• 沒有找到結果。

第四章 從擾動中心合成 ER 結構

4.5 合成 ER 的主要特徵

合成結果顯示儘管 ER 有強有弱,結構也略有不同,但仍具有一些共同的特徵。

第一個共同特徵是這四組 ER 都呈現 55°-60°(6000-7000 公里)的緯向波長(波數 6-7),

垂直方向上向西傾斜,這些特徵與 Chen and Sui (2010)分析 WNP 夏季準雙週振盪 (QBWO)的結果類似。第二個共同特徵是這些 ER 在水平結構上呈現東北-西南傾斜,

Wang and Xie (1996)與 Xie and Wang (1996)說明此結構顯示 ER 是不穩定的狀態,

可透過轉換基本場可用位能為擾動動能而成長;WNP 季風區內對赤道南北不對稱 的水平風切強化 ER 北半球的氣旋,產生南弱北強的不對稱結構;東風垂直風切也 會將波動的能量限制在低層大氣,加大波動在低層的振幅,透過邊界層輻合與對 流活動而成長,另外使 ER 產生正壓模(barotropic mode)讓波動產生向北傳遞分量。

第三個共同特徵是第一斜壓模主宰的垂直結構,當擾動的對流與 ER 低層輻合區同 位置時,也會使 ER 不穩定而成長,提供擾動更好的背景環境促進其發展。

- 16 - Wheeler and Kiladis (1999)波數-頻率波譜分析法找出的 MJO、ER 訊號,以 MJO 波 段在 WNP 的 OLR 面積平均距平值定義出 MJO 活躍與不活躍相位,並探討熱帶低

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ER 的合成結果顯示一些共同特徵,如緯向波數在 TCd與 TCn均為 6-7 (波長 6000-7000 公里),水平結構為東北-西南傾斜,垂直方向則向西傾斜、垂直結構為 第一斜壓模,表示 ER 呈現不穩定狀態,透過轉換背景場可用位能至擾動動能或 經由對流耦合而成長(e.g. Wang and Xie 1996, Xie and Wang 1996)。ER 上升運動區 對應中對流層暖的溫度距平(暖心)、下沉運動區則對應中對流層冷的溫度距平(冷 心)。上升運動區的暖心結構可以用對流潛熱加熱大於絕熱降溫解釋,而我們認為 下沉運動區的冷心結構是因為輻射冷卻大於絕熱增溫所導致的結果,更合理與完 整的原因還需要進一步探討。

在研究過程中我們也從 ER 渦度中心進行合成,得到的結果與從擾動中心合成 結果類似,且可以看到擾動相對於 ER 中心的分布,但因為文章篇幅有限,因此並 未將 ER 中心合成的結果放入討論。而對於週期 2-10 天的 MRG-TD,因為與 3-8 天濾波的熱帶擾動在時間尺度上重疊,無法清楚分辨兩者之間的訊號,故本研究 未對 MRG-TD 進行討論。未來若有方法可清楚分離擾動與 MRG-TD 訊號,則 MRG-TD 與 TCG 的關係就能進行更深入的研究。

每年有許多熱帶擾動活躍於熱帶海洋上,但只有少數能發展成為 TC。而熱帶 地區低頻振盪或波動可以提供更好的動力或熱力條件支持擾動持續發展。我們從 統計上探討不同時空尺度的熱帶低頻振盪或波動對 TCG 的影響,以及利用合成圖 分析 ER 在有發展與未發展擾動之間的差異。然而前人對 ER 與 TCG 的研究相對 較少,釐清 ER 和 TCG 之間的關係還需要更深入的探討。

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表 1 2000 年至 2009 年逐月 ONI 指數。紅色數字代表 ONI 高於或等於 0.5℃,藍 色數字代表 ONI 低於或等於-0.5℃。紅色、黑色、藍色年份分別代表暖年、

正常年、冷年。陰影為本研究選取之月份(五到九月)。

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2000 -1.7 -1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.8

2001 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5

-0.4 -0.2 -0.1 0 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3

2002

-0.2 0 0.1 0.3

0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.3

2003 1.1 0.8

0.4 0 -0.2 -0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

2004

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

0.5 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7

2005 0.6

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.2

-0.5 -0.8

2006 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5

-0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3

0.5 0.8 1 1

2007 0.7

0.3 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4

-0.6 -0.8 -1.1 -1.2 -1.4

2008 -1.5 -1.5 -1.2 -0.9 -0.7 -0.5

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2

-0.5 -0.7

2009 -0.8 -0.7 -0.5

-0.2 0.2 0.4

0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6

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- 29 -

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圖 2 (a)TCd與(b)TCn在 ER 波段渦度(橫軸)與 30 天滑動平均渦度(縱軸)之散布圖,

單位為 10-6 s-1。紫色對角線為 ER 波段渦度與 30 天滑動平均渦度相加為零 之直線。

a

b

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接續下頁

b a

c

d

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圖 3 MJO 活躍相位在(a)暖年、(c)正常年和(e)冷年以及 MJO 不活躍相位在(b)暖 年、(d)正常年和(f)冷年之合成圖。色階為 27℃以上之海表面溫度(SST),流 線為 850 百帕風場,等值線為 200 百帕-850 百帕緯向風垂直風切,虛線表 示東風風切,間距是 5 m s-1。紅點為 TCd的對應位置,藍點為 TCn的對應 位置。

e

f

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圖 4 TCd、TCn與不同時空尺度背景場之統計關係示意圖。紅數字表示 TCd個數,

藍數字表示 TCn個數,黑數字表示總數,百分比表示 TC 生成機率 PTcG,年 際變化與 MJO 之個數皆為 100 天標準化之結果。

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圖 5 由 ER 正渦度之 TCd合成的 ER 結構,黑點為擾動合成中心。(a)為總 OLR 場(色階,W m-2)、ER 波段之 OLR 距平(等值線,間距為 2 W m-2)及 850 百 帕風場(風標,m s-1),省略風速小於 0.3 之風標。(b)為 ER 波段 850 百帕渦 度(色階,單位為 s-1),紫色等值線為 850 百帕輻散場,實線為 1.5x10-7 s-1 之輻散場,虛線為 1.5x10-7 s-1之輻合場,流線表示 850 百帕之風場。(c)同(b) 圖,但為 150 百帕。

a

b

c

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圖 6 以圖 5 之擾動合成中心所在緯度做東西向垂直剖面圖。(a)為 ER 波段之渦度 場(色階)與輻散場(等值線,虛線表示輻合,間距為 3x10-7 s-1),(b)為 ER 波 段之溫度距平(色階)與垂直運動場ω(等值線,已變號,正值表示上升運動,

單位為 hPa s-1)。

b

a

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圖 7 同圖 5,但由 ER 正渦度之 TCn合成的 ER 結構。

a

b

c

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圖 8 同圖 6,但由 ER 正渦度之 TCn合成的 ER 垂直結構。

a

b

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圖 9 同圖 5,但由 ER 負渦度之 TCd合成的 ER 結構。

a

b

c

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圖 10 同圖 6,但由 ER 負渦度之 TCd合成的 ER 垂直結構。

a

b

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圖 11 同圖 5,但由 ER 負渦度之 TCn合成的 ER 結構。

a

b

c

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圖 12 同圖 6,但由 ER 負渦度之 TCn合成的 ER 垂直結構。

a

b

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