的睪丸中皆有表現 IGF-1 mRNA (V. Rouiller-Fabre et al., 1998, F. Beck et al., 1987),因此我想進一步檢視 IGF-1 在公鼠及母鼠生殖系統中各器官的表現的情 討其功能,例如儲精囊自體免疫蛋白 (seminal vesicle autoantigen ,SVA) (Yu et al.,1993) 可以對精子進行去獲能反應 (decapacitation) (Huang et al.,
1999,2000),防止精子過早活化。SVS VII 蛋白能在不誘發頂體反應之下增加精 子的游動力 (Luo et al,2001)。
於 2007 年有學者研究指出 (Fernando U et al., 2007),人類儲精囊分泌液中 具有 IGF-1,其含量可達 300ng/mL,因此我進一步利用包夾式酵素免疫分析 (sandwich ELISA) 檢查公鼠儲精囊分泌液是否和人類相同具有 IGF-1。由圖 3-2 顯示,在不同週數公鼠的儲精囊分泌液中皆可鑑定出 IGF-1,尤其以 13 週的含
量最高,可達 12.45 ng/mL。
III-3 Localization of the IGF-1 receptor on mouse sperm
已有研究證實,在人類 (R. K. Naz and P. Padman, 1999) ,牛 (Donald M.
Henricks et al., 1998) 及兔子 (Minelli et al., 2001) 的精子頭部皆有 IGF-1 receptor。我利用 IGF-1 receptor 的抗體運用間接螢光技術 (indirect florescence technique) 觀察小白鼠精細胞是否含有 IGF-1 receptor。其控制組為直接加入 FITC 標定的二級抗體,無任何螢光反應 (圖 III-3a),而由圖 III-3b 可看出精子頭部具 有螢光反應,證實 IGF-1 receptor 位於精子頭部。
IGF-IR receptor 由 2 條α-subunit (135 KD)及 2 條β-subunit (90 KD)所組成,
由雙硫鍵共同連接,α-subunit 包含細胞外配位體 (extracellular ligand),而β -subunit 具有跨膜蛋白 (transmembrance domain) 及酪胺酸蛋白自發性磷酸化位 置 (tyrosine autophosphorylation site)。我以 IGF-IRβ(cell signal) 及 IGF-IR α (santa) 抗體,運用西方墨點分析法 (western blot analysis) 檢視由精子抽取的蛋 白物。由圖 III-4 顯示,IGF-IRβ抗體可和 72 及 55KDa 的兩條蛋白帶產生免疫 反應 (Immuno reaction),而 IGF-IR α則可和 135 及 55KDa 的兩條蛋白帶產生免 疫反應 (Immuno reaction),此結果和他以 IGF-IRα-subunit 抗體去辨認人類精細 胞 IGF-IR 所得實驗結果類似 (P. Padman and R. K. Naz, 1999)。
進精子獲能作用。
III-5. 獲能效應誘發精子上
獲能效應誘發精子上獲能效應誘發精子上獲能效應誘發精子上 IGF-IR 的激酶活性的激酶活性的激酶活性的激酶活性Tyrphostins 為 tyrosine kinase 的抑制劑,可抑制受體 IGF-IR 磷酸化反應 (Levitzki A. and Gazit A, 1995 ),目前已發展為抗癌藥物。利用 AG538 Tyrphostin 和精子共同培養,進一步檢視精子蛋白酪胺酸磷酸化的程度。由圖 III-6 可得知,
在含有 IGF-I 情況下,IGF-IR 會被活化,但若加入 AG538,IGF-IR 磷酸化的程 度會下降,利用 BSA 誘發精子獲能作用亦可得到相同的實驗結果。接著觀察整 體磷酸化的情形,圖 III-7 顯示,lane 1 為加入 IGF-I 組,lane 2 為 IGF-I+AG538 組,lane 3 為 BSA 組,lane 4 為 BSA+AG538 組,當加入 AG538 5μl 後,整體 磷酸化程度皆會下降,因此推論獲能效應伴隨 IGF-IR 激酶活化。抑制 IGF-IR 的活性可降低精子蛋白因獲能效應而發生的酪胺酸磷酸化。
Fig III-1.IGF-1 在各個生殖系統中之表現
取出公鼠及母鼠生殖系統之各器官 total RNA 後,以 reverse transcriptase 轉成 cDNA 後,再以設計好之 IGF-1 forward primer: ACCAGAGACCCTTTGCGGG GCT; reverse primer: AAGTGTACTTCCTTCTGAGTCT 進行 PCR 反應,primer 濃 度為 0.1Μm。GAPDH PCR 條件為 94℃ (denaturation 溫度) 15 秒, 23℃ (annealing 溫度) 15 秒, 72℃(DNA synthesis) 15 秒,一共 23 cycle,而 IGF-1 PCR 條件為 94℃
(denaturation 溫度) 15 秒, 58℃ (annealing 溫度) 15 秒, 72℃(DNA synthesis) 15 秒, 一共 35 cycle, 最終以 2% agarose 電泳鑑定 IGF-1 和 GAPDH (控制組)的
mRNA:lane1; ovary 卵巢; lane2; oviduct 輸卵管; lane3; uterus 子宮; lane4;
vagina 陰道;
lane5; prostate 前列腺; lane6; coagulating gland 凝固腺; lane7; seminal vesicle 儲 精囊; lane8; epididymis 副睪; lane9; testis 睪丸;
IGF-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
GAPDH
Fig III-2.以酵素免疫分析法量測 IGF-1 在儲精囊液中的含量
(A) 於 microplate 的盤孔 (microplate 盤孔已結合 IGF-1 的 monoclonal antibody, 見材料與方法 II-10) 加入 mouse IGF-1 (288pg/mL) 及不同體積 mouse IGF-1 標準 溶液,在 25℃培養 2 小時,清除溶液並以 wash buffer 洗滌 5 次,最後加入 100 μl 的 HRP-conjugation anti-mouse IGF-1 (polyclonal)溶液於 25℃培養 2 小時,清 除溶液後再以 wash buffer 洗滌 5 次。於暗處加入 100μl 基質溶液反應 30 分鐘,
最後加入 100μl stop solution 停止反應,於 450nm 測吸光。由此得 IGF-1 之量和 吸光值的線性關係。
(B) 收集 12, 13, 14 週的小鼠的儲精囊液,取代(A)之 IGF-1 標準溶液,依(A)之步 驟得 450nm 的吸光值,對應(A)圖可得儲精囊液 IGF-1 含量。
Mouse IGF-1 standard curve
Fig III-3. 利用間接免疫螢光染色觀察精子上之 IGF-IR
將精子由副睪取出並處理完後,直接塗抺於載玻片上,先以 IGF-1 receptor(1:20) 抗體過夜培養,再以 FITC 結合的二次抗體培養,於螢光顯微鏡下觀察。圖 a 為 控制組 (只加入二抗) 並無任何螢光反應,圖 b 為加了 IGF-1 receptor 抗體後,
發現在精子頭部具有螢光反應,代表精子頭部具有 IGF-1 receptor。
Control
IGF-IR
Fig III-4. 利用西方點墨法(western blot analysis) 觀察精子之 IGF-1 receptor
將精子由副睪中取出,處理完成後直接以 SDS-PAGE 所使用的 sample buffer 萃 取其蛋白質,經 SDS-PAGE (8% polyacrylamide) 解析後,再利用 IGF-1 receptor α及β兩種抗體以 1:1000 的比例檢視 gel 內蛋白帶的免疫活性。IGF-1 receptor β 可專一性辨認兩條 band,分子量分別為約 72 及 55 KD 的位置,而 IGF-1 receptor α所辨認位置為 130 及 55KD。
WB: IGF-I receptor β WB: IGF-I receptor α KDa
55 72
KDa
130
55 The extracted
protein of sperm
The extracted protein of sperm
Fig III-5. IGF-I 對精子獲能效應所引發蛋白酪胺酸磷酸化的影響
將精子由副睪中取出後,調整數目為 106/15μl,與 IGF-I 共同培養 90 分鐘,再 利用 western analysis 觀察整理磷酸化的情形。Lane 1:控制組,不加入 IGF-I; lane 2 及 lane 3 則各加入 5μl 及 10μl 的 IGF-I。由圖可看出加入 IGF-I 之後和控制組 相比,整體磷酸化程度有提高,代表 IGF-I 可促進蛋白酪胺酸磷酸化。IGF-1 stock 濃度為 1.31x10-7μM
KDa
72 95
43 55
34
control IGF-I-a IGF-I-b
WB:p-Tyr
Fig III-6. IGF-IR 的抑制物 AG538 降低精子獲能效應所引發蛋白酪胺酸磷酸化 於 AG538 (5mg/mL) 有無存在的培養液中,精子 (106/15μl) 與 IGF-1 (50μg/ml) 或 BSA (3%) 於 37℃培養 90 分鐘後,再以西方點墨法,利用 phosphor-IGF-I receptor β (cell signal) 抗體檢測 IGF-IR 酪胺酸磷酸化。Lane 1 為控制組,lane 2 為 IGF-I 組,lane 3 為 IGF-I+AG538,lane 4 為 BSA 組,lane 5 為 BSA+AG538,
由結果可知,當加入 IGF-I 及 BSA 時,皆會使 IGF-IR 磷酸化,但若加入 AG538 5μl 後,IGF-IR 磷酸化的程度會便下降。
KDa
72
55
control IGF-1
IGF-1 +
AG538 BSA
BSA + AG538
Fig III-7. AG538 對精子獲能反應之影響
於 AG538 (5mg/mL) 有無存在的培養液中,精子 (106/15μl) 與 IGF-1 (50μg/ml) 或 BSA (3%) 於 37℃培養 90 分鐘後,再以西方點墨法,利用 p-Tyr (santa) 抗體 檢測 IGF-IR 酪胺酸磷酸化。Lane 1 為只加入 IGF-I 與精子共同培養,lane 2 則加 入 IGF-I 及 AG538,lane 3 為 BSA 組,lane 4 為 BSA+AB538 組,由圖可看出,
不論是 IGF-I 或 BSA 組,在加入 AG538 後,其磷酸化程度皆會下降。
KDa
95
72
55
34 43
IGF-I
IGF-I +
AG538 BSA BSA
+ AG538
第四章
體的表現對於精子成形 (spermatogenesis) (Funk et al., 1992, Zhou J and Bondy C, 1993) 和發育(Ovesen et al., 1996)是必需的。在人類的精漿中,亦發現其它生長 因子,EGF 及 TGFα (Yie et al., 1994),顯示這些生長因子對於精子生理調控也 許有其重要性。在本實驗中,我利用 mouse IGF-1 immunoassay 分析結果顯示,公鼠儲精囊液中含有 IGF-I,且不論公鼠或母鼠的生殖系統皆有 IGF-I mRNA 的 能。精子中磷酸化的修飾作用主要有兩種,Serine / threonine 及 tyrosine 磷酸化,
後者常伴隨獲能效應而發生。目前只有少數幾種產生酪胺酸磷酸化的蛋白於精子
第五章
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