• 沒有找到結果。

第三章 實驗材料及步驟

3.5 拉伸試驗

試片熱處理後,參考ASTM 規範[11]如Fig. 3-10 所示,將試片以铣床加工成 符合單軸拉伸實驗試片的規格,其伸長計原始量測長度(Gage length)為 50.0 mm,

寬度(Width)為 1.2 mm,試片總長(Overall length)為 200mm。實際的拉伸試片如 Fig. 3-11 所示。 用100、240、400、600、800、1000、1200、1500、2000、2500、4000 號砂紙水 磨後,再以0.3μm 之氧化鋁粉進行拋光處理,試片拋光處理流程如下:水拋→乾拋

→氧化鋁粉水拋→水拋→乾拋即可。試片拋光完成之後,可將試片進行腐蝕;腐 蝕溶液為混酸,其內容物及比例為[17]:硝酸(1ml):鹽酸(10ml):水(10ml)即可完 成。腐蝕方法為將混酸放置於加熱板加熱至沸騰,再將試片浸泡於沸騰的混酸中 以最常使用的是截線法(Itercept Procedure)來量測。每張光學顯微鏡所拍攝的金 相圖上以對角線,並繪製由左至右共 9 條直線,線間隔 3 公分,計算截線上所經 過的晶界總數目,再將截線長除以晶界數,計算之數據即為晶粒尺寸,而後將最

高及最低的數據捨去後,平均剩下的7 個數據,所得數據即為本實驗之晶粒尺寸, 序用100、240、400、600、800、1000、1200、1500、2000、2500、4000 號砂紙 水磨後,再以0.3μm 之氧化鋁粉進行拋光處理,試片拋光處理流程如下:水拋→乾 拋→氧化鋁粉水拋→水拋→乾拋即可。試片拋光完成之後,可將試片進行腐蝕;

腐蝕溶液為混酸,其內容物及比例為[17]:硝酸(1ml):鹽酸(10ml):水(10ml)即可 完成。腐蝕方法為將混酸放置於加熱板加熱至沸騰,再將試片浸泡於沸騰的混酸 中約3~5 秒後使用清水清洗乾淨,再使用酒精將試片表面清潔後吹乾,肉眼觀察 試片表面乾淨即可。腐蝕完成後試片,利用 SEM 進行試片微觀組織觀察。實驗 所用的掃描式電子顯微鏡為 Hitachi S3400,如 Fig. 3-12,操作模式在加速電壓 15KV 下觀察,在 SEM 的高解析度及寬廣的景深,可以觀察 430SS 不同冷卻方法 後的析出物之差別,並利用 EDS 測量析出物及晶粒的成分,並比較三種冷卻方 式的成分差異。

Table 3-1 Chemical composition of 430SS in wt%.

C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo 0.0330 0.3640 0.4710 0.0258 0.0013 0.2210 16.2360 0.0240

Cu V Al N Ti Nb B

0.1380 0.1128 0.0019 0.0370 0.0018 0.0040 0.0002

Table 3-2 ASTM and JIS standards of 430SS in wt%.

Standard C Si Mn P S Ni Cr

ASTM ≦0.12 ≦1.00 ≦1.00 ≦0.04 ≦0.03 ≦0.75 16.0~18.0 JIS ≦0.12 ≦0.75 ≦1.00 ≦0.04 ≦0.03 ≦0.60 16.0~18.0

Table 3-3 Specification of Vickers Hardness[16]. The press type Diamond pyramid

Side view

Top view

Press(P) 1-120kgf Formula of HV 1.8542 1:The angular

magnitude is 136°.

2:Press(kgf).

3:The diagonal line of diamond pyramid.

Fig. 3-1 Experimental flow chart.

Fig. 3-2 The process flow of 430SS specimen.

本實驗試片

Fug. 3-4 High temperature furnace.

Fig. 3-5 Heat treatment chart.

Water quenching (164°C/sec) (9840°C/min)

Air cooling (13.5°C/min)

Furnace cooling

(1.5°C/min)

845°C, 240sec

Fig. 3-6 ARL 3460 optical emission spectrometer.

Fig. 3-7 Leco C/S 300 C-S analyzer.

Fig. 3-8 Horiba EMGA- 620W N-O analyzer.

Fig. 3-9 Vickers Hardness testing machine (FV-300).

符號 尺寸(mm)

G-Gage length 50.0 ± 0.1

W-Width 12.5 ± 0.2

T-Thickness Thickness of material

R-Radius of fillet 12.5

L-Overall length 200

A-Length of reduced section 57 B-Length of grip section 50 C-Width of grip section 20

Fig. 3-10 Specification of tensile testing specimen[11].

Fig. 3-11 Photograph of tensile testing specimen.

Fig. 3-12 Zwick Z250 Tensile testing system.

Fig. 3-13 Hitachi S3400 SEM.

第四章 結果與討論

素及成分相同。另外爐冷、空冷及水冷試片之合金成份依序如 Table 4-2(a)、(b) 及(c)所示。比較熱處理前後之合金成份變化,發現所有元素均有小數點下 1~4 位

(1)降伏應力(Yield Stress):

比較降伏應力,爐冷試片為308±2.50 Mpa;空冷試片為 299±2.50 Mpa;水冷

試片為 277±3.65 Mpa。因為水冷試片並沒有明顯的降伏點伸長現象,所以水

(2)降伏點伸長率(Yield point elongation):

比較降伏點伸長率,可明顯看到爐冷試片最高,為1.60±0.25 %;空冷試片次 之,為1.48±0.16 %;水冷試片最低,為 0 %。由於水冷試片在退火完成後的 冷卻時間最短,因此碳化鉻析出物沒有足夠的熱能及時間進行擴散回晶粒的 行為,反之爐冷試片則有最長的在爐時間,有足夠的熱能及時間使碳化鉻進 行擴散回晶粒的行為,因此造成爐冷大於空冷大於水冷的結果。

(3)抗拉強度(Tensile strength):

比較抗拉強度,爐冷試片為465±1.40 Mpa;空冷試片為 460±1.15 Mpa;水冷 試片為459±2.85 Mpa,比較結果並沒有太大的差異。

(4)伸長率(Elongation):

比較伸長率,爐冷試片為 31.7±0.30%,空冷試片為 31.0±0.85%及水冷試片為 31.5±1.2%,比較結果並沒有太大的差異。 ASTM 截線法測量後,爐冷為 13.0±1.05um;空冷為 12.3±1.85um;水冷為 12.5±

試片之晶粒大小比較圖如Fig. 4-10 所示。

4.5 SEM 微觀組織觀察及 EDS 成分鑑定

將三塊試片分別使用本校貴儀中心的Hitachi S3400 SEM,來觀察三塊試片 之微觀組織,可明顯看到三種不同冷卻方式的試片內都有析出物存在於晶界及晶 粒中,爐冷、空冷及水冷之 SEM 圖依序為 Fig. 4-11~Fig. 4-13,數量使用 MA-PRO 軟體計算析出物之面積百分比,計算結果可看出析出物的數量看起來與在爐時間 有關,由於爐冷試片在爐內仍有受到熱能,析出物會持續析出,所以數量會比其 他兩種冷卻方式的試片多,因此爐冷試片之析出物面積百分比最高為 0.923±

0.335%;空冷試片其次為 0.902±0.244%;水冷試片最小為 0.686±0.218%。爐冷、

空冷及水冷試片之面積百分比詳細資料參照 Table 4-6,其面積百分比比較圖如

空冷及水冷試片的晶粒內碳含量依序為 Table 4-9(a)、(b)及(c),並比較晶粒內之 碳含量的多寡,可由Fig. 4-16 得知,爐冷試片之碳含量最高為 8.94wt%;空冷試 片次之為 8.01wt%;水冷試片最低為 6.37wt%,因此水冷試片的降伏點伸長現象 最輕微,降伏點伸長率也最低。

Table 4-1 Chemical composition of 430SS after annealing.

鐵(Fe) 碳(C) 矽(Si) 錳(Mn) 磷(P) 硫(S) 鎳(Ni) 鉻(Cr) Bal. 0.0330 0.3640 0.4710 0.0258 0.0013 0.2210 16.2360 鉬(Mo) 銅(Cu) 釩(V) 鋁(Al) 氮(N) 鈦(Ti) 鈮(Nb) 硼(B) 0.0240 0.1380 0.1128 0.0019 0.0370 0.0018 0.0040 0.0002

Table 4-2(a) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS after furnace cooling.

鐵(Fe) 碳(C) 矽(Si) 錳(Mn) 磷(P) 硫(S) 鎳(Ni) 鉻(Cr) Bal. 0.0350 0.3500 0.4600 0.0240 0.0009 0.2100 16.1800 鉬(Mo) 銅(Cu) 釩(V) 鋁(Al) 氮(N) 鈦(Ti) 鈮(Nb) 硼(B) 0.0200 0.1300 0.1130 0.0020 0.0370 0.0020 0.0040 0.0002

Table 4-2(b) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS after air cooling.

鐵(Fe) 碳(C) 矽(Si) 錳(Mn) 磷(P) 硫(S) 鎳(Ni) 鉻(Cr) Bal. 0.0350 0.3400 0.4500 0.0250 0.0009 0.2100 16.2500 鉬(Mo) 銅(Cu) 釩(V) 鋁(Al) 氮(N) 鈦(Ti) 鈮(Nb) 硼(B) 0.0200 0.1300 0.1120 0.0020 0.0370 0.0020 0.0040 0.0002

Table 4-2(C) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS after water quenching.

鐵(Fe) 碳(C) 矽(Si) 錳(Mn) 磷(P) 硫(S) 鎳(Ni) 鉻(Cr) Bal. 0.0350 0.3500 0.4500 0.0250 0.0009 0.2100 16.2100 鉬(Mo) 銅(Cu) 釩(V) 鋁(Al) 氮(N) 鈦(Ti) 鈮(Nb) 硼(B) 0.0200 0.1300 0.1120 0.0019 0.0370 0.0020 0.0040 0.0002

Table 4-3 Hardness of annealed 430SS after different cooling methods.

Cooling methods Hardness(HV)

Furnace cooling 139±1.0

Air cooling 140±1.0

Water quenching 143±1.5

Table 4-4 Mechanical properties of annealed 430SS after different cooling methods.

Yield Stress

(Mpa) 308±2.50 299±2.50 277±3.65 Yield point elongation

(%) 1.60±0.25 1.48±0.16 0.00±0.00 Tensile strength

(Mpa) 465±1.40 460±1.15 459±2.85 Elongation

(%) 31.7±0.30 31.0±0.85 31.5±1.2

Table 4-5 Grain size of annealed 430SS after different cooling methods.

Cooling methods Grain size (μm) ASTM Grain size No.

Furnace cooling 13.0±1.05 6.96

Air cooling 12.3±1.85 7.09

Water quenching 12.5±1.85 7.10

Table 4-6 Area percentage of annealed 430SS carbides after different cooling methods.

Cooling Methods Area percentage (%) Furnace cooling 0.923±0.335

Air cooling 0.902±0.244 Water quenching 0.686±0.218

Table 4-7 Chemical composition of carbide in 430SS after cool rolling.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 17.18

Cr 54.18

Fe 28.64

Totals 100

Table 4-8(a) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS carbide after furnace cooling.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 11.97

Cr 55.04

Fe 32.99

Totals 100

Table 4-8(b) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS carbide after air cooling.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 13.17

Cr 53.22

Fe 33.61

Totals 100

Table 4-8(c) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS carbides after water quenching.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 19.38

Cr 33.21

Fe 47.41

Totals 100

Table 4-9(a) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS in grain after furnace cooling.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 8.94

Cr 18.54

Fe 72.52

Totals 100

Table 4-9(b) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS in grain after air cooling.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 8.01

Cr 19.43

Fe 72.56

Totals 100

Table 4-9(c) Chemical composition of annealed 430SS in grain after water quenching.

Element Weight percent(wt%)

C 6.37

Cr 20.72

Fe 72.91

Totals 100

Fig. 4-1 Comparison of annealed 430SS hardness after different cooling methods.

Fig. 4-2 Stress-Strain curves of annealed 430SS after different cooling methods (The origin of each curve has been shifted to the right).

Air cooling

Water quenching

Furnace cooling

Fig. 4-3 Comparison of annealed 430SS yield stress.

Fig. 4-5 Comparison of annealed 430SS tensile strength.

Fig. 4-6 Comparison of annealed 430SS elongation to failure after different cooling methods.

Fig. 4-7 OM image of annealed 430SS after furnace cooling (200X).

Fig. 4-8 OM image of annealed 430SS after air cooling (200X).

Fig. 4-9 OM image of annealed 430SS after water quenching (200X).

Fig. 4-10 Comparison of annealed 430SS grain size after different cooling methods.

Fig. 4-11 SEM image of annealed 430SS after furnace cooling.

Carbides

Carbides

Fig. 4-13 SEM image of annealed 430SS after water quenching.

Fig. 4-14 Comparison of annealed 430SS area percentage of carbides after different cooling methods.

Carbides

Fig. 4-15 SEM image of 430SS after cool rolling.

Fig. 4-16 Comparison of carbon content in grain of annealed 430SS after different

Carbides

第五章 結論

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