• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

5.2 建議

本研究所設計的綠屋頂實驗座台,如有一內槽與其搭配對於置換不同 深度的基質會較其方便,目前已有設計一不鏽鋼內槽,但是有些問題需要 改善,內槽與擋水插板不密合會造成漏水,因而會高估逕流水,內槽的孔 洞與底下的沖孔板孔洞位置不合,有可能會影響排水,而且價格較貴,對 於日後要多做幾組較不方便,另外座台為不鏽鋼材質,金屬容器會影響到 TDR 的準確度,對於在淺基質時較無法置放 TDR。實驗座台兩旁的提環 可以加裝鏈條以利於抬放。

本研究所推估的公式僅針對總量來推估,並未對時序來推估,尚無法

45

水量隨著時間的變化。總量公式也仍然需要以更多數據驗證之,包括不同 因子下是否適用或需要修正,例如本研究並未針對斜度與基質的改變實驗,

公式目前所考慮的因子並不多,未來可以再多做不同影響因子情況下水量 的變化,在建置公式上才可以考慮多一點的參數。

在研究期間自然雨的降雨次數並不多,而且用自然降雨並不能完全控 制降雨的量,無法針對同一降雨量其他因子的影響進行實驗,未來可將人 工降雨模擬器製作好,可加快實驗的進行。

TDR 目前只有置放在中間然後分兩層,未來研究在同一水平面上可再 多放幾支,除了不同分層的基質含水率變化,在同一平面上的含水率變化 分佈也可以清楚的記錄下來。

此外,在 19 場降雨事件中,發現有截水量為負的情形,如 2010-04-08 17:18 的-0.013,這是頗不合理的情形,目前可能想到的原因如下: (1) 雨量 計不精確; (2) 部分稱重儀有問題; (3) 忽略蒸散量可能並不小不能忽略;

(4) 逕流水桶或滲漏水桶中有較多 Soil 或其他雜質,導致增加重量; (5) TDR 擺放不對或空間代表性不佳造成量測有誤差; (6) 其他儀器的數據有 問題。有必要再詳細檢討所有儀器的誤差是否可接受及整個流程是否有什 麼地方會造成此誤差。

目前的截水公式針對植裁組及無植裁組分別建立,未來宜合併為一,

以增加其實用性。此外,本研究所建立的是半經驗公式,而要應用 Darcy 公式建立真正的理論公式,需要有水壓梯度,但由於薄層綠屋頂很難量測 其水壓,測量及建置 SWCC (soil water characteristic curve)曲線雖有方法可 用以推估水壓梯度,但需要不少時間,並不實用,未來有必要再探討其他 更適用的公式。

參考文獻

日經 BP 社,(2006),「屋上綠化 2」,日本。

范正成教授研究群,(98 年),降雨模擬器觀摩與請教討論,國立台灣大學。

許瑞銘,(95 年),“屋頂綠化熱效益之研究”,朝陽科技大學建築及都市設 計研究所,碩士論文。

張育森、賴允慧、侯炳丞,(98 年),“綠屋頂介質與植物之關係”,「節能減 碳綠工法~綠屋頂及綠牆交流討論及推廣展示活動資料」,17-24 頁。

國家地理雜誌,(98 年),「打造空中花園」,海峽文化事業股份有限公司,

台北。

廖朝軒教授研究群,(98 年),綠屋頂實驗座台討論,國立海洋大學。

錫瑠基金會,(97 年),「綠屋頂推廣交流討論會資料」,錫瑠環境綠化基金 會,台北。

錫瑠基金會,(98 年 a),「你也能有綠屋頂」,錫瑠環境綠化基金會,台北。

錫瑠基金會,(98 年 b),「節能減碳綠工法~綠屋頂及綠牆交流討論及推廣 展示活動資料」,錫瑠環境綠化基金會,台北。

營建署,(98 年),建築技術規則,

http://w3.cpami.gov.tw/law/law/lawe-2/b-rule.htm

(accessed on 2009/12/17)

Berndtsson, J. C., Bengtsson, L., and Jinno, K. (2008). “First flush effect from vegetated roofs during simulated rain events.” Hydrology Research, 39(3), pp. 171-179.

California academy of sciences. (2009). The Living Roof.

http://www.calacademy.org/academy/building/the_living_roof/ (accessed

on 2009/12/15).

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Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e. V. (FLL) (2002). Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-roof sites. Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.

V. Bonn.

Getter, K.L., Rowe, D.B., and Andresen, J.A. (2007). “Quantifying the effect of slope on extensive green roof stormwater retention.” Ecological Engineering, 31(4), pp. 225-231.

Hien, W.N., Yok, T.P., and Yu, C. (2007). “Study of thermal performance of extensive rooftop greenery systems in the tropical climate.” Building and Environment, 42(1), pp. 25-54.

Hilten, R.N., Lawrence, T.M., and Tollner, E.W. (2008). “Modeling stormwater runoff from green roofs with HYDRUS-1D.” Journal of Hydrology, 358(3-4), pp. 288-293.

Jarrett, A., Hunt, W., and Berghage, R., (2006). “Annual and individual-storm green roof stormwater response models.” 2006 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Portland, Oregon.

Moran, A., Hunt, B., and Smith, J. (2005). “Hydrologic and water quality performance from greenroofs in Goldsboro and Raleigh, North Carolina.”

3rd North American Green Roof Conference: Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, Washington, DC.

Mentens, J., Raes, D., and Hermy, M. (2006). “Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century?.” Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(3), pp. 217-226.

Rodriguez, R. (2009). The History of Green Roof Technology.

http://www.ifenergy.com/50226711/the_history_of_green_roof_technology .php (accessed on 2009/12/15).

Takebayashi, H. and Moriyama, M. (2007). “Surface heat budget on green roof and high reflection roof for mitigation of urban heat island.” Building and Environment, 42(8), pp. 2971-2979.

Van Woert N.D., Rowe D.B., Andresen J.A., Rugh C.L., Thomas F. R., and Lan X. (2005). “Green Roof Stormwater Retention: Effects of Roof Surface, Slope, and Media Depth.” Journal of Environmental Quality, 34(3), pp.

1036-1044.

Villarreal, E.L. and Bengtsson.L. (2005). “Response of a Sedum green-roof to individual rain events.” Ecological Engineering, 25(1), pp. 1-7.

Villarreal, E.L. (2007). “Runoff detention effect of a sedum green-roof.”

Nordic Hydrology, 38(1), pp. 99-105.

Wolf, D. and Lundholm, J.T. (2008). “Water uptake in green roof microcosms:

effects of plant species and water availability.” Ecological Engineering, 33(2), pp. 179-186.

49

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2009.12.27 no plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2009.12.27 with plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

附圖 A.1.2 2009-12-29 21:00 ~ 2009-12-30 20:00 降雨及滲漏水累積變化圖

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

2009.12.30 no plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

51

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.01.02 no plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.01.02 with plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

附圖 A.1.4 2010-01-11 20:00 ~ 2010-01-12 21:00 降雨及滲漏水累積變化圖

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.01.11 no plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneou

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.01.11 with plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

53

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.03.08 no plant - 5 cm media

Instantaneous

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.03.08 with plant - 5 cm media Instantaneous

附圖 A.1.6 2010-04-06 07:30 ~ 2010-04-07 16:30 降雨及滲漏水累積變化圖

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.04.06 no plant - 10 cm media

Instantaneous

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.04.06 with plant - 10 cm media Instantaneous

55

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.04.08 no plant - 10 cm media Instantaneous

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.04.08 with plant - 10 cm media Instantaneous

附圖 A.1.8 2010-05-06 23:30 ~ 2010-05-08 08:30 降雨及滲漏水累積變化圖

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.05.07 no plant - 10 cm media Instantaneous

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.05.07 with plant - 10 cm media

Instantaneous

57

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.05.23 no plant - 10 cm media Instantaneous

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.05.23 with plant - 10 cm media Instantaneous

附圖 A.1.10 2010-05-29 00:30 ~ 2010-05-30 09:30 降雨及滲漏水累積變化

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(a)2010.05.29 no plant - 10 cm media

Instantaneous Rainfall

Rain and Percolation Rate (mm/hr)

(b)2010.05.29 with plant - 10 cm media

Instantaneous

59

附圖 A.2.1 2009-12-27 10:30 ~ 2009-12-28 19:30 基質層之含水率變化 (a)5 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)5 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2009.12.27 no plant - 5 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2009.12.27 with plant - 5 cm media

TDR-D

附圖 A.2.2 2009-12-29 21:00 ~ 2009-12-30 20:00 基質層之含水率變化 (a)5 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)5 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00

Water content ratio

(a)2009.12.29 no plant - 5 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00

Water content ratio

(b)2009.12.29 with plant - 5 cm media

TDR-D

61

附圖 A.2.3 2010-01-02 11:30 ~ 2010-01-03 14:30 基質層之含水率變化 (a)5 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)5 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30

Water content ratio

(a)2010.01.02 no plant - 5 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30

Water content ratio

(b)2010.01.02 with plant - 5 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

附圖 A.2.4 2010-01-11 20:00 ~ 2010-01-12 21:00 基質層之含水率變化 (a)5 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)5 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00

Water content ratio

(a)2010.01.11 no plant - 5 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00

Water content ratio

(b)2010.01.11 with plant - 5 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

63

附圖 A.2.5 2010-03-08 14:00 ~ 2010-03-09 23:00 基質層之含水率變化 (a)5 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)5 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2010.03.08 no plant - 5 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2010.03.08 with plant - 5 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

附圖 A.2.6 2010-04-06 07:30 ~ 2010-04-07 15:30 基質層之含水率變化 (a)10 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)10 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2010.04.06 no plant - 10 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2010.04.06 with plant - 10 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

65

附圖 A.2.7 2010-04-08 01:00 ~ 2010-04-09 10:00 基質層之含水率變化 (a)10 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)10 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2010.04.08 no plant - 10 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2010.04.08 with plant - 10 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

附圖 A.2.8 2010-05-06 23:00 ~ 2010-05-08 08:00 基質層之含水率變化 (a)10 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)10 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2010.05.07 no plant - 10 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2010.05.07 with plant - 10 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

67

附圖 A.2.9 2010-05-23 00:30 ~ 2010-05-24 09:30 基質層之含水率變化 (a)10 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)10 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2010.05.23 no plant - 10 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2010.05.23 with plant - 10 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

附圖 A.2.10 2010-05-29 00:30 ~ 2010-05-30 09:30 基質層之含水率變化 (a)10 cm 基質-未植栽; (b)10 cm 基質-有植栽。

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Water content ratio

(a)2010.05.29 no plant - 10 cm media

TDR-A TDR-B

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Water content ratio

(b)2010.05.29 with plant - 10 cm media

TDR-C TDR-D

69

16:00 17:14 18:28 19:42 20:56 22:10 23:24 00:38 01:52 03:06 04:20 05:34 06:48 08:02 09:16 10:30 11:44 12:58

Temperature (oC)

(a)2009.12.27 temperature out

82

16:00 17:10 18:20 19:30 20:40 21:50 23:00 00:10 01:20 02:30 03:40 04:50 06:00 07:10 08:20 09:30 10:40 11:50 13:00

Humidity (%)

(b)2009.12.27 humidity out

0

16:00 17:10 18:20 19:30 20:40 21:50 23:00 00:10 01:20 02:30 03:40 04:50 06:00 07:10 08:20 09:30 10:40 11:50 13:00

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2009.12.27 wind speed

758

16:00 17:14 18:28 19:42 20:56 22:10 23:24 00:38 01:52 03:06 04:20 05:34 06:48 08:02 09:16 10:30 11:44 12:58

Barometric Pressure (mmHg)

(d)2009.12.27 barometric pressure

附圖 A.3.2 2009-12-29 20:01 ~ 2009-12-30 20:00 氣象監測 (a)溫度; (b)溼度; (c)風速; (d)氣壓。

20:01 21:21 22:41 00:01 01:21 02:41 04:01 05:21 06:41 08:01 09:21 10:41 12:01 13:21 14:41 16:01 17:21 18:41

Temperature (oC)

(a)2009.12.29 temperature out

0

20:01 21:17 22:33 23:49 01:05 02:21 03:37 04:53 06:09 07:25 08:41 09:57 11:13 12:29 13:45 15:01 16:17 17:33 18:49

Humidity (%)

(b)2009.12.29 humidity out

0

20:01 21:17 22:33 23:49 01:05 02:21 03:37 04:53 06:09 07:25 08:41 09:57 11:13 12:29 13:45 15:01 16:17 17:33 18:49

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2009.12.29 wind speed

760

20:01 21:21 22:41 00:01 01:21 02:41 04:01 05:21 06:41 08:01 09:21 10:41 12:01 13:21 14:41 16:01 17:21 18:41

Barometric Pressure (mmHg)

(d)2009.12.29 barometric pressure

71

11:00 12:32 14:04 15:36 17:08 18:40 20:12 21:44 23:16 00:48 02:20 03:52 05:24 06:56 08:28 10:00 11:32 13:04

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.01.02 temperature out

0

11:00 12:27 13:54 15:21 16:48 18:15 19:42 21:09 22:36 00:03 01:30 02:57 04:24 05:51 07:18 08:45 10:12 11:39 13:06

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.01.02 humidity out

0

11:00 12:27 13:54 15:21 16:48 18:15 19:42 21:09 22:36 00:03 01:30 02:57 04:24 05:51 07:18 08:45 10:12 11:39 13:06

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.01.02 wind speed

759

11:00 12:32 14:04 15:36 17:08 18:40 20:12 21:44 23:16 00:48 02:20 03:52 05:24 06:56 08:28 10:00 11:32 13:04

Barometric Pressure (mmHg)

(d)2010.01.02 barometric pressure

附圖 A.3.4 2010-01-11 19:48 ~ 2010-01-12 21:00 氣象監測 (a)溫度; (b)溼度; (c)風速; (d)氣壓。

19:48 21:13 22:38 00:03 01:28 02:53 04:18 05:43 07:08 08:33 09:58 11:23 12:48 14:13 15:38 17:03 18:28 19:53

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.01.11 temperature out

0

19:48 21:08 22:28 23:48 01:08 02:28 03:48 05:08 06:28 07:48 09:08 10:28 11:48 13:08 14:28 15:48 17:08 18:28 19:48

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.01.11 humidity out

0

19:48 21:08 22:28 23:48 01:08 02:28 03:48 05:08 06:28 07:48 09:08 10:28 11:48 13:08 14:28 15:48 17:08 18:28 19:48

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.01.11 wind speed

761

19:48 21:13 22:38 00:03 01:28 02:53 04:18 05:43 07:08 08:33 09:58 11:23 12:48 14:13 15:38 17:03 18:28 19:53

Barometric Pressure (mmHg)

(d)2010.01.11 barometric pressure

73

13:30 15:22 17:14 19:06 20:58 22:50 00:42 02:34 04:26 06:18 08:10 10:02 11:54 13:46 15:38 17:30 19:22 21:14

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.03.08 temperature out

0

13:30 15:16 17:02 18:48 20:34 22:20 00:06 01:52 03:38 05:24 07:10 08:56 10:42 12:28 14:14 16:00 17:46 19:32 21:18

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.03.08 humidity out

0

13:30 15:16 17:02 18:48 20:34 22:20 00:06 01:52 03:38 05:24 07:10 08:56 10:42 12:28 14:14 16:00 17:46 19:32 21:18

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.03.08 wind speed

756

13:30 15:22 17:14 19:06 20:58 22:50 00:42 02:34 04:26 06:18 08:10 10:02 11:54 13:46 15:38 17:30 19:22 21:14

Barometric Pressure (mmHg)

(d)2010.03.08 barometric pressure

附圖 A.3.6 2010-04-06 07:30 ~ 2010-04-07 16:30 氣象監測 (a)溫度; (b)溼度; (c)風速; (d)氣壓。

07:30 09:21 11:12 13:03 14:54 16:45 18:36 20:27 22:18 00:09 02:00 03:51 05:42 07:33 09:24 11:15 13:06 14:57

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.04.06 temperature out

0

07:30 09:15 11:00 12:45 14:30 16:15 18:00 19:45 21:30 23:15 01:00 02:45 04:30 06:15 08:00 09:45 11:30 13:15 15:00

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.04.06 humidity out

0

07:30 09:15 11:00 12:45 14:30 16:15 18:00 19:45 21:30 23:15 01:00 02:45 04:30 06:15 08:00 09:45 11:30 13:15 15:00

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.04.06 wind speed

29.7

07:30 09:21 11:12 13:03 14:54 16:45 18:36 20:27 22:18 00:09 02:00 03:51 05:42 07:33 09:24 11:15 13:06 14:57

Barometric Pressure (inHg)

(d)2010.04.06 barometric pressure

75

01:00 02:51 04:42 06:33 08:24 10:15 12:06 13:57 15:48 17:39 19:30 21:21 23:12 01:03 02:54 04:45 06:36 08:27

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.04.08 temperature out

0

01:00 02:45 04:30 06:15 08:00 09:45 11:30 13:15 15:00 16:45 18:30 20:15 22:00 23:45 01:30 03:15 05:00 06:45 08:30

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.04.08 humidity out

0

01:00 02:45 04:30 06:15 08:00 09:45 11:30 13:15 15:00 16:45 18:30 20:15 22:00 23:45 01:30 03:15 05:00 06:45 08:30

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.04.08 wind speed

29.75

01:00 02:51 04:42 06:33 08:24 10:15 12:06 13:57 15:48 17:39 19:30 21:21 23:12 01:03 02:54 04:45 06:36 08:27

Barometric Pressure (inHg)

(d)2010.04.08 barometric pressure

附圖 A.3.8 2010-05-06 23:00 ~ 2010-05-08 08:30 氣象監測 (a)溫度; (b)溼度; (c)風速; (d)氣壓。

23:00 00:52 02:44 04:36 06:28 08:20 10:12 12:04 13:56 15:48 17:40 19:32 21:24 23:16 01:08 03:00 04:52 06:44

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.05.06 temperature out

84

23:00 00:46 02:32 04:18 06:04 07:50 09:36 11:22 13:08 14:54 16:40 18:26 20:12 21:58 23:44 01:30 03:16 05:02 06:48

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.05.06 humidity out

0

23:00 00:46 02:32 04:18 06:04 07:50 09:36 11:22 13:08 14:54 16:40 18:26 20:12 21:58 23:44 01:30 03:16 05:02 06:48

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.05.06 wind speed

29.6

23:00 00:52 02:44 04:36 06:28 08:20 10:12 12:04 13:56 15:48 17:40 19:32 21:24 23:16 01:08 03:00 04:52 06:44

Barometric Pressure (inHg)

(d)2010.05.06 barometric pressure

77

00:00 01:52 03:44 05:36 07:28 09:20 11:12 13:04 14:56 16:48 18:40 20:32 22:24 00:16 02:08 04:00 05:52 07:44

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.05.23 temperature out

0

00:00 01:46 03:32 05:18 07:04 08:50 10:36 12:22 14:08 15:54 17:40 19:26 21:12 22:58 00:44 02:30 04:16 06:02 07:48

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.05.23 humidity out

0

00:00 01:46 03:32 05:18 07:04 08:50 10:36 12:22 14:08 15:54 17:40 19:26 21:12 22:58 00:44 02:30 04:16 06:02 07:48

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.05.23 wind speed

29.3

00:00 01:52 03:44 05:36 07:28 09:20 11:12 13:04 14:56 16:48 18:40 20:32 22:24 00:16 02:08 04:00 05:52 07:44

Barometric Pressure (inHg)

(d)2010.05.23 barometric pressure

附圖 A.3.10 2010-05-29 00:00 ~ 2010-05-30 09:30 氣象監測 (a)溫度; (b)溼度; (c)風速; (d)氣壓。

00:00 01:52 03:44 05:36 07:28 09:20 11:12 13:04 14:56 16:48 18:40 20:32 22:24 00:16 02:08 04:00 05:52 07:44

Temperature (oC)

(a)2010.05.29 temperature out

92

00:00 01:46 03:32 05:18 07:04 08:50 10:36 12:22 14:08 15:54 17:40 19:26 21:12 22:58 00:44 02:30 04:16 06:02 07:48

Humidity (%)

(b)2010.05.29 humidity out

0

00:00 01:46 03:32 05:18 07:04 08:50 10:36 12:22 14:08 15:54 17:40 19:26 21:12 22:58 00:44 02:30 04:16 06:02 07:48

Wind Speed (mph)

(c)2010.05.29 wind speed

29.6 29.65 29.7 29.75 29.8

00:00 01:52 03:44 05:36 07:28 09:20 11:12 13:04 14:56 16:48 18:40 20:32 22:24 00:16 02:08 04:00 05:52 07:44

Barometric Pressure (inHg)

(d)2010.05.29 barometric pressure

79

附圖 A.4.1 基質特性實驗 (a)透水試驗; (b)篩分析。

0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78

0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0.011 0.012 0.013

Porosity (n)

K (cm/s) (a)Perneability experiment

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.01 0.1 1 10

Percent finer by weight

Grain size (mm) (b)Sieve analysis