• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結果分析與討論

6.2 建議

1. 目前僅針對不同種類及不同水灰比之水泥漿進行實驗,已得到初步成果,證 實超音波技術用於凝結特性的可行性,往後可用於其他膠體材料,如無機聚 合物、環氧樹酯或卜作嵐材料等,以了解超音波檢測技術能適用於其它材料。 

2. 探討橫波在水泥砂漿或混凝土材料中,因吸收及散射所產生之衰減,進而將 超音波技術應用於混凝土中,增加應用價值。

3. 研究所擷取之超音波資料都須經大量的後處理,例如先將時間域之波形進行 初步濾波,再以傅立葉轉換轉為頻譜圖,之後再經過濾波強化處理才可使用 其數據,為了提高監測效能,相關研究能簡化訊號處理方式,找出一套更有 效率的判定流程。

4. 本研究利用42 組資料於予 SVM 分析訓練,可獲 80%以上之正確率,日後研 究應以更密集的擷取數據,增加資料筆數,以提升其正確率。

5. 本研究發現利用支持向量機方式推估其凝結狀態,誤判狀況通常發生在凝結 中的階段,初步推估為該區擷取數量過少,而導致誤判之情況發生,因此日 後研究應增加凝結階段之資料擷取數目。

6. 本研究上層材料只採用單一厚度及材料之情況實驗,建議未來可改變不同材 料及厚度,探討上層材料變化與超音波衰減係數的影響行為。

7. 對於模擬雙層板中,探討改變下層材料參數後衰減系數的影響,建議可以在 下層板中添加孔隙,了解孔隙變化對衰減係數之關係,以便現地量測時因材 料內部含孔隙,而影響超音波反射行為。

參考文獻

1. Mindess, S. (2004), “Acoustic Emission Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 16-1~16-17.

2. Carino, N.J. (2004), “Stress Wave Propagation Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 14-1~14-23.

3. Finno, R.J. and Gassman, S.L. (1998), “ Impulse Response Evaluation of Drilled Shafts, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvrironmental Engineering, Vol. 124, No.

10, pp. 965~975.

4. Sansalone, M. and Streett, W.B. (1997), Impact-Echo: Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete and Masonry, Ithaca, NY: Bullbrier Press.

5. Naik, T.R., Malhotra, V.M., and Popovics, J.S. (2004), “The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 8-1~8-19.

6. Clemeña, G.G. (2004), “Short-Pulse Radar Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 13-1~13-21.

7. Malhotra, V.M., and Sivasundaram, V. (2004), “Resonant Frequency Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,pp. 7-1~7-21.

8. Lauer, K.R. (2004), “Magnetic/Electrical Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 10-1~10-21.

9. Carino, N.J. (2004), “Methods to Evaluate Corrosion of Reinforcement,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 11-1~11-24.

10. Malhotra, V.M. (2004), “Surface Hardness Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 1-1~1-15.

11. Malhortra, V.M. and Carette, G.G. (2004), “Penetration Resistance Methods,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 2-1~2-17.

12. Weil, G.J. (2004), “Infrared Thermographic Techniques,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 15-1~15-14.

13. Mitchell, T.M. (2004), “Radioactive/Nuclear Methods,” in CRC Handbook on

Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 12-1~12-22.

14. Bray, D.E. and Stanley, R.K. (1993), Nondestructive Evaluation: A Tool for Design, Manufacturing, and Service, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

15. Sullivan-Green, L. (2005), Effect of Crack Width on Carbonation: Implications for Crack Dating, Master Thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, U.S.A.

16. Hsu, T.T.C. and Slate, F.O. (1963), “Tensile Bond between Aggregate and Cement Paste or Mortar,” Journal of American Concrete Institute Proceedings, Vol. 60, No. 2.

17. Zimbelmann, R., Stuttgart, O., and Germany, F.R. (1985), “A Contribution to the Problem of Cement-Aggregate Bond,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 801-808.

18. Bentur, A. (1990), “Microstructure. Interfacial Effects, and Micromechanics of Cementitious Composites,” Advances in Cementitious Materials, Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 16, pp. 523-549.

19. Mehta, P.K. and Monteiro, P.J.M. (1993), Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials, 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

20. Baker, C.N., Parikh, G., Briaud, J.L., Drumright, E.E. and Mensah, F. (1993), Drilled Shafts for Bridge Foundations, FHWA Report No. FHWA-RD-92-004, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA.

21. Sanalone, M. (1997), “Impact-Echo: The Complete Story,” ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 777-786.

22. 林宜清,陳真芳(1996),「敲擊回音法在隧道混凝土襯砌結構非破壞試驗之應 用」,中國土木水利工程學刊,第8 卷,第 2 期,第 173-183 頁。

23. Finno, R.J. and Chao, H.-C. (2005), “Guided Waves in Embedded Concrete Piles,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol.

131, No. 1, pp. 11-19.

24. Finno, R.J., Chao, H.C., and Lynch, J.J. (2001), Nondestructive Evaluation of In Situ Concrete Piles at the Advanced Waterfront Technology test Sites, Port Hueneme, California, report to the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center.

25. 朱文賓(2002),「超音波掃瞄檢測技術與應用研究」,碩士論文,元智大學機 械工程系。

26. Blitz, J. and Simpson, G. (1996), Ultrasonic Methods of Non-Destructive Testing, Chapman and Hall.

27. Naik, T.R., Malhotra, V.M., and Popovics, J.S. (2004), “The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method,” in CRC Handbook on Nondestructive of Concrete, edited by Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 8-1~8-19.

28. Shih, J. and Chen, L. (2002), “Application of Concrete Nondestructive

Techniques on Construction Engineering,” The 2nd Taiwan Formosa Enterprises Engineering and Technology Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.

29. 張獻元(2002),「層狀混凝土版波傳行為與材料性質之探討」,碩士論文,國 立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

30. 陳柏存(2008),「以表面波譜法與支持向量機評估高溫損傷混凝土之性質」,

博士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

31. *甘嘉瑋(2009),「超音波檢測技術評估水泥漿體之凝結特性」,碩士論文,國 立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

32. 蘇志晃(2003),「超音波檢測應用於鋼筋混凝土結構內部成像之研究」,碩士 論文,國立中正大學地震研究所。

33. 張治泰、邱平(2005),超音波在混凝土質量檢測中的應用,化學工業出版社。

34. Furey, T.S., Cristianini, N., Duffy, N., Bednarski, D.W., Schummer, M., and Haussler, D. (2000), “Support Vector Machine Classification and Validation of Cancer Tissue Samples Using Microarray Expression Data,” Bioinformatics, Vol.

l6, No. 10, pp. 906-914.

35. Y. Akkaya, T. Voigt, K. V. Subramaniam and S. P. Shah,”Nondestructive

measurement of concrete strength gain by an ultrasonic wave reflection method.

36. Krautkrämer, J. and Krautkrämer, H. (1990), Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, p. 111.

37. 楊志強(2001),「混凝土中水泥漿和顆粒骨材界面特性之研究」,碩士論文,

國立交通大學土木工程研究所。

38. 中國國家標準(1996),「CNS13548 鋁質水泥」。

39. 張文宗(2003),「鋁渣資源化剩餘物之再利用探討」,碩士論文,國立成功大 學資源工程學研究所。

40. Richard, P. and Cheyrezy, M. (1994), “Reactive Powder Concretes with High Ductility and 200-800 MPa Compressive Strength,” ACI Spring Convention, San Francisco.

41. Richard, P. and Cheyrezy, M. (1995), “Composition of Reactive Powder Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 1501-1511.

42. Morin, V., Tenoudji, F.C., Feylessoufi, A., and Richard, P. (2001),

“Superplasticizer Effects on Setting and Structuration Mechanisms of

Ultrhigh-Performance Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 63-71.

43. Liao, S. and Ma, Y.R. (2005), “Study on the Bending Performance of Reactive Powder Concrete Prestressed Composite Beams,” Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, Vol. 32, pp. 57-62.

44. 吳崇聖(2007),「含飛灰及爐石粉活性混混凝土性質之研究」,碩士論文,國

立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

45. 高進驊(2007),「含飛灰及爐石粉活性混混凝土性質及圍束功效之研究」,碩 士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

46. 林建良(2001),「礦物摻料及粒料級配對自充填混凝土新辦性質之影響」,碩 士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

47. Okamura, H. (1998), “Self-Compacting High-Performance Concrete,” Concrete International, Vol. 19, pp. 50-54.

48. 詹穎雯(2000),「自充填混凝土簡介與相關規範」,自充填混凝土產製與施工 研討會論文集,台灣營建研究院,臺北,第1-20 頁。

49. 柴希文、謝明宏(2000),「自充填混凝土配比設計與施工」,自充填混凝土產 製與施工研討會論文集,台灣營建研究院,臺北,第31-41 頁。

50. 莊崑斌(2007),「蒸氣養護對不同爐時添加量自充填混凝土熱學性質及工程性 質之研究」,碩士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

51. 西學偉(2009),「自充填輕質混凝土工程性質之研究」,碩士論文,國立台灣 科技大學營建工程系。

52. 楊建西,「無收縮水泥添加劑之應用」,營建知訊,第 182 期,第 47-50 頁

(1998)。

53. 「BISO 無收縮灌漿劑產品手冊」,交泰股份有限公司,台北(2002)。

54. Kerheta, A., Raffettob, M., Bonia, A., and Massa, A. (2006), “A SVM-Based Approach to Microwave Breast Cancer Detection, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Vol.

19, No. 7, pp. 807-818.

55. Burges, C.J.C. (1998), “A Tutorial on Support Vector Machines for Pattern Recognition,” Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.

121-167.

56. Yang, M.H., Roth, D., and Ahuja, N. (2002), “A Tale of Two Classifiers: SNoW vs. SVM in Visual Recognition,” Computer Vision- Eccv 2002``,Part Ⅳ , pp.

685-699.

57. Leopold, E. and Kindermann, J. (2002), “Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines- How to Represent Texts in Input Space,” Machine Learning, Vol. 46, No. 1-3, pp. 423-444.

58. Chen, S.-T. and Yu, P.-S. (2007), “Pruning of Support Vector Networks on Flood Forecasting,” Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 347, No. 1-2, pp. 67-78.

59. Aggarwal, Y. (2007), “Modeling of Reinforcement in Concrete Beams Using Machine Learning Tools,” Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 26, pp.253-256.

60. Ni, Y.Q., Hua, X.G., Fan, K.Q., and Ko, J.M. (2005), “Correlating Modal Properties with Temperature Using Long-Term Monitoring Data and Support

Vector Machine Technique,” Engineering Structures, Vol. 27, No. 12, pp.

1762-1773.

61. 李文通(2008),「深開挖壁體變形預測-應用演化式支持向量機推論模式」,

碩士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

62. Bhattacharya, B. and Solomatine, D.P. (2006), “Machine Learning in Soil Classification,” Neural Networks, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 186-195.

63. 吳慶芳(2008),「專案成功度動態預測-應用演化式支持向量機推論模式」,碩 士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

64. 廖義宏(2008),「建築工程損失機會預測-應用演化式支持向量機推論模式」,

碩士論文,國立台灣科技大學營建工程系。

65. Siddique, R., Aggarwal, P., Aggarwal, Y., and Gupta, S.M. (2008), “Modeling Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete: Support Vector Machines Approach,”

Computers and Concrete, Vol. 5, No. 5.

66. John O.Hallquist, “LS-DYNA Theoretical Manual” , Livermore Software Technology Corp,1998.

備註:*號表示此篇論文部分與此研究計畫相關。

附錄 A 水泥漿新拌性質與超音波反射之關係

C_0.25_R1_FFT Air

C_0.25_R2_FFT Air

C_0.25_R3_FFT Air

0 2 4 6 8 10

C_0.25_R4_FFT Air

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Reflect Wave_R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-5 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第一反射波頻譜尖峰振幅

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Reflect Wave_R2 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-6 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第二反射波頻譜尖峰振幅 與可貫入深度時間變化圖

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Reflect Wave_R3 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-7 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第三反射波頻譜尖峰振幅

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Reflect Wave_R4 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A- 8 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第四反射波頻譜尖峰振幅

FFT Peak Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R2/R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A- 9 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第二反射波之頻譜尖峰反射比 與可貫入深度時間變化圖

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Time (min)

0.2 0.3 0.4

FFT Peak Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R3/R1

Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-10 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第三反射波之頻譜尖峰反射比

FFT Peak Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R4/R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-11 水灰比為 0.25 新拌水泥漿第四反射波之頻譜尖峰反射比

Normalized Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R2/R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-12 第二反射波之正規化頻譜尖峰反射比 與可貫入深度時間變化圖

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Normalized Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R3/R1 N.A Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-13 第三反射波之正規化頻譜尖峰反射比

Normalized Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R4/R1 N.A Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.25

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-14 第四反射波之正規化頻譜尖峰反射比 與可貫入深度時間變化圖

圖A-15 水灰比為 0.3 新拌水泥漿第一反射波之頻譜時間變化圖

0 2 4 6 8 10

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Initial Setting Final Setting

Reflect Wave_R1

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Initial Setting Final Setting

Reflect Wave_R2

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Initial Setting Final Setting

Reflect Wave_R3

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

FFT Peak Amplitude

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

Initial Setting Final Setting

Reflect Wave_R4

FFT Peak Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R2/R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.3

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-23 水灰比為 0.3 新拌水泥漿第二反射波之頻譜尖峰反射比

FFT Peak Reflection Ratio

0

Penetration Depth (mm)

R3/R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.3

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-24 水灰比為 0.3 新拌水泥漿第三反射波之頻譜尖峰反射比 與可貫入深度時間變化圖

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Time (min)

0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19

FFT Peak Reflection Ratio

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Penetration Depth (mm)

R4/R1 Standard Depth_40mm

C_0.4

Improved Depth_50mm

Initial Setting Final Setting

圖A-25 水灰比為 0.3 新拌水泥漿第四反射波之頻譜尖峰反射比 與可貫入深度時間變化圖

附錄 B 支持向量機實驗資料數量

表C-1 SVM 分類代表凝結階段與對應實驗資料數量表(C_0.25) 標籤編號 標籤意義 實驗資料數量

1 初凝前 15

2 凝結中 8

3 硬固後 19

總數 42

表C-2 SVM 輸入因子模式對應訓練及測試數量表(C_0.25)

標籤編號

波特蘭一型水泥 W/C=0.25 訓總比=1/2

CASE A CASE B CASE C CASE D CASE E CASE F CASE G 訓練 測試 訓練 測試 訓練 測試 訓練 測試 訓練 測試 訓練 測試 訓練 測試 1 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 總數 22 20 22 20 22 20 22 20 22 20 22 20 22 20

表C-3 SVM 分類代表凝結階段與對應實驗資料數量表(C_0.4)

表C-3 SVM 分類代表凝結階段與對應實驗資料數量表(C_0.4)

相關文件