第五章 結論與建議
第二節 建議
一、立即可行建議:
(一) 針對國內現有建築物設置的緊急升降機(間)有關性能確保與使 用進行調查, 以及消防單位使用率情形作檢討;以充分了解緊急 升降機運用於避難疏散之實際可行性與可靠程度。
(二) 針對國內超高層建築物全棟避難疏散程序, 除依直通樓梯或特 別安全梯避難之外,建議納入電腦軟體模擬輔助,包括電梯避難 結合之避難安全對策,以增加避難效益。
二、中長期建議:
(一)電梯設備相關設備標準係依據國家標準 CNS10594 升降機及 CNS10595 升降機之車廂與升降路之尺度等標準, 其中防水性與 防煙防火性能部分缺乏說明, 建議研究是否納入防災功能之電梯 必備標準與其試驗方法。此外,在緊急用升降機的消防隊用開關 KEY 規格化之要求,以利實務需求。
(二)針對電梯梯間與電梯機道防(排)煙性能要求,尤其是增壓防煙性, 排煙風機與送風壓力控制等相關參數會因建築物高度與火災樓層 位置、火勢大小、熱流壓差、發煙量及電梯移動速度等影響,相關 本土研究目前闕如,建議有關機關可接續本研究成果進行後續此 課題之研究。
(三)新建高層建築物如採避難性能檢證方案並納入其防災性能電梯進
行避難檢討, 以現行之避難檢證方法尚未考量此項目,建議未來
建築防火避難研究範圍增列此項課題。
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
14 49.9 163.8 21.3 75.8 124 5.0 1 75.8 13 46.1 151.2 20.3 73.8 124 5.0 1 73.8 12 42.2 138.6 19.3 71.9 124 5.0 1 71.9 11 38.4 126.0 18.4 70.0 124 5.0 1 70.0 10 34.6 113.4 17.4 68.0 124 5.0 1 68.0 9 30.7 100.8 16.4 66.0 124 5.0 1 66.0 8 26.9 88.2 15.3 63.8 124 5.0 1 63.8 7 23.0 75.6 14.1 61.5 124 5.0 1 61.5 6 19.2 63.0 12.9 59.1 124 5.0 1 59.1 5 15.4 50.4 11.6 56.4 124 5.0 1 56.4 4 11.5 37.8 10.1 53.4 124 5.0 1 53.4 3 7.7 25.2 8.3 49.9 124 5.0 1 49.9 2 3.8 12.6 6.0 45.3 124 5.0 1 45.3 1 0.0 0.0
--- Total round trip time= 3140.5 Start up time= 73.5 Time to get to the outside after leaving the elevator= 30.0 Evacuation time using 2 elevators= 1830.8 (or 30.5 minutes)
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
14 49.9 163.8 21.3 116.5 124 20.0 1 116.5 13 46.1 151.2 20.3 114.6 124 20.0 1 114.6 12 42.2 138.6 19.3 112.7 124 20.0 1 112.7 11 38.4 126.0 18.4 110.7 124 20.0 1 110.7 10 34.6 113.4 17.4 108.8 124 20.0 1 108.8 9 30.7 100.8 16.4 106.7 124 20.0 1 106.7 8 26.9 88.2 15.3 104.5 124 20.0 1 104.5 7 23.0 75.6 14.1 102.3 124 20.0 1 102.3 6 19.2 63.0 12.9 99.8 124 20.0 1 99.8 5 15.4 50.4 11.6 97.1 124 20.0 1 97.1 4 11.5 37.8 10.1 94.2 124 20.0 1 94.2 3 7.7 25.2 8.3 90.6 124 20.0 1 90.6 2 3.8 12.6 6.0 86.1 124 20.0 1 86.1 1 0.0 0.0
--- Total round trip time= 5206.3 Start up time= 73.5 Time to get to the outside after leaving the elevator= 30.0 Evacuation time using 2 elevators= 2967.0 (or 49.4 minutes)
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
14 49.9 163.8 21.3 72.3 124 3.0 1 72.3 13 46.1 151.2 20.3 70.4 124 3.0 1 70.4 12 42.2 138.6 19.3 64.4 124 0.0 0 0.0 11 38.4 126.0 18.4 62.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 10 34.6 113.4 17.4 60.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 9 30.7 100.8 16.4 58.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 8 26.9 88.2 15.3 56.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 7 23.0 75.6 14.1 54.0 124 0.0 0 0.0 6 19.2 63.0 12.9 51.6 124 0.0 0 0.0 5 15.4 50.4 11.6 48.9 124 0.0 0 0.0 4 11.5 37.8 10.1 45.9 124 0.0 0 0.0 3 7.7 25.2 8.3 42.4 124 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.8 12.6 6.0 37.8 124 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0.0
--- Total round trip time= 2446.0 Start up time= 73.5 Time to get to the outside after leaving the elevator= 30.0 Evacuation time using 2 elevators= 1448.8 (or 24.1 minutes)
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
14 49.9 163.8 21.3 68.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 13 46.1 151.2 20.3 66.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 12 42.2 138.6 19.3 64.4 124 0.0 0 0.0 11 38.4 126.0 18.4 62.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 10 34.6 113.4 17.4 60.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 9 30.7 100.8 16.4 58.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 8 26.9 88.2 15.3 56.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 7 23.0 75.6 14.1 54.0 124 0.0 0 0.0 6 19.2 63.0 12.9 51.6 124 0.0 0 0.0 5 15.4 50.4 11.6 48.9 124 0.0 0 0.0 4 11.5 37.8 10.1 45.9 124 0.0 0 0.0 3 7.7 25.2 8.3 42.4 124 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.8 12.6 6.0 37.8 124 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0.0
--- Total round trip time= 1674.8 Start up time= 73.5 Time to get to the outside after leaving the elevator= 30.0 Evacuation time using 2 elevators= 1024.6 (or 17.1 minutes)
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
14 49.9 163.8 21.3 75.8 124 5.0 1 75.8 13 46.1 151.2 20.3 73.8 124 5.0 1 73.8 12 42.2 138.6 19.3 64.4 124 0.0 0 0.0 11 38.4 126.0 18.4 62.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 10 34.6 113.4 17.4 60.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 9 30.7 100.8 16.4 58.5 124 0.0 0 0.0 8 26.9 88.2 15.3 56.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 7 23.0 75.6 14.1 54.0 124 0.0 0 0.0 6 19.2 63.0 12.9 51.6 124 0.0 0 0.0 5 15.4 50.4 11.6 48.9 124 0.0 0 0.0 4 11.5 37.8 10.1 45.9 124 0.0 0 0.0 3 7.7 25.2 8.3 42.4 124 0.0 0 0.0 2 3.8 12.6 6.0 37.8 124 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0.0
--- Total round trip time= 800.4 Start up time= 73.5 Time to get to the outside after leaving the elevator= 30.0 Evacuation time using 2 elevators= 543.7 (or 9.1 minutes)
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
14 49.9 163.8 21.3 68.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 13 46.1 151.2 20.3 66.3 124 0.0 0 0.0 12 42.2 138.6 19.3 71.9 124 5.0 1 71.9 11 38.4 126.0 18.4 70.0 124 5.0 1 70.0 10 34.6 113.4 17.4 68.0 124 5.0 1 68.0 9 30.7 100.8 16.4 66.0 124 5.0 1 66.0 8 26.9 88.2 15.3 63.8 124 5.0 1 63.8 7 23.0 75.6 14.1 61.5 124 5.0 1 61.5 6 19.2 63.0 12.9 59.1 124 5.0 1 59.1 5 15.4 50.4 11.6 56.4 124 5.0 1 56.4 4 11.5 37.8 10.1 53.4 124 5.0 1 53.4 3 7.7 25.2 8.3 49.9 124 5.0 1 49.9 2 3.8 12.6 6.0 45.3 124 5.0 1 45.3 1 0.0 0.0
--- Total round trip time= 665.4 Start up time= 73.5 Time to get to the outside after leaving the elevator= 30.0 Evacuation time using 2 elevators= 469.4 (or 7.8 minutes)
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
Door type: F Center-Opening 1100mm (42in) wide Doortime s 4.600 Door inefficiency 0.050
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄一 電梯避難軟體計算表
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
附錄二 NFPA101 摘譯
附錄二
美國 NFPA 101 摘譯
3.3.51 Elevator Evacuation System.
A system, including a vertical series of elevator lobbies and associated elevator lobby doors, an elevator shaft(s), and a machine room(s), that provides protection from fire effects for elevator passengers, people waiting to use elevators, and elevator equipment so that elevators can be used safely for egress.
3.3.51 電梯避難疏散系統。
A space from which people directly enter an elevator car(s) and to which people directly leave an elevator car(s).
3.3.53 Elevator Lobby Door.
A door between an elevator lobby and another building space other than the elevator shaft.
Where an elevator provides access from an area of refuge to a public way that is in accordance with 7.2.12.2.2, the elevator shall be approved for fire fighter service as provided in Section 211 of ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and
Escalators. The power supply shall be protected against interruption from fire occurring within the building but outside the area of refuge. The elevator shall be located in a shaft system meeting the requirements for smokeproof enclosures in accordance with 7.2.3.
Exception No. 1: The smokeproof enclosure shall not be required for areas of refuge that are more than 1000 ft2 (93 m2) and that are created by a horizontal exit meeting the requirements of 7.2.4.
Exception No. 2: The smokeproof enclosure shall not be required for elevators
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
The use of elevators for egress, especially during an emergency such as a fire, is not an approach to be taken without considerable planning, ongoing effort, and a high degree of understanding by everyone involved with the evacuation of persons with mobility impairments. Due in part to the limited capacity of elevators, as well as to the
conflicting demands for elevator use for fire-fighting activities, even elevators in accordance with 7.2.12.2.4 cannot be considered as satisfying any of the Code requirements for egress capacity, number of means of egress, or travel distance to an exit.
7.2.12.2.5 The area of refuge shall be provided with a two-way communication system for communication between the area of refuge and a central control point. The door to the stair enclosure or the elevator door and the associated portion of the area of refuge that the stair enclosure door or elevator door serves shall be identified by signage. (See 7.2.12.3.5.)
7.2.12.2.5 避難所區域將供有一個雙向通信系統為避難所區域和中央控制中心 之間的通信。對樓梯區劃門或電梯門和避難所區域的附屬的部份門戶狀況將由信 號來識別。(參見 7.2.12.3.5 )
7.2.12.2.6*
Instructions for summoning assistance, via the two-way communication system, and written identification of the area of refuge location shall be posted adjacent to the two-way communication system.
7.2.12.2.6 * 召喚協助的指示, 透過雙向通信系統, 和避難處所(據點)區域的書面 內容應被張貼在雙向通信系統附近。
A.7.2.12.2.6
The instructions should include the following:
(1) Directions to find other means of egress
附錄二 NFPA101 摘譯
(2) Advice that persons able to use exit stairs do so as soon as possible, unless they are assisting others
(3) Information on planned availability of assistance in the use of stairs or supervised operation of elevators and how to summon such assistance
(4) Directions for use of the emergency communication system
To facilitate an adequate degree of understanding of the use of areas of refuge and of the associated assisted egress procedures, information should be provided to those using the facilities. The exact content of the information, its organization (for example, as a set of instructions), and its format (for example, either posted instructions in the area of refuge or information otherwise transmitted to facility users) should be determined on a
case-by-case basis. The information should be tailored to the specific facility, its emergency plan, the intended audience, and the intended presentation format. The following provides suggested information content addressing two situations.
A.7.2.12.2.6 指示應該包括以下:
(a) Refuge with Elevator Use. An area of refuge provided in the elevator lobby serves as a staging area for persons unable to use stairs and needing assistance for their
evacuation during an emergency. The elevator(s) will be taken out of automatic service and operated by emergency service personnel. Persons unable to evacuate down the exit stairs without assistance and needing transportation by elevator should make certain the elevator lobby doors are closed while they wait in the elevator lobby for assistance. The two-way communication system should be used if there is a delay of more than several minutes in the arrival of an elevator that will provide transportation to the ground floor.
Alternatively, another refuge area, and assistance with evacuation, is available in the designated exit stair.
a) 避難所(據點) 與電梯用途。 在緊急狀態期間電梯間作為避難所(據點)區域提
供無法使用樓梯避難疏散和需要協助的人集結地點。電梯將採暫停自動服務和改
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
以順利運送至地面層。其它避難所區域可供替代選擇和協助避難疏散, 在預先選 定的出口樓梯是可利用的。
(b) Refuge with Stair Use. An area of refuge within the designated exit stair serves as a staging area for persons needing assistance for their evacuation during an emergency.
Persons unable to use the stairs unassisted, or who wish to move down the stairs at a slower pace, should wait on the stair landing. The two-way communication system should be used if assistance is needed.
Each area of refuge shall be sized to accommodate one wheelchair space of 30 in. x 48 in. (76 cm x 122 cm) for each 200 occupants, or portion thereof, based on the occupant load served by the area of refuge. Such wheelchair spaces shall maintain the width of a means of egress to not less than that required for the occupant load served and to not less than 36 in. (91 cm).
For any area of refuge that does not exceed 1000 ft
2(93 m
2), it shall be demonstrated by calculation or test that tenable conditions are maintained within the area of refuge for a period of 15 minutes when the exposing space on the other side of the separation creating the area of refuge is subjected to the maximum expected fire conditions.
7.2.12.3.2 *任一個避難所的區域面積不得超出 1000 ft
2(93 m
2), 應經由演算或 測試呈現當暴露的空間在最大預期的火災狀況下隔離側所能容忍程度狀況, 在避 難所之內區域維持 15 分鐘期間的設計。
7.2.12.3.3
Access to any designated wheelchair space in an area of refuge shall not be through more than one adjoining wheelchair space.
7.2.12.3.3 在進入避難所區域任一選定的輪椅空間應該不會是通過一相鄰輪椅
空間。
附錄二 NFPA101 摘譯
7.2.12.3.4*
Each area of refuge shall be separated from the remainder of the story by a barrier with not less than a 1-hour fire resistance rating, unless a greater rating is required in other provisions of this Code. Such barriers, and any openings in them, shall minimize air leakage and retard the passage of smoke. Doors in such barriers shall have not less than a 20-minute fire protection rating, unless a greater rating is required in other provisions of this Code, and shall be either self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 7.2.1.8.2. Ducts shall be permitted to penetrate such barriers, unless prohibited in other provisions of this Code, and shall be provided with smoke-actuated dampers or other approved means to resist the transfer of smoke into the area of refuge.
Exception: Existing barriers with a minimum 30-minute fire resistance rating shall be permitted.
Each area of refuge shall be identified by a sign stating the following:
AREA OF REFUGE
The sign shall conform to the requirements of CABO/ANSI A117.1, American National Standard for Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, for such signage and shall display the international symbol of accessibility. Signs also shall be located as follows:
(1) At each door providing access to the area of refuge
(2) At all exits not providing an accessible means of egress, as defined in 3.3.2 (3) Where necessary to indicate clearly the direction to an area of refuge
Signs shall be illuminated as required for exit signs where exit sign illumination is
required.
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
7.2.13 Elevators.
7.2.13.1* General.
An elevator complying with the requirements of Section 9.4 and 7.2.13 shall be permitted to be used as a second means of egress from towers, as defined in 3.3.203, provided that the following criteria are met:
(1) The tower and any attached structure shall be protected throughout by an approved, supervised automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 9.7.
(2) The tower shall be subject to occupancy not to exceed 90 persons.
(3) Primary egress discharges shall be directly to the outside.
(4) No high hazard content areas shall exist in the tower or attached structure.
(5) One hundred percent of the egress capacity shall be provided independent of the elevators.
(6) An evacuation plan shall be implemented, specifically including the elevator, and staff personnel shall be trained in operations and procedures for elevator
emergency use in normal operating mode prior to fire fighter recall.
(7) The tower shall not be used by the general public.
7.2.13 電梯
It is the intent of 7.2.13 that elevators serving as a means of egress serve only
independent towers or the tower portion of any integral structure. For elevators that are used as a component in the means of egress, the elevator lobbies, elevator shaft, and machine room need to be protected from the effects of fire.
A.7.2.13.1
此 7.2.13 目的, 電梯供作為出口單一獨立塔或任何整體建築物結構的部份。該電
梯可被使用作為出口部分, 電梯間、電梯機道, 和機械室需要被保護免受火災時
的影響。
附錄二 NFPA101 摘譯
3.3.203 Tower.
An enclosed independent structure or portion of a building with elevated levels for support of equipment or occupied for observation, control, operation, signaling, or similar limited use where
(1) the elevated levels are provided to allow adequate observation or line-of-sight for personnel or equipment, and
(2) the levels within the tower below the observation level and equipment room for that level are not occupied.
The elevator car shall have a capacity of not less than eight persons.
7.2.13.2.1 電梯車箱應有八人以上容量。
7.2.13.2.2
The elevator lobby shall have a capacity of not less than 50 percent of the occupant load of the area served by the lobby. The capacity shall be calculated by using 3 ft
2(0.28 m
2) per person and shall also include one wheelchair space of 30 in. x 48 in. (76 cm x 122 cm) for each 50 persons, or fraction thereof, of the total occupant load served by that lobby.
On every floor served by the elevator, there shall be an elevator lobby. Barriers forming the elevator lobby shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than 1 hour and shall be arranged as a smoke barrier in accordance with Section 8.3.
7.2.13.3 電梯間。
由電梯所服務之每一樓層, 應有電梯間。屏障形成電梯間應有 1 小時以上的防火
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
Elevator lobby doors shall have a fire protection rating of at least 1 hour. The
transmitted temperature end point shall not exceed 450F(250C) above ambient at the end of 30 minutes of the fire exposure specified in the test method referenced in 8.2.3.2.1(a). Elevator lobby doors shall be self-closing or automatic-closing in accordance with 7.2.1.8.
The elevator lobby doors shall close in response to a signal from a smoke detector located directly outside the elevator lobby adjacent to or on each door opening. Closing of lobby doors in response to a signal from the building fire alarm system shall be permitted. Closing of one elevator lobby door by means of smoke detector or a signal from the building fire alarm system shall result in closing of all elevator lobby doors serving that elevator evacuation system.
Building elements shall be used to restrict water exposure of elevator equipment.
7.2.13.6 * 防水性能
建築物構件應用於限制電梯設備被水曝露。
A.7.2.13.6
One or more of the following approaches can be used to restrict exposure of elevator equipment to water:
(1) A combination of sealed elevator lobby doors, sloped floors, floor drains, and sealed elevator shaft walls is used.
(2) The elevator is mounted on the building exterior that normally operates in the elements, and seals are used on the elevator lobby doors.
(3) The elevator shaft is separated from the building at each floor by an exterior elevator lobby designed to prevent water entry into the elevator shaft.
Information gained from ongoing research concerning waterflow and elevators could
lead to the development of water-resistive or water-protected elevator equipment
specifically for fire applications. Such equipment should be used only with the building
附錄二 NFPA101 摘譯
elements (for example, sealed elevator lobby doors, sloped floors, floor drains) for which it is developed. Further information is available from the NIST publication, Feasibility of Fire Evacuation by Elevators at FAA Control Towers.
A.7.2.13.6 以下一個或更多的方法可使用於限制電梯設備暴露水的狀況:
Elevator equipment, elevator communications, elevator machine room cooling, and elevator controller cooling shall be supplied by both normal and standby power. Wiring for power and control shall be located and properly protected to ensure at least 1 hour of operation in the event of a fire.
7.2.13.7 * 電力和控制配線
電梯設備, 電梯通信, 電梯機械室冷卻, 及電梯控制器冷卻應由正常和預備電力 供應。在火災時電力與控制配線應置於和適當地保護並確保有效至少 1 小時。
A.7.2.13.7
Cooling equipment dedicated to the elevator machine room can be used to minimize requirements for standby power.
A.7.2.13.7
電梯機械室的冷卻設備使用預備電力的要求減至最小。
7.2.13.8* Communications.
Two-way communication systems shall be provided between elevator lobbies and a central control point and between elevator cars and a central control point.
Communications wiring shall be protected to ensure at least 1 hour of operation in the event of fire.
7.2.13.8 * 通信
雙向通信系統應被提供在電梯間和中央控制站室之間以及介於電梯車箱和中央控
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
telephone or intercom. Auditory alarms should be designed so that they do not interfere with people talking on communications systems.
A.7.2.13.8 在電梯間和中央控制室之間的通信可經由電話或對講機。在音聲警報 上應被設計成以不干擾通信系統人與人之間的談話。
7.2.13.9* Elevator Operation.
Elevators shall be provided with fire fighter service in accordance with ASME/ANSI
A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators.7.2.13.9*電梯操作
電梯應提供火災時消防隊員使用並符合 ASME/ANSI A17.1, 電梯和自動扶梯安全法 規規定 。
A.7.2.13.9
Smoke detection in the elevator lobby will result in a Phase I recall of the elevators. The elevators will then be automatically taken out of normal service and will be available to be operated by emergency service personnel.
A.7.2.13.9 在電梯間偵煙型探測器將導致電梯的階段 I 回返指令。然後電梯將自 動地被採取排除正常服務模式, 將由緊急情況服務人員控管。
7.2.13.10 Maintenance.
Where an elevator lobby is served by only one elevator car, the elevator evacuation system shall have a program of scheduled maintenance during times of building shutdown or low building activity. Repairs shall be performed within 24 hours of breakdown.
7.2.13.10 維護
當電梯間只有一台電梯車箱服務時, 在建築物暫停使用或低活動期間的時期, 電 梯避難疏散系統應有定期維護計畫。應在故障之 24 小時內執行維修。
7.2.13.11 Earthquake Protection.
Elevators shall have the capability of orderly shutdowns during earthquakes at locations
where such shutdowns are an option of ASME/ANSI A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators
and Escalators.
附錄二 NFPA101 摘譯
7.10.8.2 Elevator Signs.
Elevators that are a part of a means of egress (see 7.2.13.1) shall have the following signs, with minimum letter height of 5/8 in. (1.6 cm), in every elevator lobby:
(1)* Signs that indicate that the elevator can be used for egress, including any restrictions on use
(2)* Signs that indicate the operational status of elevators 7.10.8.2 電梯標示。
These signs are to be used in place of signs that indicate that elevators are not to be used during fires. Examples of these signs include the following:
In the event of fire, this elevator will be used by the fire department for evacuation of people.
The wording of these signs should reflect human behavior in fires and the control
specifics of the elevator system. Subparagraph 7.10.8.2 addresses signs, but provisions
for notification of the vision impaired need to be considered. For information about
human behavior with respect to elevator evacuation see Groner and Levin, Human
Factors Considerations in the Potential for Using Elevators in Building Emergency
Evacuation Plans? Levin and Groner, Human Behavior Aspects of Staging Areas for
Fire Safety in GSA Buildings? and Levin and Groner, Human Factors Considerations
for the Potential Use of Elevators for Fire Evacuation of FAA Air Traffic Control
Towers. Some examples of messages on signs that could be displayed are shown in
Table A.7.10.8.2(2).
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研究
Elevator Status Message
Normal use Elevator in Service Elevators recalled and
waiting for fire service Please Wait for Fire Department or Use Stairs Elevator out of service Elevator Out of Service
A.7.10.8.2(2) 這些標示字詞應該反應火災時人類行為和電梯系統的具體控制。
7.10.8.2 (2)表明標示, 但是未對視覺障礙者需求的通知內容作規範考量。關於 電梯避難疏散人類行為的資訊參見 Groner 和 Levin, 使用建築物電梯緊急撤離計 劃潛在人為因素考量, 在 GSA 建築物防火安全避難所集結地人類行為方面研究, 以及 對 FAA 空中交通控管塔的火災時避難疏散電梯的潛在使用人為因素考慮。
標示內容例子顯示在表 A.7.10.8.2(2)。
9.4 ELEVATORS, ESCALATORS, AND CONVEYORS
9.4.1* General.
An elevator, other than an elevator in accordance with 7.2.13, shall not be considered a component in a required means of egress but shall be permitted as a component in an accessible means of egress.
9.4 電梯、電動扶梯, 和輸送機 9.4.1 * 通則。
電梯除符合 7.2.13 所述電梯之外, 不應被視為必需的避難出口通道一部分, 但是 將被允許作為一接近的出入口組成。
附錄三 會議紀錄與回應
附錄三: 本計畫歷次重要會議紀錄及回應情形
安全防災組九十四年協辦研究計畫專家諮詢會會議紀錄
協辦研究計畫名稱 運用ㄧ般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性評估研
究
研究計畫執行期程 民國 94 年 3 月至民國 94 年 12 月
專家座談會主題 電梯進行避難管理之可行性
會議時間 民國 94 年 10 月 24 日(星期一)下午 14 :30 分,內政部建築研 究所十三樓會議室
會議紀錄 一、主席報告:
陳建忠組長
1. 感謝各位專家熱心參與本次的座談會，此研究案是由公共安全 白皮書(分工作業可行性)所衍生出來的。
2.此研究案至年底即將告一個段落，是否有後續發展須看主管機 關的需求，再來規劃後續的研究。
3.最後請參與本研究案最多的邱老師來主持報告。
二、報告事項:
協同主持人邱文豐教授簡報
1.本研究案主題著重於「一般電梯及緊急升降機避難管理」 。 2.報告研究進度及研究重點，請參考附件資料。
報告內容 :(略) 三、討論事項:
議題 1.一般客用電梯及緊急用升降機如果強化防災功能條件下，是否 得以全面避難疏散使用？或是因改善經費過高僅以緊急用升 降機提供避難弱者使用為優先原則？
＊營建署建築管理組 :
建議先行考量提供避難弱者使用，尤其為收容無法利用直通樓
梯避難之人員，但收容該類人員的場所，大多依規定無須設置
緊急升降機，故如為既有建築物，可能需要利用一般升降機改
善。至新建築物，兩種方案均可。
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性研究
可適時提供避難使用，並以提供避難弱者為優先，惟如何如何強 化防災功能，應回歸完整防火避難設計下再行討論。
如美國機界工程師協會(ASME)所提出 12 點作法。
＊中華大學建築系 江教授崇誠
運用一般電梯供人員全面疏散避難使用，需評估其可行性及效益 性，如強化電梯防火、防煙、防水、通訊設備等功能，而加強了 這些功能，電梯成本也相對增加，可能比直通樓梯成本高。
議題 2.現行既設之建築物緊急用升降機除消防救災用外，提供避難使 用之看法？
＊營建署建築管理組 :
因緊急升降機原設置目的係供消防救災使用，本署尊重消防單位 之看法。
＊台北市政府消防局 郭恩書 股長
現行既設之建築物緊急用之升降機，因既有之設計，相關安全條 件未能被確保，因此連救災人員均不常使用，更何況供人員避難 使用。
＊中華民國電梯協會 鍾組長聖焜
緊急用升降機必須具備防火、防煙、防水、防滴等功能，但目前 有關電梯安檢方面只著重其一般功能，對其防火、防煙、防水、
防滴等消防功能並沒有一套作業標準來進行檢查。所以當火災發 生時，消防人員對緊急升降機沒有信心，只用來載運消防裝備，
不會去載送人員。
＊中華民國電梯協會 黃主任委員光宇
消防電梯的設置，其主要功能是在火災發生時，第ㄧ時間搶救所 乘坐之工具，且在消防人員尚未到達前，供現場人員即時救火，
其次供老弱婦幼及行動不便者使用。
議題 3.新建高層建築物如採避難性能檢證方案時納入電梯避難之檢
討，該建築物可使用電梯避難為其避難對策之ㄧ？
附錄三 會議紀錄與回應
＊營建署建築管理組 :
採用性能設計計畫書認可方式，原即可申請排除建築技術規則建 築設計施工編有關防火避難之規定，只要其安全性可獲參與評定 之專家學者認可，可同意納入電梯避難之檢討。
＊台北市政府消防局 郭恩書 股長
可依高層建築物升降機設置情形，如採分級、分層、交錯設置者，
應可適時提供內部人員疏散使用，並配合防災中心的控制，及監 視 等條件下可做為其避難策略。
議題 4.運用電梯避難可行性增加，應如何強化民眾宣導教育或配合防 火管理自衛消防編組訓練項目之中？
＊ 營建署建築管理組
建議僅運用於有單一管理單位之建築物。
＊ 台北市政府消防局 郭恩書 股長
因既有建築之升降機設計不一，因此建議就個案依其條件，先行 規劃避難策略，並加強演練，可是為其之避難策略。
三、臨時動議
＊ 中華民國電梯協會 鍾組長聖焜
目前台灣法規規定 10 樓以上必須設緊急用升降機，但是不同廠牌 之升降機有不同的 Key，影響救災時效，建議相關單位能制定法 規統一升降機門的 Key。
＊ 中華民國電梯協會 黃主任委員光宇
目前國內電梯門的設計，應考慮到其防火、防煙及時效問題，建
議相關單位列入改善方案，並制訂防煙門的安檢規範 。
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性研究
附錄三 會議紀錄與回應
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性研究
附錄三 會議紀錄與回應
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性研究
參考書目
一、國內文獻
1、黃楚材：火災中避難行為之研究，中央警官大學研究所碩士論 文，77 年 6 月。
2、電梯用於避難可行性之問題，施志鴻，現代消防，85 年 10 月。
3、沈子勝：避難設計與專題，鼎茂圖書出版公司，85 年。
4、何明錦、林慶元，複合用途建築物避難逃生設施之研究，內政 部建築研究所，87 年 6 月。
5、許宗熙、楊逸詠，建築防災計畫準則及防火避難安全設計規範之 研究，內政部建築研究所，88 年 6 月。
6、葉俊興，超高層建築物消防搶救管理策略之研擬，台北科技大學 土木與防災技術研究所碩論，89 年 6 月。
7、楊艷禾，建築物火災避難安全性能評估方法之研究─以辦公大樓 為例，中央警大消防碩士論文，89 年 6 月。
8、邱文豐、林宜君，防火管理制度自衛消防編組演練與驗證暨相關 問題研究案，內政部建築研究所，88 年 6 月。
9、王鵬智，升降機配置對建築物的防火區劃及避難安全之影響，
電機月刊，90 年 7 月。
10、陳旭景、超高層建築物安全層之設計在避難與搶救功能上之影 響分析，中央警察大學災害防救學報，91 年 9 月。
11、世界貿易中心（WTC）建築物作業研究（中譯本），內政部消 防署，91 年 11 月。
12、黃南淵、許明顯、邱文豐，超高層建築物緊急疏散對策與避難 安全設計研究，內政部建築研究所，91 年 12 月。
13、電梯廳間的消防隔煙安全問題，消防與防災科技雜誌，
93 年 3 月。
參考書目
14、溫渭洲、簡賢文，電梯避難之研究，中央警察大學災害防救學 報，93 年 9 月。
二、外國文獻
1、田中哮義：建築火災安全工學入門，日本建築中心，1993 年。
2、青木義次等，やさしい火災安全計畫，1999 年版，學藝 出版社。
3、崛內三郎, 建築防火，朝倉書店，1994 年版。
4、建設省住宅局建築指導課監修：新．建築防災計畫指針－建築 物防火．避難計畫解說書，日本建築中心，1995 年。
5、日本建築中心，新建築防災計畫指針—建築物防火避難設計計 畫解說明書，日本建築中心，1992。
6、日本建築中心，既有建築物的防火修改指針與解說，日本建築 中心，1992 年版。
7. Fires and Human Behaviour, edited by D.Canter, David Fulton Publishers Ltd, Second Edition, (1990).
8. J Tadahisa and Y Tokiyoshi, 'Experimental Study of Human Behaviour in Smoke filled Corridors', Fire Safety Science
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, Tokyo, June 13-17, Hemisphere Publishing Company, New York, 1989. pp 511-519
9. T M Kisko and R L Francis R.L, 'EVACNET+: A computer program to determine optimal building evacuation plans', Fire Safety Journal, 9, pp.211-220 (1985).
10.K Takahashi, T Tanaka and S Kose, 'An evacuation model for use in
fire safety design of buildings', Fire Safety Science Proceedings of
the Second International Symposium, Tokyo.
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性研究
Second International Symposium, Tokyo, June 13-17, 1988,
Hemisphere Publishing Company, New York, pp 561-570 (1989).
12.R F Fahy, 'EXIT89: An evacuation model for high-rise buildings', Fire Safety Science Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium, pp 815-823, Elsevier, London, (1991) 13.R F Fahy, 'EXIT89: An evacuation model for high-rise
buildings-Recent enhancements and example applications', International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering, Proceedings, pp 332-337, Sep., 10-15, Oriando.
FL.(1995).
14.R F Fahy, 'EXIT89: An evacuation model for high-rise
buildings-Model description and example application', Fire Safety Science Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, pp 657-668, Elsevier, London, (1994)
15. R F Fahy, 'Human Behavior in the World Trade Center Evacuation', Fire Safety Science Proceedings of the Fifth International
Symposium, pp 713-724, Elsevier, London, (1995)
16. R F Fahy, 'New Developments in EXIT89', Thirteenth meeting of the UJNR panel on Fire research and safety, March 13-20, Vol. 1, pp 153-159 ,(1996).
17. John H. Klote, Daniel Alvord, Scot Deal, 'Routine for Analysis of the People Movement Time for Elevator Evacuation' NISTIR 4730, Nov. (1991).
18. John H. Klote, 'A Method for Calculation of Elevator Evacuation Time', J. of Fire Protection Engineering. Vol. 5(3). Pp83-95, (1995).
19. John H. Klote, Elevators As a Means of Fire Escape, U.S.Department of Commerce.NBS, May, 1982.
20.Ai Sekizawa, Shinji Nakahama, etc, Study on Feasibility of Evacuation using Elevators in a High-rise Building, ASME International, 2003.
21.'Study of occupant behaviour following a residential high-rise fire
provides crucial information', Construction Innovation, Vol 4, No.3
參考書目
Spr/Sum 199
22.Guylene Proulx, 'Critical factors in High-rise Evacuations', Fire prevention 291 Jul/Aug. pp. 24-27 ,(1996)
23.Andrzej Nowak, Ted Galambos, 'Making Buildings Safer for People During Hurricanes, Earthquakes, and Fires' ,Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1990.
24.Geoff Craighead, 'High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety, Butterworth -Heinemann, 1996.
25.Vincent P.Robibero, The Role of Distributed Supervisory Function in the Application of Fire and Emergency Evacuation, ASME International, 2003.
26.Jake Pauls, Elevators and Stairs for Evacuation: Comparisons and Combinations, ASME International, 2003.
27.Erica Kuligowski & Richard W. Bukowski, Design of Occupant Egress Systems for Tall Buildings, ASME International, 2003.
28.Bernard M.Levin, Norman E.Groner, Human Factors Considerations for the Potential Use of Elevators for Fire Evacuation of FAA Air Traffic Control Towers, NIST, 1994.
29.Roger E. Howkins, In The Event of Fire Use The Elevator, Elevator World, 2000.
30.’Elevators As Part of A Building Evacuation Scheme’, Elevator World, 1997.
31.Bruce Fraser,Using Elevators for Evacuation During Fire and Other Emergencies: Fire Alarm and Elevator Systems Integration, AMSE International,2003.
32.John H. Klote, 'Analysis of the Life Safety Consequences of Smoke Migration Through Elevator Shafts’ASME International,2003.
33.Guylene Proulx, Evacuation by Elevators: Who Goes First?, National Research Council Canada, 2003.
34.Derek Smith, Lifts Could be Used for Evacuation During
Emergencies! Fact or Fiction, ASME International, 2003.
運用一般電梯及緊急升降機進行避難管理之可行性研究