有毒的大氣、凶暴的太陽、枯竭的大地、接連產生的新疾病、無 窮無盡的死亡……
各種的宗教、各種的正義、各種的利害關係……
為了調停,甚至連神都製造得出來。(宮崎駿,1996: 199)
必須回答此問題,可能是我們身處在「後神權時代」的宿命,沒有正神,
也就沒有異端,然而共同體的政治生活仍要繼續。如果透過公民宗教的當代 理解,我們能瞭解到彼此的信仰衝突結構,或許更能夠基於包容的心情,理 解他人的堅持,也適時修正自己的信仰。行文至此,我得承認,比起陳思賢
(1997)的自由主義包容論,公民宗教的當代理解作為一個分析架構,也沒 能對於如何解決信仰衝突提出較好的解方,但至少,此理解能幫助我們走下 規範理論宗教中立或道德優越性的高地(若我們在那裡的話),真誠面對自 己身處的社會。
參考資料
A. 中文部分 司法院大法官
1999 〈大法官釋字第 490 號解釋〉。2017 年 7 月 10 日,取自 http://www.judicial.gov.tw/
constitutionalcourt/p03_01.asp?expno=490 (Justice of the Constitutional Court, Judicial
Yuan, 1999, “Interpretation No. 490,” Retrieved July 10, 2017, from http://www.judicial.
gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/p03_01.asp?expno=490)
2017 〈大法官釋字第 748 號解釋〉。2017 年 7 月 10 日,取自 http://www.judicial.gov.tw/
constitutionalcourt/p03_01_1.asp?expno=748 (Justice of the Constitutional Court, Judi-cial Yuan, 2017, “Interpretation No. 748,” Retrieved July 10, 2017, from http://www.
judicial.gov.tw/constitutionalcourt/p03_01_1.asp?expno=748) 吳 庚、陳淳文
2015 《憲法理論與政府體制》,增訂三版。作者出版。(Wu, Keng and Chwen-wen Chen, 2015, Constitutional Theory and Government Institution, 3rd ed. Published by the authors.) 李永然、高嘉甫
2016 〈我國有訂定《宗教團體法》的必要性嗎?〉,《人權會訊》119: 15–18。(Li, Yung-jan and Chia-fu Kao, 2016, “Is It Necessary to Enact a Religion Associations Act in Tai-wan?” Human Rights Quarterly 119: 15–18.)
宮崎駿
1996 《風之谷》,第 7 卷,J. T. comix(譯)。臺北:台灣東販。(Miyazaki, Hayao, 1996, Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Vol. 7, J. T. comix (trans.). Taipei: Taiwan Tohan.) 梁裕康
2014 〈「既可怕又謬誤」卻「公正且真確」—論盧梭對霍布斯宗教理論的評斷〉,《人文 及社會科學集刊》26(2): 219–245。(Liang, Yu-kang, 2014, “‘Horrible and False’ Yet
‘Just and True’: On Rousseau’s Conception of Hobbes’ Religious Theory,” Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy 26(2): 219–245.)
許育典、周敬凡
2006a 〈從宗教自由檢討「宗教團體法草案」(上)〉,《政大法學評論》89: 55–108。(Hsu, Yue-dian and Jing-fan Chou, 2006a, “The Evaluation of Bills Regulating the Religious Freedom of Religious Groups (1),” Chengchi Law Review 89: 55–108.)
2006b 〈從宗教自由檢討「宗教團體法草案」(下)〉,《政大法學評論》90: 69–118。(Hsu, Yue-dian and Jing-fan Chou, 2006b, “The Evaluation of Bills Regulating the Religious Freedom of Religious Groups (2),” Chengchi Law Review 90: 69–118.)
許育典、蔡汶含
2013 〈從宗教團體自治檢討宗教團體財務公開的合憲性〉,《東海大學法學研究》39: 1–
38。(Hsu, Yue-dian and Wen-han Tsai, 2013, “The Review of Constitutionality of the Financial Disclosure of Religious Groups from the Religious Group Autonomy,” Tunghai University Law Review 39: 1–38.)
郭承天
2005 〈宗教容忍:政治哲學與神學的對話〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》17(1): 125–157。
(Kuo, Cheng-tian, 2005, “Religious Tolerance: A Dialogue between Political Philosophy and Theology,” Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy 17(1): 125–157.)
陳思賢
1997 〈選擇信仰的空間—奧古斯丁異端導正論與洛克寬容論〉,《政治科學論叢》8: 147–
165。(Chen, Sy-shyan, 1997, “This World or Beyond?—Augustinian Political Theology or Lockean Toleration,” Taiwanese Journal of Political Science 8: 147–165.)
2003 〈多元、寬容與道德學習:憲法與群育教育的美學關聯〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》
5: 1–34。(Chen, Sy-shyan, 2003, “Pluralism, Tolerance and Moral Learning: Constitution as Civic Education,” SOCIETAS: A Journal for Philosophical Study of Public Affairs 5:
1–34.) 陳嘉銘
2014 〈「創造出公民,要什麼就都有了」?論盧梭的自由、愛國主義和實現共和的弔詭〉,
《人文及社會科學集刊》26(2): 175–218。(Chen, Chia-ming, 2014, “‘Create Citizens, and You Have Everything You Need’? On Rousseau’s Freedom, Patriotism and the Para-dox of Actualizing Republic,” Journal of Social Sciences and Philosophy 26(2): 175–218.) B. 外文部分
Asad, Talal
2009 Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Beiner, Ronald
1993 “Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Rousseau on Civil Religion,” The Review of Politics 55(4): 617–638.
2010 Civil Religion: A Dialogue in the History of Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press.
Bellah, Robert N.
1967 “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus 96(1): 1–21.
Bellah, Robert N. and Phillip E. Hammond
1980 Varieties of Civil Religion. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton 1985 Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Brubaker, Rogers
2015 Grounds for Difference. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cole, Wade M.
2012 “A Civil Religion for World Society: The Direct and Diffuse Effects of Human Rights Treaties, 1981–2007,” Sociological Forum 27(4): 937–960.
Demerath III, Nicholas J. and Rhys H. Williams
1985 “Civil Religion in an Uncivil Society,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 480: 154–166.
Hertzberg, Benjamin R.
2015 “Chains of Persuasion in the Deliberative System: Addressing the Pragmatics of Religious Inclusion,” The Journal of Politics 77(4): 889–900.
2019 Chains of Persuasion: A Framework for Religion in Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, Will
2007 Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity.
Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Machiavelli, Niccolò
1997 Discourses on Livy, Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella (trans.).
Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
2008 The Prince, Peter Constantine (trans.). New York: The Modern Library.
Madsen, Richard
2007 Democracy’s Dharma: Religious Renaissance and Political Development in Taiwan.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mahmood, Saba
2016 Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton: Princeton Uni-versity Press.
Marvin, Carolyn and David W. Ingle
1996 “Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Revisiting Civil Religion,” Journal of the Ameri-can Academy of Religion 64(4): 767–780.
Müller, Jan-Werner
2007 Constitutional Patriotism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rawls, John
1996 Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
1997 “The Idea of Public Reason Revisited,” The University of Chicago Law Review 64(3): 765–807.
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
1997a The Discourses and Other Early Political Writings, Victor Gourevitch (ed. and trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1997b The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, Victor Gourevitch (ed. and trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Santiago, Jose
2009 “From ‘Civil Religion’ to Nationalism as the Religion of Modern Times: Rethink-ing a Complex Relationship,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 48(2):
394–401.
Sen, Amartya
2009 The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sullivan, Winnifred Fallers
2007 The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wallace, Ruth A.
1977 “Emile Durkheim and the Civil Religion Concept,” Review of Religious Research 18(3): 287–290.