• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 總結與建議

5.2 建議

依據本研究研究過程的經驗,提出下列五項建議,以供後續研究參考。

1. 本研究於情境分析中僅依過去電價假設一定比例模擬未來趨勢,後續 可考量能源結構改變,例如採用核能或其他能源類型(含補政金額是否 反應在電價中等)分析電價的變化,建立更適當的情境。

2. 目前所建立擴散係數之相關函數,是以電價與太陽光電發電成本變動 對安裝量的影響為優先考量,但未納入費率、人均 GDP 等其他因子,

因此安裝量可能會受更多因子所影響,建議後續可探討更適當的函數。

3. 平均上限費率是依 98 年度補助案例的比例為權重計算,然未來比例會 有所改變,若其他級距(如 1 瓩以上至 10 瓩)的安裝比例增加,則會提 高此平均上限費率,建議國內有公佈更新的統計資料時可納入考量,

唯經詢問,未來所公佈的統計資料可能沒有依級距公佈,建議能源局 能公佈更詳細的數據或計算平均費率,以利於分析。

4. 外部效益僅以綠稅稅額與污染處理成本進行分析,有低估的可能,後 續可考量增加環境損害成本及健康風險等。

5. 本研究中許多重要參數是依現況所採用之估計值,在未來發展變化 下,可進一步調整或增刪參數,使模擬結果更符合真實情況。可依未 來國內電價實際調幅或執行綠稅等修正參數,再採用本研究建立之方 法重新模擬政策情境對補助金額及效益的影響,以作為相關決策或規 劃時之參考。

112

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(附 A)-1

(附 A)-2

電發電系統設置補助;其裝置容量及補助標準準用第二項及前項 規定。

太陽光電發電系統之補助應依年度預算額度辦理,年度預算用罄 時,本局得停止補助之申請。

第十二條 受補助者有下列情形之一者,本局應停止撥付補助款,並得追回 全部或部分已撥付之補助金額:

(一)未能依補助契約完成太陽光電發電系統建造。

(二)設置或使用情形與申請文件所載內容不符,而影響原補助目 的。

(三)未能依補助契約規定,配合展示活動或提供運轉資料,經本 局限期履行,屆期仍未履行。

資料來源:能源局 (100 年)

(附 A)-3

(附 A)-4

表 A.2.1 再生能源電能躉購費率

再生能源類別 電能躉購費率(元/度)

99 年度 100 年度*1 屋頂型 1 瓩以上至 10 瓩太陽光電 11.1883*2 10.3185 屋頂型 10 瓩以上至 100 瓩太陽光電

12.9722

9.1799

屋頂型 100 瓩以上至 500 瓩太陽光電 8.8241

屋頂型 500 瓩以上太陽光電 11.1190 7.9701

地面型 1 瓩以上太陽光電 - 7.3297

1 瓩以上至 10 瓩風力 7.2714 7.3562

10 瓩以上風力 2.3834 2.6138*3

風力發電離岸系統 4.1982 5.5626

川流式水力 2.0615 2.1821

地熱能 5.1838 4.8039

生質能 2.0615 2.1821

廢棄物 2.0879 2.6875

其他 2.0615 2.1821

*1上限費率。

*2基於國內融資體系尚未完備之前,就1瓩以上至10瓩太陽光電設置案另 外提供5萬元/瓩設備補助。

*3

依「台灣電力股份有限公司再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點」第7 條第4 項

規定加裝LVRT(低電壓持續運轉能力設備)者,躉購費率為2.6574元/度。

(附 A)-5

(附 A)-6

曾獲補助金額*1 再生能源類別 電能躉購費率(元/度)

99 年度 100 年度*2

8 萬元

/瓩

1 瓩以上至 10 瓩太陽光電 8.4831 4.6255 10 瓩以上至 100 瓩太陽光電

6.9757

3.4869

100 瓩以上至 500 瓩太陽光電 3.1311

500 瓩以上太陽光電 5.2628 2.2772

地面型 - 2.1821

7 萬元

/瓩

1 瓩以上至 10 瓩太陽光電 9.1099 5.3371 10 瓩以上至 100 瓩太陽光電

7.6026

4.1985

100 瓩以上至 500 瓩太陽光電 3.8427

500 瓩以上太陽光電 5.8897 2.9888

地面型 - 2.3483

*

1

曾獲得補助之金額未列於表內者,其電能躉購費率由經濟部依照補助額度,扣除該 補助額度後,依據上述公式(折現率為 4.25 %、運維比為 0.7 %、年運轉時數為 1200 小時,100 年時改為 1250 小時)計算核定之。

*2上限費率。

(附 A)-7

(附 A)-8

(附 A)-9

(附 A)-10

(附 A)-11

(附 A)-12

(附 A)-13

表 A.6 歷年國際貨幣匯率

country Australia1 France1 Germany1 Italy1 Japan1 Korea1 Spain1 Taiwan2 time AUD$/US$ Euro$/US$ JPY$/US$ KRW$/US$ Euro$/US$ NT$/US$

1993 1.47 0.86 0.85 0.81 111.20 802.67 0.76 26.39 1994 1.37 0.85 0.83 0.83 102.21 803.45 0.81 26.46 1995 1.35 0.76 0.73 0.84 94.06 771.27 0.75 26.49 1996 1.28 0.78 0.77 0.80 108.78 804.45 0.76 27.46 1997 1.35 0.89 0.89 0.88 120.99 951.29 0.88 28.70 1998 1.59 0.90 0.90 0.90 130.91 1401.44 0.90 33.46 1999 1.55 0.94 0.94 0.94 113.91 1188.82 0.94 32.27 2000 1.72 1.09 1.09 1.09 107.77 1130.96 1.09 31.23 2001 1.93 1.12 1.12 1.12 121.53 1290.99 1.12 33.81 2002 1.84 1.06 1.06 1.06 125.39 1251.09 1.06 34.58 2003 1.54 0.89 0.89 0.89 115.93 1191.61 0.89 34.42 2004 1.36 0.81 0.81 0.81 108.19 1145.32 0.81 33.43 2005 1.31 0.80 0.80 0.80 110.22 1024.12 0.80 32.18 2006 1.33 0.80 0.80 0.80 116.30 954.79 0.80 32.53 2007 1.20 0.73 0.73 0.73 117.75 929.26 0.73 32.84 2008 1.19 0.68 0.68 0.68 103.36 1102.05 0.68 31.54 2009 1.28 0.72 0.72 0.72 93.57 1276.86 0.72 33.06 資料來源:1.OECD Statistics (2010);2.主計處 (99 年) 註:原始匯率資料考量各國購買力,略有差異

(附 A)-14

表 A.7 歷年國內生產毛額帄減指數(2009 年=1) country

time Australia1 France1 Germany1 Italy1 Japan1 Korea1 Spain1 United States1 Taiwan2 1993 0.62 0.78 0.85 0.64 1.14 0.61 0.59 0.71 0.95 1994 0.62 0.79 0.87 0.66 1.15 0.66 0.61 0.73 0.97 1995 0.64 0.80 0.89 0.70 1.14 0.71 0.64 0.74 0.99 1996 0.65 0.81 0.89 0.73 1.13 0.75 0.66 0.75 1.02 1997 0.66 0.82 0.90 0.75 1.14 0.78 0.68 0.77 1.05 1998 0.66 0.83 0.90 0.77 1.14 0.83 0.70 0.78 1.09 1999 0.67 0.83 0.90 0.78 1.13 0.83 0.71 0.79 1.07 2000 0.70 0.84 0.90 0.80 1.11 0.83 0.74 0.80 1.07 2001 0.72 0.85 0.91 0.82 1.09 0.86 0.77 0.82 1.06 2002 0.74 0.87 0.92 0.85 1.08 0.89 0.80 0.84 1.06 2003 0.77 0.89 0.93 0.87 1.06 0.91 0.84 0.86 1.05 2004 0.80 0.90 0.94 0.90 1.05 0.93 0.87 0.88 1.05 2005 0.84 0.92 0.95 0.92 1.03 0.93 0.91 0.91 1.04 2006 0.87 0.95 0.95 0.93 1.02 0.93 0.94 0.94 1.02 2007 0.91 0.97 0.97 0.95 1.02 0.94 0.97 0.96 1.02 2008 0.95 0.99 0.98 0.98 1.01 0.97 1.00 0.98 0.99 2009 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 資料來源:1.OECD Statistics (2010);2.主計處 (99 年)

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表 A.8.1 歷年太陽光電系統累積安裝量(MWP) 年份 IEA 主要國家1 台灣2

1993 127.00 -

1994 151.00 -

1995 181.00 -

1996 219.00 -

1997 281.00 -

1998 355.00 -

1999 471.00 -

2000 678.00 0.10 2001 966.00 0.20 2002 1337.00 0.30 2003 1818.00 0.50 2004 2876.00 0.60 2005 4243.00 1.00 2006 5683.00 1.40 2007 8019.00 2.40 2008 14193.00 5.60 2009 20381.00 9.50

2010 - 22.00

2011 - -

資料來源:1.IEA (2010);2.能源局 (100 年)

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表 A.8.2 台灣逐月太陽光電系統累積安裝量(MWP)

資料來源:能源局 (100 年) 月份

年份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2000 - - - 0.10 0.10 2001 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2002 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 2003 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 2004 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 2005 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.00 2006 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.40 2007 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.70 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.40 2008 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 3.20 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.90 3.90 4.00 5.60 2009 5.70 5.70 5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10 6.50 6.60 6.70 7.90 8.00 9.50 2010 11.80 11.90 12.40 13.90 14.70 15.00 16.00 19.00 19.40 19.90 20.50 22.00 2011 23.00 23.30 24.00 - - - -

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表 A.9 各國歷年太陽光電系統固定成本(US$/kWP,2009 年基期) country

time Australia Germany Spain France Italy Japan Korea United States 1993 26,503 13,775 - - - 27,108 - 16,892

1994 - 12,782 - - - 20,156 - 16,543

1995 25,525 12,886 - - - 18,236 - 14,862

1996 - 11,237 - - - 10,505 - 13,258

1997 33,957 8,891 - - - 8,554 - 13,040 1998 28,725 8,072 - - - 7,569 - 12,897 1999 28,907 7,297 - - - 7,721 - 11,442 2000 18,166 6,764 - - - 7,843 - 9,954 2001 15,760 6,304 - - - 6,288 - 8,505 2002 14,619 5,720 - - - 5,746 - 7,761 2003 16,861 6,150 8,256 6,286 8,811 6,030 12,631 7,599 2004 19,288 6,992 - 6,860 8,514 6,685 10,695 7,160 2005 20,109 7,874 - 6,060 8,489 6,381 10,288 7,154 2006 19,333 6,256 7,779 6,628 7,407 6,247 6,568 6,931 2007 20,540 6,772 8,789 7,763 7,902 5,305 9,307 5,711 2008 20,988 6,247 8,588 8,172 7,257 5,152 8,682 6,610 2009 15,600 5,071 5,001 4,862 5,209 5,800 6,200 4,250 資料整理自 IEA (2010)。

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表 A.10 各國歷年太陽光電模組固定成本(US$/WP,2009 年基期) country

time Australia Germany Spain France Italy Japan Korea United States

1993 - 8.23 - - 8.93 7.46 - 5.98

1994 8.19 7.49 - - - 7.92 17.67 5.51 1995 - 7.54 - 21.93 - 7.13 17.14 5.07 1996 9.67 6.55 - - - 5.24 13.64 5.30 1997 - 5.21 - - 6.27 4.73 11.43 5.41 1998 7.66 4.60 - - - 4.37 7.94 5.16 1999 7.71 4.28 - - - 4.66 7.63 4.45 2000 6.61 3.67 - - - 4.55 7.54 4.67 2001 5.73 3.48 - - 4.69 3.62 6.47 4.25 2002 5.12 3.11 - - 4.33 3.43 6.49 3.88 2003 5.90 7.39 4.63 5.32 4.52 3.68 6.45 3.51 2004 7.37 8.31 - 5.49 4.57 3.89 4.30 3.98 2005 7.31 6.56 - 5.66 4.89 3.75 4.81 3.96 2006 7.11 6.12 4.99 5.50 4.58 3.63 4.96 4.00 2007 6.87 5.50 5.27 4.94 4.88 3.64 4.52 3.89 2008 5.72 4.69 4.26 4.71 4.11 4.22 2.94 3.76 2009 3.51 2.78 2.57 2.15 2.64 4.30 1.96 2.03 資料整理自 IEA (2010)。

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(附 A)-20

表A.12 其他執行電能躉購(Feed-in tariffs)類似政策的國家執行內容

Country

(ISO code)

Policy Laws Goals Summary

Spain ESP

Electric Power Act 54

1

(1997)

-  Electric Power Act in 1997 that established an FIT program, which was later modified in 2004 through RD 436/04 to increase support for renewable energy.

 2004 Royal Decree was superseded by the announcement in another Royal Decree of a new feed-in tariff scheme (RD

661/07), due to the very favorable feed-in tariff to rationalize the extraordinary increase of the PV market, and the law was

approved that provides a “Technical Building Code” establishing obligatory requirements to be met by buildings. However, there is a quite less favorable feed-in tariff, and 500 MW cap in 2009 and similar for the next three years by law (RD 1578/08).

Royal Decree 426

1

(2004)

Royal Decree 661

1

(2007)

Royal Decree 1578

2

(2008)

400 MWp from renewable energies by 2010.

2004 Feed-in tariff (euro cents/kWh) 3 2007 Feed-in tariff (euro cents/kWh) 4 2008 Feed-in tariff (euro cents/kWh)2 Kind of installation First 25 years After 25 years Kind of installation First 25 years After 25 years Kind of installation 25 years

< 100 kW 575% of TRM 300% of TRM < 100 kW 44.04 35.23 Roof-top < 20 kW 34

> 100 kW 460% of TRM 240% of TRM 100 kW - 10 MW 41.75 33.40 Roof-top 20 kW - 2 MW 32

TRM: average tariff of reference based on conventional electricity 10 MW - 50 MW 22.97 18.38 Open –Space <10 MW 32

資料整理自 1. Paddock et al., (2009);2. IEA (2010);3.Campoccia et al., (2008);4. Kravetz (2008)。

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Country ( ISO code)

Policy Laws Goals Summary

Austria AUT

green electricity act

“Ökostromgesetz”

(2002) (13 years)

4 % of electricity from eco plants and 9 % from small hydroelectric plants until 2008, and the overall objective of 78.1 % can be reached.

 Feed-in tariffs: Policy changes.

A limit of 15 MWp total installed capacity is stated in the law, and already in 2003 the cap had been reached. After a period of about 3 years with no federal support for PV, Austria’s

parliament passed a revision of the green electricity act in May 2006. However, the grant periods are not the same.

 Direct capital subsidies: Regional level, limited to selected provinces.

revised green

electricity act (2006) (12 years)

10 % of electricity from renewable energies by 2010.

Canada CAN

standard offer program (2006) (20 years)

Ontario’s target of having 2,700 MW from renewable energies by 2010.

 Feed-in tariffs: Only in province of Ontario.

As of the fourth quarter of 2009, the standard offer program was replaced by the act.

 Tax credits: Federal / Province-specific.

green energy act

(2009) (20 years)

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Country ( ISO code)

Policy Laws Goals Summary

France FRA

five year programme (2002)

The share of renewable energies from 15 % in 1997 to 21 % in 2010.

 Feed-in tariffs: National level.

Focus on building integrated photovoltaics.

 Direct capital subsidies: National / Regional level.

 Tax credits:

Applicable for private investors paying income tax.

energy planning act (2005)

(20 years)

21 % of renewable energies in 2020.

Israel ISR

Israel Public Utility Authority –

Electricity, issued its decision on solar rates. (2006) (20 years)

-  Feed-in tariffs: The lack of annual grid-connected system price to analyze.

Specific for installation capacity greater than 100 kWp.

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Country ( ISO code)

Policy Laws Goals Summary

Korea KOR

feed-in tariff program (2002) (15 years)

The share of renewable

energies from 3 % in 2006 to 5

% in 2012.

 Feed-in tariffs:

Specific for installation capacity greater than 3 kWp, and the first phase of this programme ends in October 2006, after which the feed-in tariff will be revised. Since October 2008, the beneficiaries can choose contract periods of 15 years or 20 years.

 Direct capital subsidies: The 100 000 roof-top programmes also played a major role, the Government supports 60 % of total system price for single-family house and 100 % for public rent apartments.

The majority of the increase came from PV power plants supported by the feed-in tariff and 3 kW residential roof-top applications under the 100 000 solar roof programme.

revised feed-in tariff program (2006) (15 years)

revised feed-in tariff program (2008) (15 / 20 years)

4.3 % of renewable energies in 2015.

United States USA

CA Public Utilities Code (2006) (10 / 15 / 20 years)

California’s goal to create 3,000 MWp of new,

solar-produced electricity by 2017.

 Feed-in tariffs: Only in state of California.

 Direct capital subsidies: California Solar Initiative provide capital subsidies.

 Tax credits: National level, 30% for commercial PV.

 PV requirement in RPS: Regional level.

資料整理自 IEA (2010)。

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表 A.13 太陽光電系統的價值與障礙 (a) 價值

Category Description Added

values

Electrical

KWh generated; kW capacity value; peak generation and load matching value; reduction in demand for utility electricity; power in times of emergency; grid support for rural lines; reduced

transmission and distribution losses; improved grid reliability and resilience; voltage control; smoothing load fluctuations; filtering harmonics and reactive power compensation.

Environmental

Significant net energy generator over its lifetime; reduced air emissions of particulates, heavy metals, CO2, NOx, SOx - resulting in lower greenhouse gases, reduced acid rain and lower smog levels;

reduced power station land and water use; reduced impact of urban development; reduced tree clearing for fuel; reduced nuclear safety risks.

Architectural

Substitute building component; multi-function potential for insulation, water proofing, fire protection, wind protection, acoustic control, daylighting, shading, thermal collection and dissipation;

aesthetic appeal through colour, transparency, non-reflective surfaces; reduced embodied energy of the building; reflection of electromagnetic waves; reduced building maintenance and roof replacements.

Socio-Economic New industries, products and markets; local employment for installation and servicing; local choice, resource use and control;

potential for solar breeders; short construction lead-times; modularity improves demand matching; resource diversification; reduced fuel imports; reduced price volatility; deferment of large capital outlays for central generating plant or transmission and distribution line upgrades; urban renewal; rural development; lower externalities (environmental impact, social dislocation, infrastructure

requirements) than fossil fuels and nuclear; reduced fuel transport costs and pollution from fossil fuel use in rural areas; reduced risk of nuclear accidents; symbol for sustainable development and

associated education; potential for international cooperation,

associated education; potential for international cooperation,

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