ଫऩᙝǹಃ 6 Ϻջ໻ᢀჸډ 7 ଫঁᡏǴځύ 5 ଫऩᙝǹಃ 9 Ϻࡕջ҂ӆᢀჸ

ډယᙜঁᡏࢲ୏ǴᡉҢࡼܫϐယᙜ٠҂ҥىܭૡभभলǶࡼܫࡕಃ 4ǵ6ǵ9 Ϻ ᢀჸډޑယТڙࣁ্Кٯϩձࣁ 30%ǵ50%ǵ15%ǴᡉҢࡼܫϐယᙜԖ֎१भল ૡभც޵ϐՉࣁǶ

Chapter 5 ૸

૸ፕ

5.1 ૡλᆘယᙜᅿྍϐڗளᆶᆢ࡭

5.1.1 ᅿྍڗளᆶၮଌ

۳ܯࣴزύ௦໣λᆘယᙜޑБԄЬाԖ௟ᆛǵ໳ՅᗹᙝરǵᐩӀᇨ໣฻БԄ (Chiang, 1989)Ƕҁࣴز߃යҭӭа௟ᆛϷġ 400 W қӀНሌᐩᆶқѲᇨ໣ԋᙝǴ ՠว౜೭٤БԄᗨฅ௦໣ਏ౗ଯǴࠅࡐ৒ܰჹယᙜ೷ԋ҉Φ܄໾্ǺᐩӀౢғޑ ଯ዗ܰᐨ໾ᖿӀϐঁᡏǹ௟ᆛ߾ܰ໾্ډယᙜيᡏϷαᏔǴ௦ӣޑယᙜ۳۳ٿϺ ϣջԝΫࢣᅰаԿܭคݤаࢲᡏ຾Չ၂ᡍǴ٬Ҕλࠠ֎ლᏔ (Chen, 1982) ҭค ݤගଯӸࢲ౗ǶճҔҁࣴزϐѲ΍݆ᆶᆛ᠈БԄ (ـ 3.1.1) ёԖਏ௦ӣ଼நԋ ᙝǹа୊݄܈௦ڗယТБԄ߾ёԖਏԏ໣ऩᙝ܈ռ (Reineke and Hauck, 2012)Ƕ ૡλᆘယᙜ࣬྽৒ܰڙډᡋᘋԶ०ᚆ஌ЬଶЗ຾१Ǵՠӧ҂ଶ෈ܭ஌ЬਔǴယᙜ Ξ཮ਔத౽୏Ϸ຾Չอຯᚆ०Չаפ൨१ނٰྍǴց߾ஒӧཱུอਔ໔ϣԝΫǴࡺ

ၮଌၸำύᆢ࡭৒Ꮤᛙۓᆶ१ނٰྍҭ࣬྽ख़ाǴࡺၮଌ߻ஒႩᎦ᠈а໵Յڱ֣

೓хᙟǴٛЗၮଌၸำύம॥ᆶВྣυᘋૡλᆘယᙜǴӕਔёૈั༾෧Ͽယᙜޑ ࢲ୏Ǵ෧Ͽځૈໆ઻ཞǴԖշܭ෧Ͽ௦ӣঁᡏޑשཞǶ

5.1.2 ᅿྍᆢ࡭

ယᙜऩᙝޑ౽୏ૈΚ࣬྽மǴӧ஌Ь෌ނ΢ޑՏ࿼ҭόڰۓǴڙډυᘋਔத ۳ਥ೽Бӛזೲ౽୏ࣗԿၢᚆ (DeLong, 1971)ǴаૡभႩᎦਔԖਔ཮۳ΠݽԿӦ य़ᚆ໒஌Ь෌ނǴՠอਔ໔ࡕΞ཮ӣډ஌Ьც޵ߕ߈ڗ१Ƕҗܭ၂ᡍҔϐޜ໔ਭ ᅿ೚ӭૡभǴٛЗယᙜ଒р࣬྽ख़ाǴࡺऩᙝϐႩᎦ৒Ꮤӧ౽ᙝਔѸ໪ᔠࢗ᏾ঁ

Ꭶᙝ৒Ꮤаዴᇡคऩᙝၧᙒܭ஌Ь෌ނаѦϐೀǴ౽ᙝࡕޑ৒ᏔѸ໪࿼ܭќ΋ᆛ

᠈܈႖Нܫ࿼Ǵ12 λਔࡕӆԛዴᇡ෌ނ΢คယᙜωёᆶځдૡभᘍܫܭӕ΋Ϧ Ў݅ǹԜѦѝाԖܫ࿼ၸԋᙝǴ߾Ѹ໪ܫ࿼ 10 Ϻа΢ዴᇡคऩᙝჯϯωёᆶځ дभܫܭӕ΋ϦЎ݅Ƕ

5.2 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜҖ໔௼ဂ੃ߏᆶВຼࢲ୏௃׎

5.2.1 Җ໔௼ဂ੃ߏ

வ่݀ё࣮р௦ૡࡕယᙜ௼ဂቚу൯ࡋᡂεǴԜᔈᆶ௦ૡࡕૡᐋख़ཥεໆ๴

޵ගٮ೚ӭૡλᆘယᙜౢռǵڗ१Ϸ෈৲ᕉნԖᜢǹҡ☇Ӧ୔оۑૡᐋ๴޵ၨᄌǴ ૡ޵คݤזೲӣൺǴу΢ᕉნྕࡋफ़ե཮٬ૡλᆘယᙜҖ໔Шжਔ໔ᡂߏǴόճ ܭૡλᆘယᙜεໆᕷ෗ǴӢԜоТ௦ૡࡕૡᐋᗨ๴޵ౢғཥޑڗ१ϷౢռᕉნǴ ࠅ໻෧጗ယᙜ௼ဂໆΠफ़ᖿ༈Ƕ᏾ᡏԶقԜΒૡ༜ύૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂ੃ߏᆶ۳ܯ

ࣴز܌ளϐᖿ༈࣬߈Ǵՠ੃ߏϐ൯ࡋၨ۳ܯࣴزࣁλǶ

5.2.2 Вຼࢲ୏௃׎

ਥᏵ่݀ёޕૡλᆘယᙜԋᙝӧҖ໔ޑࢲ୏ՉࣁڙྣࡋǵྕࡋቹៜόεǴᆶ

࣬ჹᔸࡋکफ़ߘၨࣁ࣬ᜢǴԜѦӄВࣣԖঁᡏࢲ୏ǴԜᅿࢲ୏ϐኳԄёૈᆶယᙜ ϐ຾१ሡ؃ԖᜢǺӧ҂຾१௃ݩΠǴε೽ϩယᙜԋऩᙝคݤӸࢲ 12 λਔа΢Ǵ നߏΨ໻ᆢ࡭ऊ΋ϺϐტڮǹЪယᙜᜪӧૡᐋ΢ڈ֎΋ᗺϐ࡭ុਔ໔೯தࡐอǴ ύ୯ૡ༜ଷ౳λᆘယᙜӧૡᐋ΢ 5 λਔϣջр౜ 24-44 ԛޑڈ֎Չࣁ (Jin et al., 2012)Ǵёޕယᙜதሡ౽୏Տ࿼а൨פཥޑڈ֎Տ࿼Ƕऩటஒ࠻ϣႩᎦϐယᙜ

ࡼܫԿҖ໔Ǵࣁᆢ࡭ࡼܫ߻ࡕယᙜᛙۓǴࡼܫਔᒧ᏷ယᙜၨϿࢲ୏ϐమఃࣁ٫Ǵ ՠϝሡ׳ӭኧᏵаቚуୖԵሽॶǶ

5.3 ૡλᆘယᙜϐ஌Ь෌ނ

வૡ༜ຼᜐ஌Ьፓ่ࢗ݀ (ـ 4.2.1) ё௢ᘐӧૡ༜ߕ߈ޑૡλᆘယᙜЬा

෈৲ܭૡᐋ΢Ǵ໻ଽᅟڗ१ځд஌Ь෌ނǹౢռ஌Ь഻ӳ܄ϐ่݀ (ـ 4.2.3) ҭ ᡉҢӧӭᅿ஌Ь٠ӸޑҖ໔ᕉნΠǴૡλᆘယᙜന഻ӳౢռϐ஌Ь෌ނࣁૡᐋǴ ځԛᔈࣁ⣽ഞǴځᎩҁࣴزύ܌ෳ၂ϐ஌Ь഻ӳำࡋၨեǴၨό፾ӝբࣁႩᎦ܈

ᇨЇૡλᆘယᙜ܌٬Ҕϐ෌ނǶ೭٤่݀߄Ңӧૡ༜໔ૡλᆘယᙜޑٛݯ΢Ǵа

ٛݯࣁҞޑᅿ෌ᇨЇբނ (trap cropping) ᇨ໣ૡλᆘယᙜϐਏ݀ёૈΜϩԖज़

(Hokkanen, 1991)Ǵ٬Ҕယᙜ஌Ь෌ނ଺ࣁૡ༜໔բ܈Ӧ೏෌ނΨ೚ૈ୼ቚуჹ ૡ༜ߕ߈ૡλᆘယᙜޑᇨЇਏ݀ǴՠԖࡑ຾΋؁၂ᡍ᛾ჴǶऩ೭٤෌ނԖᇨЇਏ

݀Ǵᅿ෌қడਜ਼ᓪૡਔё჋၂ᒧ᏷೭٤෌ނᆶૡᐋ໔բǹ࣬ჹऩ྽ۑૡ๭ߚҔа ᇙբқడਜ਼ᓪૡ܈ᇋ३ૡᜪǴ߾ᔈѐନ໔բ෌ނа෧Ͽૡλᆘယᙜၧᙒޜ໔Ƕ

ҁࣴزම٬Ҕऊ 10-20 ଫ௦ܭч঵ໂϐԋᙝϷ 98 ଫচౢܭড়࣭ໂϐჴᡍ

࠻ႩᎦԋᙝ჋၂ܭ޸ғ෌ਲ਼΢ࡌҥ௼ဂǴՠ҂ૈౢΠࡕжǶటӧځд஌Ь΢ࡌҥ ૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂਔࣣᎁၶ࣬ӕ֚ᜤǴှ،БԄࣁஒόӕ஌ЬϐࣧਭभܫΕԖૡᐋ Ϸ 100 ଫа΢ঁᡏϐᎦᙝ᠈Ǵ٬ૡλᆘယᙜԾҗౢռǴڗளϿໆռࡕջё຾Չ ቚ෗ǶTsai (unpublished data) මஒ௦Ծૡׯ൑ᕴ൑ૡ༜ (ਲ༜ᑜླྀఘѱ) ϐϿኧ ռϷऩᙝௗᅿܭ޸ғ෌ਲ਼Ǵջԋфࡌҥჴᡍ࠻௼ဂǴ܈೚Ծռයջׯᡂ஌ЬૈԖ ਏफ़եऩᙝԝΫ౗Ǵ຾Զቚуׯᡂ஌Ьԋфᐒ཮ǴԖࡑВࡕ၂ᡍ᛾ჴǶ

Ҟ߻ૡλᆘယᙜϐႩᎦϷࡼܫय़ჹٿঁख़ε౟ᓍǴϩձࣁယᙜ࠻ϣᕷ෗ೲ౗

጗ᄌǴаϷׯᡂ஌Ьᎁၶ౟ᓍਏᔈ (bottleneck effect) (Ragsdale et al., 2004)Ƕట

ှ،ԜምᛖǴѸ໪аගଯ࠻ϣႩᎦޑယᙜኧໆаϷ୻Ꭶё፾ᔈҖ໔ᕉნޑૡλᆘ ယᙜჴᡍ࠻ࠔسٿБय़ԿϿ᏷΋຾ՉׯؼࣴزǶҗܭૡλᆘယᙜڀԖࢌ٤όճܭ

࠻ϣεໆႩᎦޑғނᏢ੝܄Ǵх֖ౢռໆόଯǵౢռයߏǵౢռϟ፦ޑሡ؃ᝄ਱ǵ Ҟ߻ۘคΓπႩ਑Ъ໒ว֚ᜤǵռϷऩᙝԝΫ౗ୃଯ฻Ǵࡺ୻Ꭶё፾ᔈҖ໔ᕉნ ޑჴᡍ࠻ࠔسёՉ܄ၨଯǶऩૈှ،߻ॊᜤаໆౢޑמೌምᛖЪᆢ࡭ե༹ԋҁǴ ගଯ࠻ϣႩᎦယᙜኧໆޑБԄᔈၨࣁёՉǶ

ᆕӝ 4.2 ӄ೽่݀ᢀϐǴ٠ӕਔԵໆܭૡ༜ϣϐࡼܫਏ݀Ǵૡᐋࢂന፾ӝ ҔаႩᎦૡλᆘယᙜޑ஌Ь෌ނǴӢૡλᆘယᙜჹځౢռ഻ӳำࡋനଯǴЪࡼܫ ਔόѸׯᡂ஌Ьǹऩ٬Ҕځд஌ЬႩᎦёૈᏤठࡼܫԿૡ༜ࡕӢ஌ЬׯᡂԶِೲ εໆԝΫ܈ᎂ०дೀǴ٬ࡼܫϐਏ݀फ़եǶ

5.4 ྕ ྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿჹယᙜวػޑቹៜ

ஒӄ೽่݀᏾ӝǴКၨόӕྕࡋᆶૡᐋࠔᅿჹယᙜวػޑቹៜǴ่݀ᡉҢΟ

ᅿྕࡋύǴ28ºC ΠယᙜவռวػԿԋᙝ܌ሡਔ໔ᡉ๱ၨ 25ºC ᆶ 22ºC อǴЪ ԝΫ౗όଯܭځдྕࡋǹԶယᙜӧߙЈεᢲϷߙЈਜ਼ᓪ΢ϐวػਔ໔ᡉ๱ၨߎဖ อǴӸࢲ౗ΨၨଯǴЪٿޣ໔Ӹࢲ౗ᆶวػ܌ሡਔ໔ᆶౢռໆࣣคᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵࡺ

ႩᎦယᙜਔϐૡᐋࠔᅿە٬ҔߙЈεᢲϷߙЈਜ਼ᓪǴόە٬ҔߎဖǹЪന፾ӝޑ ႩᎦྕࡋࣁ 28ºCǶ

ҁࣴزᛖܭ၂ᡍ൑ӦϷਔ໔ǴҞ߻ۘ҂௖૸׳ଯྕࡋϷ׳ӭૡᐋࠔᅿ΢ယᙜ วػ௃׎ᆶӸࢲ౗ǶChen et al. (1978) ܌຾Չғᄊᢀჸ (҂૶ᒵ܌٬Ҕϐૡᐋࠔ ᅿǴёૈӭᅿࠔᅿӕਔ٬Ҕ) ૶ᒵယᙜനอШж (ռԿ܄ԋዕ) ໻ሡ 16 ϺǴՠ ҁ၂ᡍܭ 28ºC ᕉნΠӅԋфᎦр 107 ଫԋᙝǴ೭٤ঁᡏԾռԿԋᙝനอϝሡ ਔ 16.3 Ϻ (ߙЈਜ਼ᓪ)Ǵу΢܄ԋዕਔ໔߾ԿϿሡ 18 ϺǹTeerakapong (1992) ૶ ᒵа⣽ഞᎦܭ 29.5 ± 2.8ºC ޑૡλᆘယᙜ΋Шжനอሡਔ 20 ϺǴ೭٤ኧᏵޑ ৡ౦ёૈЬाᆬӢܭ஌Ьᅿᜪৡ౦ǴаϷယᙜҁيϐӦ୔ᡂ౦ǴࣗԿёૈࢂӢᅿ ᜪ᠘ۓᒱᇤ܌ठǴӢԜԖѸाଞჹ׳ӭࠔᅿૡᐋǴЀځࢂၨቶࣁᅿ෌ϐࠔᅿ຾Չ

׳຾΋؁၂ᡍǴ೭٤ኧᏵჹႣෳҖ໔ယᙜ௼ဂ୏ᄊаࣴᔕ࣬ᜢᆅ౛БԄёૈԖշ

੻Ƕ

5.5 ૡ ૡλᆘယᙜϐౢռ

ਥᏵ่݀ёޕૡλᆘယᙜሟᙝܭ 5-16 Вស໔ౢռኧၲଯঢ়Ǵࡺ຾Չ࠻ϣႩ ᎦਔǴӧԋᙝԳϯࡕሡᅰזගٮځڗ१ǵҬ׀ϷౢռᕉნǴ٬ሟᙝᅰёૈזೲၲ

܄ԋዕǴᕇளယᙜϐΠ΋жϐਏ౗ၨଯǴЪऩԵໆႩᎦԋҁǴ߾ᓬӃ௭కςၸౢ

ռଯঢ়යϐԋᙝǴԶႩᎦǵ௦ռਔόሡ੝ձ௓ڋڗռਔሟᙝϐВសǴёஒ܌Ԗሟ ԋᙝషӝႩᎦǶӧယᙜౢռଯঢ়යϣႩᎦ৒ᏔύޑૡᐋѸ໪࣬྽ى୼ǴЪᅰёૈ

஥Ԗၨӭখ๴วϐც޵аٮᒧ᏷ǶӢယᙜჹѦࣚυᘋΜϩ௵གǴ೯தౣԖ॥֌૛

୏ջ۳ૡᐋਥ೽Бӛ౽୏Ǵࡺ௦ռਔᔈᅰёૈ෧Ͽჹ৒ᏔޑυᘋǶ

ૡλᆘယᙜϐౢռБԄࢂճҔౢռᆅකΕ෌ނಔᙃύ (Chen et al., 1978)Ǵࡺ

ౢռၸำύယᙜϐౢռᆅҭჹ஌Ь෌ނ೷ԋނ౛໾্Ǵ೭ᜪ໾্ΨڀԖቹៜ෌ނ

ϐӭϡ⇌ᜪԋϩӵٽૡનǵڜଢ଼Ӣ฻ϐ֖ໆϐਏ݀ (Shiau and Chu, 2002)Ǵჹܭ ගଯқడਜ਼ᓪૡࠔ፦ัԖᔅշǶՠռ཮ᒿૡ๭ϐ௦ԏԶ೏௦ΠǴ຾Զᆶૡ๭΋ଆ

೏уπࣁૡǶ౛ፕ΢қడਜ਼ᓪૡϐૡ๭ύᔈၨځдૡᜪ஥Ԗ׳ӭޑૡλᆘယᙜռǴ ૡ๭ύယᙜռޑ֖ໆჹқడਜ਼ᓪૡޑ॥ښаϷϯᏢϩ݋ࣴزᆒྗࡋ܈ࢂցԖቹ ៜ߾Ԗࡑ଺׳຾΋؁ޑ၂ᡍᡍ᛾Ƕ

5.6 ࡼ ࡼܫૡλᆘယᙜ

ࣴز่݀ᡉҢယᙜ҂ૈԋфܭभলҥىǴЪࡼܫࡕ໻ཱུอਔ໔ϣᆢ࡭௼ဂǴ ՠ೽ϩ݄చ΢ಃΟԿϖယᢀჸډᇋ៛ූ੮ϐ౩ၞǴࣗԿܭࡼܫࡕಃ 6 Вڙࣁ্

ယТኧКٯၲ 50%Ǵᡉـယᙜεໆଶ੮ڗ१၀݄చ΢΋ЈΒယც޵ǴϿ೽ϩૡ भ΢ҭว౜ऩᙝࢲ୏Ǵࡺё௢ޕࡼܫϐယᙜۘૈ፾ᔈभলύૡभǴࡼܫࡕယᙜ௼

ဂזೲ੃ѨΏྍܭځд҂ܴচӢǶૡ޵ڙࣁ্Кٯၲډ 50% ҭᡉҢҖ໔ࡼܫૡ λᆘယᙜޑዴڀԖගଯૡ޵ڙࣁ্ำࡋϐਏ݀ǴԜਏ݀ёૈӧኧϺϣջၲଯঢ়Ǵ ϐࡕᒿਔ໔Զזೲሀ෧Ƕ

Chapter 6 ่

่ፕ

аҞ߻܌ளډϐኧᏵǴёᘜયр࠻ϣႩᎦૡλᆘယᙜ኱ྗբ཰ำׇġ (კΜ Β)ǺԾഁѦа೸ܴѲ΍݆௦໣ૡλᆘယᙜԋᙝǴஒځᏤΕϣ֖ૡभϐᆛ᠈ၮӣǴ

܈а୊݄БԄ௦໣ռᆶऩᙝǴаૡᐋᆢ࡭௼ဂࡑځᛙۓǶႩᎦਔ٬ҔૡᐋǴߙЈ εᢲϷߙЈਜ਼ᓪၨߎဖࣁ٫Ƕஒεໆԋᙝ࿼ܭϣ֖ىໆߙЈεᢲ෌ਲ਼܈ځ΋ЈΟ ယც޵ϐ৒ᏔǴڗளӕ΋Ϻ܌ౢΠޑռǴஒ஥Ԗռޑૡ޵୊ΠකΕක޸ੇᆟߥᔸǴ ჯϯࣁऩᙝࡕஒځௗԿ଼நૡᐋ܈ૡभ΢ႩػԿԋᙝǴख़ፄ຾ՉڗռϷႩػၸำǴ аಕᑈى୼ໆऩᙝаញܫԿҖ໔Ƕӧ 28ºC аΠਔǴႩᎦᕉნྕࡋຫଯǴऩᙝว ػයຫอǶӧԋऩᙝஏࡋၸଯǵ΋ЈΟယϣԋऩᙝၸࡋ໣ύਔǴ܈޵ัр౜๺঒

ਔ୊Πც޵຾Չඤ᠈Ǵ٬Ҕၸޑૡᐋ܈ૡभаమНؑࢱᑈܭယ߄ϐᇋ៛Ǵ٠ྣ΋

૓ૡᐋᄍՉਭ୻ᆅ౛БԄ຾ՉࡼޥϷ୊݄٬ځࡠൺғౢΚǶటࡼܫယᙜ߻ъϺԏ

໣٠୊ΠႩᎦᕉნύૡᐋ΋ЈΟယც޵Ǵ٠ܡѺ৒Ꮤϣૡᐋ܈ૡभ٬ԋᙝ०ᚆႩ Ꭶ෌ਲ਼Ǵஒ܌Ԗ෌ਲ਼౽рႩػ৒Ꮤࡕ৒Ꮤϣ໻੮ယᙜԋᙝϷऩᙝǶܭమఃϤਔԿ Ζਔૡ༜໔ယᙜࢲ୏ঁᡏၨϿਔࡼܫယᙜǶġ

ନ௖૸ႩᎦБݤѦǴ஌Ьጄൎᆶ፾ᔈ܄ࣴزϐ่݀Ǵ܈ёගٮԾᔼૡၭբࣁ ᆅ౛ૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂϐচ߾ǺૡλᆘယᙜӢ஌ЬጄൎቶǴӧૡ༜຾Չٛݯਔёૈ

཮ᎂ౽ډૡ༜ڬൎځд஌Ь΢ǴӢԜٛݯૡ༜ϣယᙜ߻ࡕΨᔈӕਔమନڬൎယᙜ ϐ஌Ь෌ނც޵Ǵа؃ၲډനεਏ݀ǹԶటᇙբқడਜ਼ᓪૡਔǴ྽ۑૡ༜ऩ٬Ҕ ယᙜ஌Ь෌ނ଺ࣁӦ೏܈໔բ෌ނǴ܈೚ჹယᙜڀԖᇨЇϷගٮၧᙒ෈Ӧϐਏ݀Ǵ ԿϿ٬ယᙜόԿᎂ०дೀǶġ

җܭယᙜႩᎦࢬำύ೽ϩ౟ᓍۘ҂ँઇǴҁࣴزЬाԑӧගٮࡌҥૡλᆘယ ᙜჴᡍ࠻ࠔسϐբ཰ࢬำϷ౛ፕǴගрࡌ᝼ᆶགྷݤǴࣁஒٰ׳຾΋؁ޑמೌँઇ ගٮ౛ፕ୷ᘵǶऩ҂ٰૈ໒วૡλᆘယᙜϐΓπႩ਑ǵΓπౢռϟ፦฻Ǵ܈ࡌҥ

ౢռזೲЪౢໆӭϐჴᡍ࠻ࠔسǴЪૈ٬ࡼܫϐယᙜ፾ᔈૡ༜ᕉნǴ҂ٰᔈૈԖ

ਏճҔ٠ࡼܫܭҖ໔Ǵගଯқడਜ਼ᓪૡϐࠔ፦Ǵቚуځѱ൑ሽॶᆶᝡݾΚǴࣁқ డਜ਼ᓪૡӧШࣚଯભૡౢࠔύݾள΋ৢϐӦǶ

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კ კ

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

კ΋ǵૡλᆘယᙜǶ(A) ԋᙝǶ(B) Ҭ׀Ƕ(C) ϖសऩᙝǶ(D) ΋សᆶΒសऩᙝǶ Fig. 1. Different stages of Jacobiasca formosana. (A) Adult. (B) Mating pair. (C) 5^th

instar nymph. (D) 1^stand 2^nd instar nymphs.

(A)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (B)

(C)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (D)

(E)

კΒǵૡλᆘယᙜᅿྍ௦໣Ƕ(A) аѲ΍݆ᆶᆛ᠈௦໣Ƕ(B) ᐩӀᇨ໣ԋᙝǶ(C) а֎ᙝᆅ௦໣Ƕ(D) ௟ᆛ௦໣Ƕ(E) όӕ௦໣БԄ௦ӣ΋ϺࡕယᙜӸࢲ౗Ƕ Fig. 2. Different collecting methods for Jacobiasca formosana. (A) Pooter. (B) Light trap. (C) Sweep net. (D) Plastic cup and cage. (E) Survival rate of leafhopper among different colleting methods.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

΋ϺࡕӸࢲ౗!

კΟǵаϣ֖ૡभ஌ЬϐಒથᆛႩᎦ᠈ᆢ࡭ယᙜ௼ဂ٠຾Չ၂ᡍǶ Fig. 3. Rearing devices of J. formosana.

კѤǵԾ 2011 ԃ 12 ДԿ 2012 ԃ 12 ДЗч঵ᆶҡ☇ૡλᆘယᙜ௼ဂ੃ߏፓ

่ࢗ݀Ƕ໵Յጂᓐ߄Ң྽ਔૡၭ௦ૡǶ!

Fig. 4. Population dynamic of J. formosana in Beipu Township (red) and Shiding District (blue). Black arrows indicate the tea bud harvesting periods.

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Dec. Jan. Fab. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

ኧໆ!(ଫ)

Дҽ!

ҡ☇!

ч঵!

(A)

(B)

კϖǵҖ໔ૡλᆘယᙜࢲ୏௃׎ፓࢗǶ(A) ໳Յᗹᙝર΢ޑૡλᆘယᙜǶ(B) ೱ

ុ 24 λਔૡ༜ϣࢲ୏ယᙜኧໆǶభᙔՅ୔༧߄Ңफ़ߘය໔Ƕ

Fig. 5. Study of active periods of J. formosana in tea garden. (A) J. formosana on yellow sticky paper (red circle). (B) Number of active J. formosana individuals in 24 hours. Blue blocks indicate rainfall periods.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

22 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

ૡλᆘယᙜኧໆ(ଫ)

ਔ໔ (ਔ)

(A)

(B)

(C)

კϤǵૡλᆘယᙜࢲ୏ᆶᕉნӢη࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ(A) ᆶᕉნྕࡋჹྣǶ(B) ᆶᕉნ࣬

ჹྒྷࡋჹྣǶ(C)ᆶᕉნྣࡋჹྣǶ

Fig. 6. Relationship between number of active J. formosana and environmental factors in tea plantation. (A) Temperature. (B) Relative humidity. (C) Illuminance.

კΎǵૡλᆘယᙜሟᙝܭόӕ஌Ь΢ϐტڮǶӕमЎӷ҆ж߄҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ Fig. 7. Longevity of female adults of J. formosana on different hosts. The same

English letter means no significant difference.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

ૡᐋ! ⣽ഞ! ޸ғ! ጭ޸ғ!

ሟԋᙝტڮ(Ϻ)

a ab

b b

(A)

Fig. 8. Host preference studies of J. formosana. (A) 5 hosts. (B) 2 among 3 most preference hosts. (C) Different cultivars of most preference host: tea plant. The same English letter means no significant difference.

0

კΐǵׯᡂૡλᆘယᙜ஌Ь၂ᡍ่݀ǶӕमЎӷ҆ж߄҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

Fig. 9. Comparison of survival rate among change host species and maintain the same host during nymph period. Mechanical injury during transfer was also compared. The same English letter means no significant difference.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

ჹྣ! ඤ஌Ь! ౽୏!

Գϯ౗!

⣽ഞ!

޸ғ ጭ޸ғ!

a a

a

a

b

a

a

b

b

(A)

(B)

კΜǵૡλᆘယᙜሟᙝౢռଯঢ়ය၂ᡍ่݀Ƕ(A) ಕᑈռኧКٯǶ(B) όӕሟᙝ

ౢռВសᆶࡕжԳϯ౗ᜢ߯Ƕ

Fig. 10. Female reproducing periods studies of J. formosana. (A) Egg laying rate compare to female age. (B) Relationship between female egg laying age and survival rate of offspring.

0%

კΜ΋ǵࡼܫૡλᆘယᙜܭभলϐ่݀Ƕ

Fig. 11. Recorded J. formosana population number and percentage of injury tea bud after release.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 4 6 9

ࣁ্Кٯ!

ယᙜኧໆ(ଫ)

ࡼܫࡕϺኧ!

ယᙜኧໆ ࣁ্Кٯ

კΜΒǵૡλᆘယᙜεໆႩᎦ኱ྗբ཰ำׇǶ!

Fig. 12. Standard operating procedure of mass rearing J. formosana.

௦໣ယᙜ

௼ဂᆢ࡭

ڗռϷჯϯ

ஒऩᙝௗԿӦ

ਭ܈ࣧਭૡभ ඤ᠈

ԏ໣ԋᙝ

Җ໔ࡼܫ ႩᎦऩᙝ

׳ඤཥૡभ

߄ ߄

߄΋ǵૡλᆘယᙜҖ໔஌Ьጄൎፓ่ࢗ݀!

Table 1. Host range study of J. formosana

෌ނ ஏࡋ(ଫ/

؂ਲ਼෌ނ) ෌ނ ஏࡋ(ଫ/؂

ਲ਼෌ނ) ෌ނ ஏࡋ(ଫ/؂

ਲ਼෌ނ) ૡᐋ (ߙ

Јεᢲ) 32.33 ढഞ 0 ๼ل 0.12

ૡᐋ (ߙ

Јਜ਼ᓪ) 13.5 ⣽ഞ 13.41 ޸ل 0

ਬᐋ 0 ᙝ࠿ 0 ࣤࡆل 0.2

ᖗᖚ 0 ᡂယЕ 0 ޸ғ* 0

ξឮ޸ 0 ࢔ᐊᐋ 0 ጭ޸ғ 0.33

ਲᐋ 0.33 नη 0 Җ๭* 0

ාᐋ* 0 ਦԮ 0 ߓࠁୌ 0

ؽ૛ 0 ε޸ࠍᙦ

૛ 0 ๋޸㍚३ᖜ 0

*ፓࢗӦᗺᚆന߈ૡ༜ޔጕຯᚆຬၸ 1 kmǶ

߄Βǵૡλᆘယᙜӧόӕ஌Ь΢ϐಕжӸࢲ౗ᆶሟᙝტڮġ

Table 2. Survival rate and female longevity of J. formosana on different hosts

஌Ь ಕжӸࢲ౗ (%) ሟᙝტڮ (Ϻ)

ૡᐋ 40– 80 20.87 ± 10.16ab*

⣽ഞ 40– 50 13.53 ± 8.60b

ढഞ 0

-ਬᐋ 0

-޸ғ 10– 50 22.53 ± 12.54a

ጭ޸ғ 20– 50 14.13 ± 7.71b

ࣤࡆل 20– 40

-๼ل < 10

-ਲᐋ 0

-*ӕमЎӷ҆ж߄҂ၲᡉ๱ৡ౦Ƕ

߄ΟǵૡλᆘယᙜӧόӕྕࡋϷૡᐋࠔᅿ΢Ӛวػය࿶ᐕਔ໔!

Table 3. Developmental period of J. formosana at different temperature and on different tea cultivars

ૡᐋࠔᅿ0ྕࡋ! 28ºC 25ºC 22ºC

߄ѤǵૡλᆘယᙜӧόӕྕࡋϷૡᐋࠔᅿ΢วػ܌ሡਔ໔ᆶӚวػයӸࢲ౗!

Table 4. Developmental period and survival rate of J. formosana at different temperature and on different tea cultivars

ૡᐋࠔᅿ0ྕࡋ! 28ºC 25ºC 22ºC

ߙЈ εᢲ!

Egg-Adult 18.67 ± 0.10 20.45 ± 0.02 23.77 ± 0.20 Nymph 11.88 ± 0.04 12.85 ± 0.06 15.1 ± 0.16 Survival rate

(egg) 81.82% ± 4.23% 67.06% ± 15.20% 66.25% ± 2.63%

Survival rate

(nymph) 68.37% ± 12.42% 74.66% ± 5.40% 77.41% ± 19.57%

Survival rate 55.88% ± 9.91% 49.69 ± 9.40% 51.43% ± 13.70%

ߙЈ ਜ਼ᓪ!

Egg-Adult 18.44 ± 0.20 20.3 ± 0.40 23.69 ± 0.24 Nymph 11.96 ± 0.12 12.78 ± 0.28 15.16 ± 0.10 Survival rate

(egg) 71.47% ± 12.94% 69.53% ± 7.52% 61.72% ± 10.00%

Survival rate

(nymph) 74.15% ± 18.65% 80.98% ± 5.22% 80.29% ± 4.88%

Survival rate 52.96% ± 15.63% 56.56% ± 9.48% 49.70% ± 9.55%

ߎဖ!

Egg-Adult 19.71 ± 0.18 20.74 ± 0.23 23.92 ± 0.14 Nymph 12.66 ± 0.07 13.23 ± 0.16 15.22 ± 0.06 Survival rate

(egg) 68.50% ± 8.15% 57.23% ± 2.73% 60.42% ± 5.51%

Survival rate

(nymph) 64.60% ± 6.67% 72.22% ± 4.81% 66.72% ± 20.83%

Survival rate

(total) 43.89% ± 0.50% 41.26% ± 1.46% 40.56% ± 13.57%

ߕ

ߕᒵ΋ǵШࣚᆶᆵ᡼ޑૡယౢໆ

Appendix I. World and Taiwan tea production. (A) World production. (B) Taiwan production and yielding area.

(A)Шࣚૡౢໆ

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

ౢໆ(ϦᏒ)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ԃҽ!

ߕ

ߕᒵΒǵᆵ᡼ٛݯૡλᆘယᙜᛰᏊᅿᜪϷ٬ҔБݤ

Appendix II. Chemicals for controlling J. formosana in Taiwan (Wang et al., 2012)

ᛰᏊӜᆀ ؂Ϧഘ (Buprofezin + Deltamethrin)

(Cyfluthrin) 0.5Ϧϲ 2,000 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ 9.6%੻ၲữྋన

(Imidacloprid) 0.35Ϧϲ 3,000 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ

ߕᒵΒ (ុ) 2.8%౥޹ჱ٢Ꮚ

(Bifenthrin) 0.5Ϧϲ 2,000 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ 3%٥ྐჱН୷٢Ꮚ

(Alphacypermethrin) 1Ϧϲ 1,000 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ 3%٥ྐჱ٢Ꮚ

(Alphacypermethrin) 1Ϧϲ 1,000 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ

(Fenpropathrin) 0.5Ϧϲ 2,000 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ 5%ៈᖻჱྋన

(Flucythrinate) 0.625Ϧϲ 1,600 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ

ߕᒵΒ (ុ)

40.64%уߥןНᝌ Ꮚ

(Carbofuran)

1.25Ϧϲ 800 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ 10%ऍЎ݊٢Ꮚ

(Mevinphos) 1.5Ϧϲ 650-750 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ 10%ऍЎ݊ྋన

(Mevinphos) 1.5Ϧϲ 650-750 ๴޵߃ය্ᙝวғਔ

ࡼᛰǶ

ߕ

ߕᒵΟǵΟᅿૡ༜λᆘယᙜ׎ᄊ੝ቻКၨ

Appendix III. Morphological characters among three different tea leafhopper species (Chiang, 1989; Zhao et al., 2000)

Ꮤ۔ ଷ౳λᆘယᙜ

߻વ (Fore wings)

໻Ԗ΋ঁഗેҗύ࠻

Πғ෗݈ (Subgenital plate)

ೱ઩ (Connective) ߈ఊ׎ǴࡕጔύѧпΕ

ԋٿᛐރ ߈ఊ׎ǴࡕጔคпΕ ߈ఊ׎ǴࡕጔύѧпΕ

ᖊႋ (Anal hook) ៑Θރ៻Ԕ ߻ᆄಒӾǴ߈ޔف៻Ԕ ܬᓐރ

在文檔中 臺灣地區茶小綠葉蟬 (半翅目：葉蟬科) 大量飼養與施放之潛力 (頁 16-0)