應用 ICA 於腦波訊號分析

本研究將A、B 實驗中原始腦波訊號進行 ICA，由圖二十三、二十四，本研究發現 原始訊號經ICA 後，某些獨立元件之雜訊十分顯著，如圖二十三之第十、十五獨立元件

與圖二十四之第一、七之獨立元件，而其他獨立元件之訊號則變得雜訊干擾較小，由此 可驗證ICA 在雜訊之分離上的確有其功用。但觀察不同情境交接部分，仍無法藉由肉眼 直接發覺其不同，表示這部份仍須藉由仍須藉由頻譜分析等方式來加以輔助觀測其現 象。

而在圖二十七中本研究發覺當Metal 情境剛開始與 Sonata 整段情境時，其 Alpha 與 Beta 腦波皆呈現上升，表示這部分腦波呈現了明顯不同，受測者注意力集中在 Sonata 上造成Alpha 下降，而 Metal 情境 Alpha 只上升在音樂刺激剛被接受處，可推論是 Metal 本身旋律較為重複，導致受測者對其注意力無法持續太久，造成Alpha 上之現象只在出 現在剛接受音樂刺激。圖二十八顯示出圖二十六第十四個獨立元件於時域上之變化。發 覺在這種情境交錯播放時，十至五十赫茲皆呈現明顯的上升現象。且在Favorite 開始後 三分鐘，十至五十赫茲也是呈現上升之現象。

然而在 ICA 應用於腦波分析上，由於 ICA 後之獨立元件並無順序可區分，也就是說 不同受測者之腦波訊號經過ICA，所得到獨立元件無法互相比對串連，此現象造成本研 究於分析獨立元件上之限制，關於此點限制還有待未來研究加以釐清。

參考文獻

中文文獻

汪彥青、林芳蘭、吳佳慧、張乃文、張初穗、蔡安悌等。《音樂治療—治療心靈的樂音》，

台北：先知，民91,1 月。

Bruce J, Fisch M D.《Fisch And Spehlmann’s EEG Primer》. 01 Nov, 1999 Elsevier Science.

邱安偉，《音樂對大學生腦波及心率變異性的影響》，台北醫學大學醫學研究所，碩士 論文，民93,6 月。

歐陽淑卿，《以音樂欣賞進行音樂治療之行動研究》，國立東華大學教育研究所，碩士 論文，民92,6 月。

英文文獻

Bhattacharya J, Petsche H Universality in the brain while listening to music, Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2001 268: 2423-33.

Bhattacharya J, Petsche H, Pereda E Interdependencies in the spontaneous EEG while listening to music. Int J Psychophysiol,2001 42: 287-301.

Bhattacharya J, Petsche H, Pereda E. Interdependencies in the spontaneous EEG while listening to music. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001 Nov;42(3):287-301.

Bhattacharya J, Petsche H. Universality in the brain while listening to music. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2001 Dec 7;268(1484):2423-33.

Makeig S, Anllo-Vento L, Jung TP, Bell AJ, Sejnowski TJ, Hillyard SA. Independent components of the late positive event-related potential in a visual

Electroencephalographic data. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,1996 8:

145-151.

Fitzgibbon SP, Pope KJ, Mackenzie L, Clark CR, Willoughby JO. Cognitive tasks augment gamma EEG power. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Aug;115(8):1802-9.

Geva AB, Feature extraction and state identification in biomedical signals using hierarchical fuzzy clustering. Med Biol Eng Comput. 1998 Sep;36(5):608-14.

Guess MJ, Wilson SB. Introduction to hierarchical clustering. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Apr;19(2):144-51.

Ikeda S, Toyama K. Independent component analysis for noisy data--MEG data analysis.

Neural Netw. 2000 Dec;13(10):1063-74.

Ikonomidou E, Rehnstrom A, Naesh O. Effect of music on vital signs and postoperative pain.

AORN J. 2004 Aug;80(2):269-74, 277-8.

Iriarte J, Urrestarazu E, Valencia M, Alegre M, Malanda A, Viteri C, Artieda J. Independent component analysis as a tool to eliminate artifacts in EEG: a quantitative study. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Jul-Aug;20(4):249-57.

Ito S, Mitsukura Y, Fukumi M, Akamatsu N, Khosla R. An EEG feature detection system using the neural networks based on genetic algorithms. Japan; Tokushima Univ. 2003 July：

1196- 1200 vol.3

Jackson NA. A survey of music therapy methods and their role in the treatment of early elementary school children with ADHD. J Music Ther. 2003 Winter;40(4):302-23.

Jenkins JS. The Mozart effect. J R Soc Med. 2001 Apr;94(4):170-2. Review. No abstract available

Neural Information Processing Systems,1998 10: 894-900.

Koelsch S, Mulder J Electric brain responses to inappropriate harmonies during listening to expressive music. Clin Neurophysiol, 2002 113: 862-869.

Koelsch S, Mulder J. Electric brain responses to inappropriate harmonies during listening to expressive music. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002 Jun;113(6):862-9.

Makeig S, Bell AJ, Jung TP, and Sejnowski TJ, Independent component analysis of

Makeig S, Westerfield M, Jung T P, Covington J, Townsend J, Sejnowski T J and Courchesne E Independent components of the late positive event-related potential in a visual spatial attention task. J Neuroscience, 199919: 65-80.

McLachlan JC. Music and spatial task performance. Nature. 1993 Dec 9;366(6455):520.

Natarajan K, Acharya U R, Alias F, Tiboleng T, Puthusserypady SK. Nonlinear analysis of EEG signals at different mental states. Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Mar 16;3(1):7.

Rauscher F H, A cognitive basis for the facilitation of spatial-temporal cognition through music instruction. In Verna Brummett (Ed.), Ithaca Conference '96 Music as Intelligence: A Sourcebook 1997; (pp.31-44). Ithaca : Ithaca College Press.

Rauscher FH, Shaw GL, Levine LJ, Wright EL, Dennis WR, Newcomb RL. Music training causes long-term enhancement of preschool children's spatial-temporal reasoning. Neurol Res.

1997 Feb;19(1):2-8.

Sarnthein J, vonStein A, Rappelsberger P, Petsche H, Rauscher FH, Shaw GL. Persistent patterns of brain activity: an EEG coherence study of the positive effect of music on spatial-temporal reasoning. Neurol Res. 1997 Apr;19(2):107-16.

Sidorenko VN, Effects of the Medical Resonance Therapy Music in the complex treatment of epileptic patients. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 2000 Jul-Sep;35(3):212-7.

Tan LP. The effects of background music on quality of sleep in elementary school children. J

Music Ther. 2004 Summer;41(2):128-50.

Thompson WF, Schellenberg EG, Husain G. Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect. Psychol Sci. 2001 May;12(3):248-51

Tran Y, Craig A, Boord P, Craig D. Using independent component analysis to remove artifact from electroencephalographic measured during stuttered speech. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2004 Sep;42(5):627-33.

Wallstrom GL, Kass RE, Miller A, Cohn JF, Fox NA. Automatic correction of ocular artifacts in the EEG: a comparison of regression-based and component-based methods. Int J

Psychophysiol. 2004 Jul;53(2):105-19.

電子資料

The National Association for Music Therapy . Available at:

http://www.musictherapy.org/ Accessed Dec 11, 2004.

British Society for Music Therapy. Available at:

http://www.bsmt.org/ Accessed Dec 11, 2004.

The Mozart Effect. UCB Pharma. Available at:

http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/mozart.html. Accessed Nov 30, 2004.

附錄一、音樂與腦波研究紀錄表

4.

自選音樂名稱：______________________

5.

自選音樂所給予您的感覺：

附錄二、同情境之間各導程下各頻帶能量比較統計P-value 表 T4 0.279670925 0.060872 0.084003 0.157472 0.304687 0.669679 C3 0.416104149 0.053134 0.041087 0.089183 0.251089 0.725587 C4 0.332835106 0.097857 0.045768 0.258619 0.377346 0.947003 Cz 0.364238351 0.062843 0.024948 0.152339 0.229165 0.976546 F3 0.435721245 0.127747 0.038379 0.213655 0.238869 0.8861 F4 0.337101598 0.236943 0.033913 0.440679 0.273708 0.717968 F7 0.835750484 0.142214 0.088076 0.138756 0.18358 0.908141 F8 0.456444752 0.20282 0.054191 0.349509 0.212164 0.73779 Fp1 0.466762494 0.036905 0.051147 0.062533 0.226921 0.603865 Fp2 0.360402983 0.031525 0.036298 0.064623 0.1922 0.683393 Fz 0.380282837 0.171572 0.044357 0.318914 0.299333 0.880123 O1 0.977620142 0.001779 0.09468 0.017477 0.232285 0.05066 O2 0.641436834 0.009974 0.084761 0.06194 0.300049 0.172 P3 0.479368618 0.004047 0.072132 0.0125 0.213212 0.09726 P4 0.319691286 0.01163 0.026809 0.109761 0.314889 0.555828 Pz 0.366771888 0.007491 0.024714 0.04549 0.221372 0.48789 T3 0.918319125 0.0341 0.176435 0.019412 0.217968 0.378599 T4 0.279670925 0.060872 0.084003 0.157472 0.304687 0.669679 T5 0.793357269 0.009401 0.117711 0.018407 0.210164 0.030058 T6 0.91832908 0.008492 0.58678 0.082243 0.668841 0.036601

Beta_Metal T4 0.408976844 0.005892 0.233773 0.086279 0.889154 0.03087 C3 0.540487237 0.015837 0.092406 0.009537 0.012895 0.228179 C4 0.486111414 0.027694 0.216327 0.004737 0.053616 0.321709 Cz 0.605234303 0.017679 0.073031 0.002637 0.013174 0.396958 F3 0.357880939 0.131494 0.375398 0.014209 0.031186 0.293651 F4 0.273407407 0.306048 0.182548 0.043764 0.021174 0.673933 F7 0.413687917 0.038414 0.793868 0.011702 0.22307 0.062006 F8 0.800187512 0.038807 0.787268 0.038474 0.622434 0.053342 Fp1 0.657505902 0.003216 0.129193 0.000231 0.035198 0.041433 Fp2 0.961016659 0.010018 0.199953 0.003495 0.14762 0.062758 Fz 0.439371505 0.039142 0.125801 0.005146 0.014757 0.393286 O1 0.230061873 0.269141 0.749647 0.013678 0.084875 0.451306 O2 0.381463313 0.251004 0.353243 0.094273 0.121042 0.8433 P3 0.672368899 0.004398 0.141342 0.005108 0.030491 0.10204 P4 0.226150799 0.04839 0.12145 0.015249 0.009369 0.428765 Pz 0.454743869 0.124957 0.251017 0.046964 0.045587 0.702073 T3 0.867634844 0.036005 0.99795 0.051205 0.862035 0.040696 T4 0.408976844 0.005892 0.233773 0.086279 0.889154 0.03087 T5 0.587757084 0.016055 0.352422 0.01786 0.141687 0.094033 T6 0.457231122 0.038829 0.384052 0.00981 0.17382 0.261698

Gamma_Metal T4 0.434806746 0.044474 0.983125 0.00232 0.280089 0.008627 C3 0.221509155 0.313142 0.429714 0.001289 0.283461 0.005882 C4 0.224735475 0.938755 0.411986 0.000477 0.259681 0.017012 Cz 0.293753882 0.930725 0.415127 0.000187 0.117068 0.001879 F3 0.13988881 0.921312 0.185795 0.00067 0.969435 0.000437 F4 0.178041666 0.523704 0.363096 0.285888 0.219377 0.654768 F7 0.188850921 0.876377 0.250529 0.005119 0.602673 0.008083 F8 0.150723494 0.937284 0.213596 0.002753 0.925252 0.003759 Fp1 0.328146177 0.874953 0.460961 7.38E-05 0.155113 4.53E-05 Fp2 0.289452616 0.752712 0.345202 0.001168 0.89521 7E-06 Fz 0.281755656 0.953364 0.387726 0.00014 0.173434 0.000818 O1 0.177951384 0.570484 0.338273 0.002481 0.001031 0.132087 O2 0.155691476 0.336421 0.912984 0.000186 0.033985 0.104554 P3 0.342419386 0.718205 0.489613 0.005175 0.144562 0.011771 P4 0.053739739 0.419337 0.950274 0.002149 0.013989 0.318335 Pz 0.245765575 0.178266 0.673354 0.001809 0.05576 0.009997 T3 0.30536857 0.417643 0.280186 0.025976 0.733851 0.020505 T4 0.434806746 0.044474 0.983125 0.00232 0.280089 0.008627 T5 0.367389938 0.056793 0.930315 0.012732 0.087807 0.029765 T6 0.330074274 0.819039 0.93177 0.014631 0.013096 0.561175

Theta_Metal T4 0.092476591 0.186777 0.602816 0.03539 0.21441 0.110527 C3 0.797011076 0.473545 0.448715 0.420826 0.24868 0.95889 C4 0.622018649 0.578988 0.619251 0.455185 0.367559 0.936853 Cz 0.877275676 0.670204 0.636726 0.704107 0.626813 0.90402 F3 0.542449868 0.408882 0.595638 0.263703 0.254317 0.636404 F4 0.438498245 0.86314 0.659318 0.871827 0.355379 0.528782 F7 0.377416287 0.017534 0.936532 0.009369 0.253931 0.008962 F8 0.388896057 0.019025 0.315528 0.008221 0.129965 0.011329 Fp1 0.438506045 0.006397 0.280427 0.003491 0.175916 0.000731 Fp2 0.437280648 0.010464 0.263482 0.005497 0.16342 0.001427 Fz 0.558281897 0.971594 0.532397 0.78712 0.290564 0.647497 O1 0.213046671 0.112892 0.257501 0.081849 0.162864 0.547847 O2 0.523160822 0.059297 0.138016 0.031204 0.059708 0.642094 P3 0.540068515 0.226484 0.4235 0.206254 0.159896 0.294533 P4 0.387021395 0.31661 0.247615 0.178415 0.066348 0.96322 Pz 0.541291948 0.427246 0.29864 0.301947 0.121889 0.73128 T3 0.173175605 0.046369 0.863612 0.024292 0.131746 0.053169 T4 0.092476591 0.186777 0.602816 0.03539 0.21441 0.110527 T5 0.536513473 0.033388 0.124991 0.0237 0.040832 0.096393 T6 0.307858888 0.016727 0.420289 0.012286 0.128959 0.088001