Alfano, M. S., Joiner, T. E., & Perry, M. (1994). Attributional style: A mediator of the shyness- depression relationship? Journal of Research in Personality, 28(3), 287-300. doi:10.1006/jrpe.
1994.1021
Arbelle, S., Benjamin, J., Golin, M., Kremer, I., Belmaker, R. H., & Ebstein, R. P. (2003). Relation of shyness in grade school children to the genotype for the long form of the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 671-676.
doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.4.671
Arkin, R. M., Lake, E. A., & Baumgardner, A. H. (1986). Shyness and self-presentation. In W. H.
Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp.
189-203). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Asendorpf, J. B. (2000). Shyness and adaptation to the social world of university. In W. R. Crozier (Ed.), Shyness: Development, consolidation and change (pp. 103-120). New York, NY:
Routledge.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. doi:10.1177/009207038801600107
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development, 67(3), 1206-1222. doi:10.
2307/1131888
Bandura, A., Pastorelli, C., Barbaranelli, C., & Caprara, G. V. (1999). Self-efficacy pathways to childhood depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 258-269. doi:10.1037/
0022-3514.76.2.258
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bas, G. (2010). An investigation of the relationship between shyness and loneliness levels of
蘇素美 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 125
elementary students in a Turkish sample. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(2), 419-440.
Beck, A. T. (1983). Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In P. J. Clayton & J. E.
Barrett (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches (pp. 265-290).
New York, NY: Raven. doi:10.1017/S0141347300012106
Bieling, P. J., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (2000). The sociotropy-autonomy scale: Structure and implications. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 763-780. doi:10.1023/A:1005599714224 Blazer, D. G. (2002). Self-efficacy and depression in late life: A primary prevention proposal. Aging
& Mental Health, 6(4), 315-324. doi:10.1080/1360786021000006938
Briggs, S. R., Cheek, J. M., & Jones, W. H. (1986). Introduction. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S.
R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 1-14). New York, NY:
Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0525-3_1
Bruch, M. A. (2001). Shyness and social interaction. In W. R. Crozier & L. E. Alden (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety: Concepts, research and interventions relating to the self and shyness (pp.195-215). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Bruch, M. A., Berko, E. H., & Haase, R. F. (1998). Shyness, masculine ideology, physical attractiveness, and emotional inexpressiveness: Testing a mediational model of men’s interpersonal competence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(1), 84-97. doi:10.1037/0022- 0167.45.1.84
Bruch, M., & Belkin, D. K. (2001). Attributional style in shyness and depression: Shared and specific maladaptive patterns. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(3), 247-259. doi:10.1023/A:
1010780211266
Burgess, K. B., & Younger, A. J. (2006). Self-schema, anxiety, somatic and depressive symptoms in socially withdraw children and adolescents. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 20(3), 175-187. doi:10.1080/02568540609594560
Caprara, G. V., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M., Giunta, L. D., & Pastorelli, C. (2010). Counteracting depression and delinquency in late adolescence: The role of regulatory emotional and interpersonal self-efficacy beliefs. European Psychologist 15(1), 34-38. doi:10.1027/1016- 9040/a000004
Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Cervone, D., & Artistico, D. (2003). The contribution of self-efficacy beliefs to dispositional shyness: On social-cognitive systems and the development of personality dispositions. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 943-970. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106003 Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for
126 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 蘇素美
adolescents’ well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness.
Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 15(1), 30-43. doi:10.1017/S1121189X00002013
Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1988). Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology, 24(6), 824-831. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.824 Chan, S. M. (2012). Depressive mood in Chinese early adolescents: Relations with shyness, self-
esteem and perceived social support. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 4(4), 233-240. doi:10.1111/j.
1758-5872.2012.00179.x
Cheek, J. M., & Melchior, L. A. (1990). Shyness, self-esteem, and self-consciousness. In H.
Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety (pp. 47-82). New York, NY:
Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2504-6_3
Chen, X., Wang, L., & Wang, Z. (2009). Shyness-sensitivity and social, school, and psychological adjustment in rural migrant and urban children in China. Child Development, 80(5), 1499-1513.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01347.x
Cheung, S.-K., & Sun, S. Y. K. (2000). Effects of self-efficacy and social support on the mental health conditions of mutual-aid organization members. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 28(5), 413-422. doi:10.2224/sbp.2000.28.5.413
Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., Haslam, N., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (1997). Personality vulnerability, psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms: Cluster analyses of the sociotropy-autonomy subscales.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21(3), 267-283. doi:10.1023/A:1021822431896
Deffenbacher, J. L., Zwemer, W. A., Whisman, M. A., Hill, R. A., & Sloan, R. D. (1986). Irrational beliefs and anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10(3), 281-291. doi:10.1007/BF01173466 Devonport, T. J., & Lane, A. M. (2006). Relationships between self-efficacy, coping and student
retention. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(2), 127-138. doi:10.2224/sbp.2006.34.2.127 Duke, D., Krishnan, M., Faith, M., & Storch, E. A. (2006). The psychometric properties of the Brief
Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(6), 807-817. doi:10.1016/j.
janxdis.2005.11.002
Erozkan, A. (2013). The effect of communication skills and interpersonal problem solving skills on social self-efficacy. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(2), 739-745.
Fearnow-Kenney, M., & Kliewer, W. (2000). Threat appraisal and adjustment among children with cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 18(3), 1-17. doi:10.1300/J077v18n03_01
Gazelle, H., & Ladd, G. W. (2003). Anxious solitude and peer exclusion: A diathesis-stress model of internalizing trajectories in childhood. Child Development, 74(1), 257-278. doi:10.1111/1467- 8624.00534
蘇素美 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 127
Giunta, L. D., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Tramontano, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2010).
Assessing perceived empathic and social self-efficacy across countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 77-86. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000012
Henderson, L., & Zimbardo, P. (1998). Encyclopedia of mental health: Shyness. San Diego, CA:
Academic Press.
Henriksen, R. E., & Murberg, T. A. (2009). Shyness as a risk-factor for somatic complaints among Norwegian adolescents. School Psychology International, 30(2), 148-162. doi:10.1177/0143034 309104149
Hermann, K. S. (2005). The influence of social self-efficacy, self-esteem, and personality differences on loneliness and depression (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Hermann, K. S., & Betz, N. E. (2004). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness to social self-efficacy, shyness, and depressive symptoms. Sex Roles, 51(1), 55-66. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000032309.71973.14
Hermann, K. S., & Betz, N. E. (2006). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness, social self-efficacy, and self-esteem to depressive symptoms in college students.
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(10), 1086-1106. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.10.
1086
Hill, G. J. (1989). An unwillingness to act: Behavioral appropriateness, situational constraint, and self-efficacy in shyness. Journal of Personality, 57(4), 871-890. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.
tb00498.x
Jackson, T. (1993). The impact of perceptions of self and others on self-reported shyness. Masters Abstracts International, 31(1), 466.
Jackson, T., Towson, S., & Narduzzi, K. (1997). Predictors of shyness: A test of variables associated with self-presentational models. Social Behavior and Personality, 25(2), 149-153. doi:10.2224/
sbp.1997.25.2.149
Jenkins, S. R., Goodness, K., & Buhrmester, D. (2002). Gender differences in early adolescents’
relationship qualities, self-efficacy, and depression symptoms. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22(3), 277-309. doi:10.1177/02731602022003003
Joiner, T. E. (1997). Shyness and low social support as interactive diatheses, with loneliness as mediator: Testing an interpersonal- personality view of vulnerability to depressive symptoms.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 386-394. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.386
Karabacak, K., & Oztunc, M. (2014). The effect of addiction for communication tools on the
128 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 蘇素美
feelings of shyness and loneliness. International Journal of Academic Research, 6(1), 368-373.
doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-1/B.49
Karevold, E., Ystrom, E., Coplan, R. J., Sanson, A. V., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2012). A prospective longitudinal study of shyness from infancy to adolescence: Stability, age-related changes, and prediction of socio-emotional functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1167-1177. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9635-6
Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004). Social anxiety’s impact on affect, curiosity, and social self-efficacy during a high self-focus social threat situation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(1), 119-141. doi:10.1023/B:COTR.0000016934.20981.68
Kemple, K. M. (1995). Shyness and self-esteem in early childhood. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 33(4), 173-182. doi:10.1002/j.2164-4683.1995.tb00103.x
Kerr, M., Lambert, W. W., & Bem, D. J. (1996). Life course sequelae of childhood shyness in Sweden: Comparison with the United States. Developmental Psychology, 32(6), 1100-1105. doi:
10.1037/0012-1649.32.6.1100
Kliewer, W., & Sullivan, T. N. (2008). Community violence exposure, threat appraisal, and adjustment in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(4), 860-873.
doi:10.1080/15374410802359718
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY:
Guilford Press.
Kocovski, N. L., & Endler, N. S. (2000). Social anxiety, self-regulation, and fear of negative evaluation. European Journal of Personality, 14(4), 347-358. doi:10.1002/1099-0984(200007/08) 14:4<347::AID-PER381>3.3.CO;2-Z
Koydemir, S., & Demir, A. (2008). Shyness and cognitions: An examination of Turkish university students. The Journal of Psychology, 142(6), 633-644. doi:10.3200/JRLP.142.6.633-644
Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371-375. doi:10.1177/0146167283093007
Leary, M. R., & Buckley, K. E. (2000). Shyness and the pursuit of social acceptance. In W. R.
Crozier (Ed.), Shyness: Development, consolidation and change (pp. 139-153). New York, NY:
Routledge.
Li, C., Shi, X., & Dang, J. (2014). Online communication and subjective well-being in Chinese college students: The mediating role of shyness and social self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 89-95. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.032
Mallinckrodt, B., & Wei, M. (2005). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and
蘇素美 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 129
psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 358-367. doi:10.1037/0022-01 67.52.3.358
Matsushima, R., & Shiomi, K. (2003). Social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence.
Social Behavior and Personality, 31(4), 323-332. doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.4.323
Matsushima, R., Shiomi, K., & Kuhlman, D. M. (2000). Shyness in self-disclosure mediated by social skill. Psychological Reports, 86(1), 333-338. doi:10.2466/PR0.86.1.333-338
McFarlane, A. H., Bellissimo, A., & Norman, G. R. (1995). The role of family and peers in social self-efficacy: Links to depression in adolescence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65(3), 402-410. doi:10.1037/h0079655
Miller, R. S. (1983). Impression management and the control of social anxieties. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED233 249)
Miller, R. S. (1995). On the nature of embarrassability: Shyness, social evaluation, and social skill.
Journal of Personality, 63(2), 315-339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00812.x
Moitra, E., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2008). Behavioral avoidance mediates the relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms among social anxiety disorder patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(7), 1205-1213. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.002
Murberg, T. A. (2009). Shyness predicts depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study. School Psychology International, 30(5), 507-519. doi:10.1177/0143034309107065 Robins, C. J. (1995). Personality-event interaction models of depression. European Journal of
Personality, 9(5), 367-378. doi:10.1002/per.2410090506
Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Thissen, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Chambless, D. L., & Rapee, R. M.
(2004). More information from fewer questions: The factor structure and item properties of the original and brief fear of negative evaluation scale. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 169-181.
doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.169
Romney, D. M., & Bynner, J. M. (1997). A re-examination of the relationship between shyness, attributional style and depression. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 158(3), 261-270. doi:10.
1080/00221329709596666
Sandler, I. N., Kim-Bae, L. S., & MacKinnon, D. (2000). Copying and negative appraisal as mediators between control beliefs and psychological symptoms in children of divorce. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(3), 336-347. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP2903_5
Schmidt, L. A. (1999). Frontal brain electrical activity in shyness and sociability. Psychological Science, 10(4), 316-320. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00161
Sheets, V., Sandler, I., & West, S. G. (1996). Appraisals of negative events by preadolescent children
130 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 蘇素美
of divorce. Child Development, 67(5), 2166-2182. doi: 10.2307/1131616
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercadante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982).
The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663-671. doi:
10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2000). Development and validation of a scale of perceived social self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 8(3), 283-301. doi:10.1177/106907270000800306 Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2002). An examination of efficacy and esteem pathways to depression
in young adulthood. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(4), 438-448. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.
49.4.438
Spencer, T. J. (1992). Shyness and perceptions of interpersonal attraction (cognitive complexity, nonverbal cues). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(2), 1078.
Steca, P., Abela, J. R., Donzani, D., Greco, A., Hazel, N. A., & Hankin, B. L. (2014). Cognitive vulnerability to depressive symptoms in children: The protective role of self-efficacy beliefs in a multi-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(1), 137-148. doi:
10.1007/s10802-013-9765-5
Taylor, K. A., Sullivan, T. N., & Kliewer, W. (2013). A longitudinal path analysis of peer victimization, threat appraisals to the self, and aggression, anxiety, and depression among urban African American adolescents. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42(2), 178-189. doi:10.1007/
s10964-012-9821-4
Wang, J., Zhao, J., & Wang, Y. (2014). Self-efficacy mediates the association between shyness and subjective well-being: The case of Chinese college students. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 341-351. doi: 10.1007/s11205-013-0487-4
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 448-457. doi:10.1037/h0027806
Wei, J., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Xue, S., & Zhang, J. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-Brief (BFNE) and the BFNE-Straightforward for middle school students. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0115948. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115948 Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy,
self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 602-614. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.
52.4.602
Zhao, J., Kong, F., & Wang, Y. (2013). The role of social support and self-esteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(5), 577-581. doi:10.
蘇素美 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 131
1016/j.paid.2012.11.003
Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. New York, NY: Addison Wesley.
Zimbardo, P. G. (1982). Shyness and the stresses of the human connection. In L. Goldberger & S.
Breznitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 466-481). New York, NY: Free Press.
Zimbardo, P. G., Pilkonis, P. A., & Norwood, R. M. (1975). The social disease called shyness.
Psychology Today, 8(12), 69-72.
132 害羞與憂鬱之間的中介 蘇素美 Journal of Research in Education Sciences
2017, 62(1), 103-132
doi:10.6209/JORIES.2017.62(1).04
Mediation Effects of Social Self-Efficacy and Fear of Negative Evaluation on the Influence
of Shyness on Depression
Su-Mei Su
*Center for Teacher Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the mediation effects of social self-efficacy and fear of negative evaluation on the influence of shyness on depression. The subjects were 407 undergraduates in Taiwan. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The following results were revealed: (1) Shyness has a direct negative effect on undergraduates’ social self-efficacy and a direct positive effect on fear of negative evaluation. (2) Social self-efficacy has a direct negative effect on undergraduates’ depression. Fear of negative evaluation has a positive direct effect on depression. (3) Social self-efficacy and fear of negative evaluation mediate the relationships between shyness and depression. Suggestions and implications for education, counseling, and future research are discussed.
Keywords: depression, fear of negative evaluation, mediation effects, shyness, social self-efficacy
Corresponding Author: Su-Mei Su, E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Dec. 17, 2015; Revised: Aug. 12, 2016, Oct. 19, 2016; Accepted: Oct. 24, 2016.