• 沒有找到結果。

《不要綁架自己》及《西藏生死書》中,皆曾提到《華嚴經》中的因 陀羅網。在《不》書中,作者論及:

One of the most brilliant and best-known teaching metaphors in Mahayana Buddhism is that of Indra’s Net. Indra, in ancient Vedic cosmology, is the lord of the firmament; his net is the universe, a net of infinite proportions. At every node where the strings of the net meet, there is a glittering, highly polished jewel.

Each jewel reflects every other jewel in the net; to look at one jewel is to see them all, as in a hologram….In this view, to really see another person is to see ourselves, and to see ourselves is to see all beings. (p. 146-147)

大乘佛教中最著名、最煥發智慧的譬喻是因陀羅網。在古吠陀宇宙觀當中,

因陀羅是天界諸神之主;祂的網就是宇宙,一個無盡延伸、廣大無邊的網。

每個交錯的網結上都綴有一顆閃耀動人、光澤晶瑩的珠玉。從每一顆珠玉中 都可以看到網上其他珠玉的倒影;因此看一顆珠玉就等於看到了所有珠玉,

彷彿一個全息圖。….以這種觀點來看,那麼真正看清別人就等於看清自己,

而看清自己就等於看清宇宙萬物。 (p. 211)

而在《西藏生死書》中,不但同樣提到因陀羅網,而且把它跟量子物理、蝴 蝶效應等現代科學理論連結在一起:

Modern science speaks to us of an extraordinary range of interrelations.

Ecologists know that a tree burning in the Amazon rain forest alters in some way the air breathed by a citizen of Paris, and that the trembling of a butterfly’s wing in Yucatan affects the life of a fern in the Hebrides. Biologists are beginning to uncover the fantastic and complex dance of genes that creates personality and identity, a dance that stretches far into the past and shows that each so-called

“identity” is composed of a swirl of different particle, a world astonishingly like that described by Buddha in his image of the glittering net that unfolds across the universe. Just like the jewels in the net, all particles exist potentially as

different combinations of other particles. (p. 38)

現代科學告訴我們,萬物之間的交互關係非常廣泛深遠。生態學家知道,燃 燒亞馬遜熱帶雨林的一棵樹,多少會改變一位巴黎市民所呼吸的空氣品質;

而尤加坦一隻鼓動翅膀的蝴蝶,會影響到赫布里德斯蕨類的生命。生物學家 開始發現到基因神奇而複雜的作用,創造了人格與個性,它會伸展到久遠的 過去,顯示每一個所謂的「個體」是由一連串不同的影響力組合而成。物理 學家已經把量子的世界介紹給我們,量子世界很像佛陀所描述的因陀羅網 (遍佈整個宇宙的發光網)。就像網上的摩尼寶珠一樣,一切粒子的存在,其 實就是其他粒子的不同組合。 (p. 60)

雪倫•薩爾斯堡在《不要綁架自己》一書中,曾分別論述因陀羅網、蝴蝶效 應、量子物理等三個現象,而且更為詳盡,由此更可印證前面所提過,這類佛普 書籍的特性,喜歡旁徵博引,在各類學科領域當中借喻取譬,目的一方面在吸引 原本不一定會接受佛教思想的知識份子,一方面在增加其論述的廣度及說服力,

也讓讀者享受到觸類旁通的閱讀樂趣。

另外,《當和尚遇到鑽石》作者羅區格西,也是個極高明的譬喻師64,他常 提出生動靈活的譬喻,藉由描摹鑽石這個行業,並舉出許多動人小故事,引領讀 者了解出世與入世、行善與致富、修行與實務,不但可以並行不悖、甚至可收相 輔相成的效果。

二、深入淺出、務求融通:

《不要綁架自己》作者所提的各式譬喻,不但同樣精彩深入,同時各種說法 淺白易懂,可說婦孺皆解。令讀者印象最深刻的譬喻之一,是將人的覺性形容為 廣大無遮蔽的天空,將各宗教流派及意識形態對宇宙人生的不同看法,比喻成透 過不同的麥管在窺天,但世人不但對此毫無所覺,還沾沾自喜的吹噓自己的麥管

64 佛教有所謂的三藏法師,精通佛經、戒律、論典的法,但如通某部分,就稱經師、論師、禪 師等,比較難得的是「譬喻師」,為本書寫序的心定和尚認為羅區可說是一位譬喻師,在書中所 運用的一些譬喻,可做為講經說法的參考,見卷首〈推薦序:應無所住而生其心〉,頁 v。

與眾不同。其說法深入淺出、務求融通,以鳥比喻覺性中變化萬端的思想與感情,

飛過了無痕跡,同樣精彩生動,令讀者易於心領神會、消化吸收:

There are so many birds that fly through the sky of our awareness—myriad thoughts and feelings like tilting nightingales, drumming woodpeckers, chattering parrots, elegant herons, imposing hawks, and the vultures that seem to be circling some days, tempted by our exposed and wounded hearts. But if we become entranced by any of them, we forget the sky. None of the birds will give us freedom—each will take us off to its own particular realm of endless change. Each will tempt us to adopt its identity and forget the vast spaciousness of our Buddha nature. (pp. 166-167)

我們覺性的天空有這麼多鳥飛過,有變化萬端的思想與情感掠過,

Just as I couldn’t hold on to that rainbow, trying to hold on to people, to objects, to appearances, everything transient in life, would only bring more suffering….I could almost hear his voice reminding me,

“Your experiences will always change, will go up and down, but what is of innate value in you lies in your love and awareness.” (p. 170)

的確,正如同我抓不住那道彩虹,如果試著要抓住生命中任何人、

事物、表象、稍縱即逝的東西,都只會給自己帶來更多的痛苦。…...

我幾乎聽得到堪布殷殷叮囑:「妳的經驗會不斷改變,會有高低起 伏,但與生俱來的愛與覺性,才是妳真實不移的價值。」(242)

對世人皆知的業,《西藏生死書》以最淺顯的方式闡明:

In simple terms, what does karma mean? It means that whatever we do, with our body, speech, or mind, will have a corresponding result. Each action, even the smallest, is pregnant with its own consequences. ……

And as Buddha said: “Do not overlook negative actions merely because they are small; however small a spark may be, it can burn down a haystack as big as a mountain.” Similarly he said: “Do not overlook tiny good actions, thinking they are of no benefit; even tiny drops of water in the end will fill a huge vessel.” Karma does not decay like external things, or ever become inoperative. It cannot be destroyed “by time, fire, or water.” Its power will never disappear, until it is ripened. (pp. 96-97)

So can we simply decide that, if everything is coming from our own minds, we will choose to see everything bad that happens to us as good? Every bad deal as a good deal? You know it doesn’t work that way. You can’t buy a house or send the kids to college on wishes alone. Apparently whatever makes us see things one way or another is doing so in a compulsory way;

that is, whatever makes us see something good happening to something or us bad happening to us is forcing us to see these things as we do. (pp.

61-62)

理平易,容易為讀者參透,並得設法打動人心,因此最好與切身生活習習相關。

三、打破界限、兼容並蓄:

這個特點在《不要綁架自己》書中相當突出,作者嚮往的境界正如中譯書名 所暗示的,儘量不要劃地自限、作繭自縛,當然讀者閱畢此書也應有所覺,世上 所以有層出不窮的紛爭,跟世人慣於劃分流派、壁壘分明絕對有關,作者的世界 觀及人生觀,由其對最欽敬的摰友拉姆達斯,及心胸無比開闊寬廣的恩師堪布的 描述中,可見一斑。因此儘管這類通俗佛學書籍所論及的佛理,偶有不夠深入之 弊,其教化之功仍不可小覷。

綜觀作者提過的各界人物,與宗教有關的有鈴木俊隆(日本禪師)、創巴仁波 切(將佛法帶入美國的先驅者)、庫努仁波切(北印度喜馬拉雅山區得道聖人)、拉 姆•達斯(美國知名精神導師)、克里希那穆提(二十世紀卓越的靈性導師)、葛印 卡(印度內觀禪修大師)、穆寧拉(印度禪修大師及學者)、蒂帕瑪(當代佛教女修行 人)、愛倫•華滋(美國當代宗教哲學家)、紐舒堪布仁波切(當代大圓滿成就者)、

普恩加(印度宗教靈性導師)、班迪達(印度著名禪師)、威爾福雷德•史密斯(基督 新教神學家兼宗教歷史學者)、保羅•提利西(德國現代基督教神學家)、舒亞•達 斯(早期西方佛教的禪修導師及學者)、祖古貝瑪(大圓滿上師)、竹彌仁波切等,

提過的佛教學派則包括上座部佛教、大乘佛教、中觀學派、一元論吠檀多等,目 的只在顯示其無宗教流派門戶之見,絲毫沒有臧否之意,其打破界限、兼容並蓄 的用意至為明顯。

這些西方通俗佛書的作者,由於對自己讀者心理基調掌握得宜,往往儘可能 的將佛學講解得淺白易懂、平易近人,可謂用心良苦,而這種策略有沒有效果,

就書籍的銷量及讀者的評價來看,確實已有定評,對佛學的傳播也功不可沒。這

也是本文強調「佛普」的原因--佛學普及化發展至今已可稱得上相當成熟,條件 俱足,亦可獨立成一門學問研究。對東方人而言,「大千世界」、「三生有幸」、「娑 婆世界」都是日常用語,對略有國學基礎者可謂常識(common sense),這點文化 根底,可說歷經中國千年文化薰陶積累而成,西方讀者絕難望其項背。

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