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Bark Cloth and Austronesian Migration:
Tracking Austronesian Expansion into the Pacific via Phylogeography of Paper Mulberry
Chi-shan Chang*
Abstract
The subject of this study is tapa culture. Through archaeological evidence, fieldwork and phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry, this study explores the history of bark cloth, the culture of tapa’s contemporary appearance and the possible tracks of Austronesian migration. Tapa is a type of cloth made in a non-textile technique. It involves felting and beating the plant`s inner bark to make cloth, and is one of the most reprehensive cultures of Austronesian people. This study investigates the genetic diversity and its change and relationship of the Pacific paper mulberry to infer the possible migration routes of the Austronesian. The DNA sequence variation of the maternally inherited chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer as the molecular markers is used and the 604 sequences of the samples from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceanic islands (including 19 historical herbarium specimens from Near Oceania and Remote Oceania) are collected. The 48 haplotypes of the sequences are detected and haplotype cp-17 is most predominant in both Near Oceania and Remote Oceania. Cp-17 has an unambiguous Taiwanese origin. This matches the “out of Taiwan” hypothesis which suggests Taiwan as the Austronesian homeland. This is the first research suggesting genetic link between Taiwan and one of the Pacific commensal species. It shows the holistic picture of Austronesian expansion and migrations revealed by the phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry.
Through the common and widely distributed plant in Taiwan, the paper mulberry suggests Taiwan as a key location for the Austronesian people`s
* Assistant Research Fellow, National Museum of Prehistory, Taiwan
migration and dispersal.
Keywords: tapa, bark-cloth, paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), phylogeography, Austronesian, “Out of Taiwan” Hypothesis