出席國際學術會議心得報告

計畫編號 NSC 95-2413-H-179-012-MY2

計畫名稱不同等級、性別高爾夫球選手雙手臂揮桿協調機制之研究與模型建立出國人員姓名

服務機關及職稱詹智能；國立台灣體育大學（桃園）教練研究所；研究助理。

會議時間地點 2009/7/15 至 2009/7/17，馬來西亞,哥打巴魯 Grand Riverview Hotel。

會議名稱 APISSC2009第四屆亞太運動科學與第八屆國際運動科學研討會發表論文題目 The control of club head in short putting after rhythm training.

節奏訓練對高爾夫球短推桿桿頭控制的影響

一、參加會議經過

本次參加的研討會為 APISSC2009(第四屆亞太運動科學與第八屆國際運動科學研討會)，於 2009/7/15 至 2009/7/17 於馬來西亞哥打巴魯舉行，會議舉行地點為 Grand Riverview Hotel 的會議廳，會議前一天搭乘華航班機並於吉隆坡轉國內線班機(馬航)至哥打巴魯並下榻於 Renaissance Hotel.

隔天一早就到會場報到，由於 Riverview Hotel 尚有空房於是與另三名台灣來的研究生同住，午餐後稍作休息安置好行李後及到會場張貼海報並與世界各國學者討論研究近況。下午的 3:45~4:30 海報發表，在海報發表展示的這段時間，有來自亞太地區各個不同國家的人參與，雖然在短短的 45 分鐘中，有來自韓國、日本的教授以及馬來西亞、印度、

本國台灣的老師與學生提問與討論，在這當中給予本人很多意見也吸收了很多。

第二天 7/15 一早，先是聽了運動科學的講座，了解相關領域的研究近況。中午用完餐，協助另一篇 Lab 同學（co-author）的口頭報告並進行預報練習，隨即進入 Oral Presentation Session 12(Biomechanics 主題)。下午 3:40 分開始報告，在這次研討會的口頭報告時間規定是 10 分鐘內容報告，2 分鐘的 Q&A，第一位發問的是上屆研討會在日本廣島主辦的教授 Kazuhiko Watanabe, 關於高爾夫球優秀選手的握感壓力趨勢是否跟網球揮拍擊球相似，然後初學者怎會呈現是壓力由高到低的趨勢。同學回答則是說：的確高爾夫優秀選手與網球在揮拍一樣在接近擊球點時會有壓力加大的趨勢；然而在初學者則是因為過程中的握桿壓力太輕導致不穩定，進而影響到擊球的表現。第二個問題日本教授問了因為每個人都會有不同的最大握力，是否在本實驗中有作標準化。同學的回答則是有，只是沒有特別在投影片中特別呈現。我發現實驗室的 seminar 訓練得很不錯相關的問題其實都有討論過。最後結束直接頒發發表證明書與大夥一起拍照。下午 4:00~4:45 則是海報時間，我也與同行的同學一起出去觀賞各個不同主題的海報，也在當中問了六七個有興趣的海報，討論中也了解到各國與各個實驗室的研究方向與主題，當中也作意見交流，也互留下了 e-mail 希望可以保持學術上的交流。晚上 8:30 大會還有歡迎晚宴，

主辦單位特別安排了中華的傳統美食，供與會人員品嚐，且還請了當地民俗舞團在用餐

時進行表演，在晚宴中因為每桌作的成員都是同一個國家的人，所以當中也認識了來自師大、成大、彰師大、文大…等的教授與學生，因為在異鄉中能夠透過中文侃侃而談感覺特別開心，從各學校的研究方向聊到來馬來西亞的旅程中一些有趣事情等等的，感覺有很多說不完的話。2008/7/17 為研討會的第三天，同行的同學有另一篇口頭發表，一樣與其他同學一起去聽講座，聽完後接近中午時段，大會就舉辦了閉幕典禮，大夥就開心的一邊用著小點心與互相聊天與拍照各告別了，並且彼此承諾希望可以在下次的研討會見面。

二、與會心得

由於本次研討會是整合運動科學為主題（ Integration of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Physical Activity and Training for Sports Performance and Health），所以有很多領域的參與：生理、心理、生物力學、營養、管理、傷害…等等相關的主題，而運動生物力學是佔較小的一個領域。所以本次參加研討會看到了不同領域的專業性，可以看到不同的運動項目研究與不同的角度去研究相關的主題，讓自己發現到原來研究可以這樣的多元化。而也在本次研討會當中，其實各國在運動生物力學的研究中，也是非常優秀的，有一些研究都是關於頂尖的國際選手與國際賽事去做研究，並且在計算與分析的參數也是比較立即性的，講求的都是可以立即回饋給選手。對於本實驗室來說，可以作為未來的參考，研究本身主要就是能夠去對運動員有立即性的回饋，給予有效的幫助，

這應該都是世界各國努力的方向，在這次的研討會，可以很明顯的感覺的其他國家都在朝這樣的方向去努力，不單單只是在運動生物力學的領域中而已。透過這次的研討會，

給了我不少的衝擊，讓我吸收很多，也讓我重新找回了研究的熱忱，身為研究者的態度與理想。

然而這次舉辦的國家是在馬來西亞，是個英語能力不錯的國家，所以在整個過程中的英文對話，讓我也對英文的學習幫助不少，但是也發現了自己的英文能力之不足之處，希望自己在未來的這段求學階段可以在好好的努力，不管是在學術上還是在語言能力上，都希望可以更上一層樓。

最後感謝國科會提供本計畫出國參加國際會議的經費，能有出國參與學術交流的機會，不但與國外學者分享了本研究團隊的執行成果，而且更吸收到國外有關運動科學方面的研究技術與新的研究思維，將有助於本研究團隊所有人員對後續相關研究的探索。

透過這次國外發表機會所得的經驗，期望能在未來的相關研究中能有所發揮與助益。

三、相關照片整理

教練所同行研究生

2009/7/15 第一天海報發表與韓國 Kim 與日本 Kazuhiko 教授合照

2009/7/15 第一天海報發表與 Dr. Kim 交流

2009/7/15 第一天海報發表

2009/7/16 第二天共同作者口頭報告後合影

2009/7/16 第二天晚宴民俗舞團表演

2009/7/17 第三天與工作人員合影

四、研討會投稿摘要全文

The Control of Club Head in Short Putting after Rhythm Training

Chih-Neng Chan¹,Jia-Hong Chen², and Wen-Tzu Tang^2,3

1Chang Gung University

2National Taiwan Sport University

3 [email protected]

Introduction

Good setup, alignment, touch, feel, green-reading, and stroke mechanics are all necessary for good putting. But without a constant and repeatable rhythm, preferably one that is in sync with the nature cadence of your body, you will never become a great putter(Pelze,2000). Many golf instructors and pros indicated the importance of rhythm in performing a golf putt, however no research focus on rhythm and the effect of rhythm training in golf putting is not studied yet, according to the studies of Libkuman et al.(2002), it indicate that training in timing can improve accuracy in golf for a swing with an iron club or driver. Therefore, the purpose of the studies is to investigate the effect of rhythm training in putting for both beginning level and recreational level players, and the control of club head by the spatial, tempoal, and kinematic parameters .

Materials and Methods

21 volunteers participated in this study: 14 novices randomly assigned to experimental group(NE) and control group(NC) equally, and 7 high handicap (from 25 to 36 ) recreational players to the other experimental group(RE). A novice and a experienced experimental groups received 10 hours of rhythm training with a metronome at the different pace of 54, 80, 108 bpm and the participants were requires to complete various hand and foot exercise in synchrony with the beat, the objective on the part of the participants is to move his or her limb at the same time as that set on the metronome. In other words, the participant attempts to pat or tap his or her hand or foot at the exact moment of the beat, while the novice control group only read golf instruction literature during 5-week training. Each participant of three groups performed pre- and post- tests as accurately as possible at a target distance of 4 feet. The Motion Analysis System with 8 high speed cameras (Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, USA) were used to collect the movement of the club and the ball at 120 Hz, and then the error of the direction and distance will be derived to estimate accuracy in direction and distance.

The improvement from the training is examined by mixed design two way ANOVA for novice experimental group, novice control group and experimental group respectively through SPSS 17.0.

Results and discussion

The results showed no interaction of Group x Pre-posttest for all the dependent variables. When the main effect of the group was significant, further analyses were also performed, the means and the standard deviations of variables with

significant difference between pre and post-test were given in Table 1. The performance was significantly decreased only for Novic Experience group (25.45cm vs. 14.69cm, p < 0.05) after training. For the RE and NC group, there showed a nonsignificant difference between pre- and post-test,and further , we investigated the variables related the control of club head as followed.

The amplitude of downswing(Amp_DS) was significantly increased for Recreational Experience group(45.28cm vs.

50.03cm, p < 0.05), and the amplitude of backswing(Amp_BS) showed nonsignificant difference for three groups, but the ratio of Amp_BS over Amp_DS(145:434) of the NE group in posttest was more like the ratio of expert player(roughly 1:3) in the previous research(Delay, 1997) .

The backswing movement time(T_BS), downswing movement time(T_ DS), and the overall movement time(T_Movement) all showed significantly increased only for the NE group (0.54s vs. 0.62s, 0.66s vs. 0.77s, 1.19s vs. 1.39s), these data demonstrated the NE group changed the overall and each phase movement time after rhythm training without any putting instruction, however the RE group did not. In order to investigate the temporal location of peak velocity, we compared the duration of the BS until peak velocity (T_Vmax_BS) in the backswing movement and the duration of DS until peak velocity (T_Vmax_DS). The results showed that T_Vmax_BS was significantly increased for both experienced groups, but T_Vmax_DS was significantly increased only for NE group. The maximum velocity of BS was significantly decreased for the RE and NE groups, but the maximum velocity of DS was nonsignificant different for the subjects.

Conclusions

After ten hours rhythm training in five weeks without any instruction and practice in putting, the novice subjects improved the performance of short putting, and changed the temporal features of the putting movement such as T_BS, T_DS, T_Movement, T_Vmax_BS, and T_Vmax_DS , however the training is hard to change the movement control for the high hadicap experienced players.

References

Delay D, Nougier V, Orliaguet P, et al. Movement control in golf putting. Human Mov Sci 1997; 16 (5): 597-619 Pelz, D. (2000). Dave Pelz’s putting bible.

Libkuman T,Otani H,Steger,N:Training in timing improves accuracy in golf ,J General Psychology,129(2):77-96,2002

Table 1:The comparison of each dependent variable for three groups between pretest and posttest

REgroup NEgroup NCgrouop

Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test Pre-test Post-test

M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD

Performance(cm) 26.76±25.93 20.11±15.32 25.45±17.54﹡ 14.69±12.04﹡ 30.36±23.67 27.61±20.72 Amp_DS(cm) 45.28±9.65﹡ 50.03±6.38﹡ 40.13±5.56 43.41±8.68 46.39±12.50 46.63±9.49

T_BS(s) 0.57±0.10 0.62±0.11 0.54±0.14﹡ 0.62±0.12﹡ 0.64±0.15 0.67±0.12 T_DS(s) 0.87±0.15 0.89±0.16 0.66±0.11﹡ 0.77±0.11﹡ 0.74±0.15 0.85±0.23 T_Movement(s) 1.44±0.22 1.52±0.22 1.19±0.24﹡ 1.39±0.20﹡ 1.38±0.28 1.51±0.30 T_Vmax_BS(s) 0.28±0.07﹡ 0.33±0.07﹡ 0.29±0.09﹡ 0.34±0.08﹡ 0.36±0.10 0.35±0.13 T_Vmax_DS(s) 0.37±0.06 0.40±0.09 0.33±0.08﹡ 0.38±0.09﹡ 0.35±0.08 0.38±0.10 Vmax_BS(m-s-1) 0.59±0.14﹡ 0.47±0.10﹡ 0.48±0.14﹡ 0.39±0.12﹡ 0.51±0.18 0.50±0.17

＊: pre-posttest significant difference at p < .05,

計畫編號 NSC 95-2413-H-179-012-MY2

計畫名稱不同等級、性別高爾夫球選手雙手臂揮桿協調機制之研究與模型建立出國人員姓名

服務機關及職稱陳家宏；國立台灣體育大學（桃園）教練研究所；任研究助理。

會議時間地點 2009/7/15 至 2009/7/17，於馬來西亞哥打巴魯 Grand Riverview Hotel。

會議名稱 APISSC2009第四屆亞太運動科學與第八屆國際運動科學研討會

發表論文題目

The distribution and the pattern of the golf grip pressure during the golf putting stroke for expert and novice players

優秀高爾夫選手與初學者高爾夫推桿握特徵與型態探討

一、參加會議經過

很榮幸能夠得到國科會的經費補助，至國外參加研討會並且進行發表。本次參加的研討會為 APISSC2009(第四屆亞太運動科學與第八屆國際運動科學研討會)，於 2009/7/15 至 2009/7/17 於馬來西亞哥打巴魯舉行，會議舉行地點為 Grand Riverview Hotel 的會議廳，

該飯店位於哥打巴魯的郊區，距離市區與哥打巴魯機場差不多要 20 分鐘的車程，由於此城市比較偏僻並且交通不發達，故都需要搭乘計程車來回各地。

由於是訂購馬來西亞的國內航空公司班機(Air Asia)的關係，本人於 2009/7/14 下午就搭機前往馬來西亞吉隆坡，並於當日晚上入住 Corona Hotel，隔天一早 2009/7/15 搭乘國

在文檔中不同等級、性別高爾夫球選手雙手臂揮桿協調機制之研究與模型建立　（新制多年期第2年） (頁 30-45)