Appendix Fig. 6. Cultural factors which induce the occurrence of watercore in Japanese pear
‘Hosui’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai).
資料來源(Source)：Sakuma, F. 2003. Studies on the cultural factors which induce the occurrence of watercore in Japanese pear ‘Housui’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). (In Japanese, English summary). Spec. Bull. Ibaraki. Hort. Res. Inst. 2:1-89.
參考文獻
施昭彰。2005。梨產業發展趨勢。梨栽培管理技術研討會專集。pp. 55-114。台中。
柯立祥、翁敏雄、柯定芳、王世昌。1981。香蕉PE套袋藍色深淺對果實日燒、色澤
黃子彬、楊耀祥、李金龍。1984。套袋對巨峰葡萄果實品質之影響。台灣農業。
廖萬正。2005。台灣梨栽培技術發展。梨栽培管理技術研討會專集。pp. 47-52.台中。
劉方梅。2005。梨產業現況與發展策略。梨栽培管理技術研討會專集。pp.1-11.台中。
劉富文。1995。園產品採收後處理及貯藏技術。pp.17-42。台灣省青果運銷合作社。台 北。
劉雲聰、張哲嘉。2005。‘豐水’梨梨蜜症的發生與預防對策。梨栽培管理技術研討會專 集。pp. 193-215。台中。
蔣明南。1986。園藝作物採收後呼吸作用測定方法之研究。中華農學會報。135:34-48。
蔡宜潔。2004。印度棗果實生長發育及貯藏之研究。碩士論文。國立嘉義大學園藝研究 所碩士論文。嘉義。
蔡淑華。1975。植物組織切片技術綱要。P.72。茂昌圖書公司。台北。
蔡淑華。2002。植物解剖學。pp.76-77。世界書局。台北。
鄭西民、韓振海、李紹華。1999。果樹生物學。pp. 102-106。高等教育出版社。北京。
賴幸宜。2004。田間套袋及貯藏對葡萄柚顏色和品質之影響。國立嘉義大學園藝學
pp.122 -125; pp.310-313。養賢堂。東京。
信州大学農学部果樹研究室が制作。2003。遺伝資源 ニホンナシ品種。
Abdi, N., P. Holford, and W. B. McGlasson. 1997. Effects of harvest maturity on the storage life of Japanese type plums. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 37:391-397.
Amarante, C., N. N. Banks, and S. Max. 2002. Effect of preharvest on fruit quality and postharvest physiology of pears (Pyrus communis). N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 30:99-107.
Arakawa, O. 1988. Characteristics of color development in some apple cultivars: Changes in anthocyanin synthesis during maturation as affected by bagging and light quality. J.
Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 57:373-380.
Barden, C. L. and W. J. Bramlage. 1994. Separating the effects of low temperature, ripening, and light on loss of scald susceptibility in apples before harvest. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
119:54-58.
Barritt, B. H., C. R. Rom, K. R. Guelich, S. R. Drake, and M. A. Dilley. 1987. Canopy position and light effects on spur, leaf, and fruit characteristics of ‘Delicious’apple. Hort.
Sci. 22:402-405.
Bentley, W. J. and M. Viveros. 1992. Brown-bagging Granny Smith apples on trees stops coldling moth damage. Calif. Agric. 46: 30-32.
Bible, B. and S. Singha. 1993. Canopy position influence CIELAB coordinates of peach color.
HortScience 28(10):992-993.
Biggs, A. R., M. M. El-Kholi, S. El-Neshawy, and R. Nickerson. 1997. Effects of calcium salts on growth, polygalacturonase activity, and infection of peach fruit by Monilinia fructicola. Plant Dis. 81:399-403.
Bowen, J. H. and C. B.Watkins. 1997. Fruit maturity, carbohydrate and mineral content relationships with watercore in ‘Fuji’ apples. Postharvest. Biol. Technol. 11:31–38.
Campbell, J. 2002. Nashi variety: Hosui.
＜http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/pome-fruits/Hosui.htm＞
Campbell, R. J. and R. P. Marini. 1992. Light environment and time of harvest affect
‘Delicious’apple fruit quality characteristics. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117:551-557.
Chun, J. P., F. Tamura, K. Tanabe and A. Itai. 2003. Physiological and chemical changes associated with watercore development induced by GA in Japanese pear ‘Akibae’ and
‘Housui’. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 72:378-384.
Chun, J. P., Tamura, K. Tanabe, A. Itai, and T. Tabuchi. 2003. Cell wall degradation and structural changes of GA-induced watercore tissues in Japanese pear ‘Akibae’ and
‘Housui’. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 72:488-496.
Conway, W. S. and C. E. Sams. 1987. The effects of postharvest infiltration of calcium, magnesium, or strontium on decay, firmness, respiration, and ethylene production in apples. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112:300-303.
Conway, W. S., C. E. Sams, and A. Arthur. 1994. Enhancing the natural resistance of plant tissues to postharvest disease through calcium applications. HortScience 29:751-754.
Coombe, B. G. 1976. The development of fleshy fruits. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27:
207-228.
Crisosto, C. H. 2004. Asian Pear.＜http//www.ba.ars.usda.gov/h666/03/asian pear＞
Crisosto, C. H., D. Garner, G. M. Crisosto, S. Sibbett, and K. R. Day. 1994. Late harvest and delayed cooling induce internal browning of ‘Ya Li’ and ‘Seuri’ chinese pears.
HortScience 29:667-670.
Crisosto C. H. and J. P. Mitchell. 2002. Preharvest factors affecting fruit and vegetable quality.
p.51. In: Kader, A.A.(Technical Editor). Post-harvest technology of Horticultural Crops.
3rd ed. Univ. of Calif., of Agric. ＆ Nat. Resources, Publication ＃3311.
Crisosto, C. H., F. G. Mitchell, and R. S. Johnson. 1995. Factors in fresh market stone fruit quality. Postharvest News and Information 6:17N-21N.
Crisosto, C. H., R. S Johnson, K. R. Day, and T. D. Jong. 1997. Orchard factors affecting postharvest stone fruit quality. HortScience 32:820-823.
Fan, X. and J. P. Mattheis. 1998. Bagging ‘Fuji’apples during fruit development affects color development and storage quality. HortScience 33:1235-1238.
Faust, M., C. B. Shear, and M. W. Williams. 1969. Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism of apple. Bot. Rev. 35:168-194.
Ferguson, I., R. Volz and A. Woolf. 1999. Preharvest factors affecting physiological disorder of fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 15:255-262.
Forshey, C. G. 1986. Chemical thinning of apples. New York Food and Life Science Bulletin No. 116, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Gemma, H., S. Oomori, S. Sugaya, S. A. Peng and S. Iwahori. 2002. Study on Watercore occurrence in ‘Hosui’ Japanese pear. Acta. Horti. 596:845-848.
Génard, M. and C. Bruchou. 1992. Multivariate analysis of within-tree factors accounting for the variation of peach fruit. Sci. Hortic. 52:37-51.
Gerasopoulos, D. and D. G. Richardson. 1996. Effects of exogenous propylene and fruit calcium on ripening of non-chilled and chilled Anjou pears. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 8:
111–120.
Gerasopoulos, D. and P. D. Drogoudi. 2005. Summer-pruning and preharvest calcium chloride sprays affect storability and low temperature breakdown incidence in kiwifruit.
Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:303-308.
Glenn, G. M., B. W. Poovaiah and H. P. Rasmussen. 1985. Pathway of calcium penetration through isolated cuticles of｀Golden Delicious＇apple fruit. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
110:166-171.
Grossman, Y. L. and T. M. Dejong. 1995. Maximum fruit growth potential following resource limitation during peach growth. Ann. Bot. 75:561-567.
Guzmán, I. L. and D. M. Barrett. 2000. Comparison of calcium chloride and calcium lactate effectiveness in maintaining shelf stability and quality of fresh-cut cantaloupes.
Postharvest Biol. Technol. 19:61-72.
Hofman, P. J., L. G. Smith, D. C. Joyce, G. I. Johnson, and G. F. Meiburg. 1997. Bagging of mango (Mangifera indica cv.‘Keitt’) fruit influences fruit quality and mineral composition. Postharvest Biol.Technol.12:83-91.
Hopkins, W. G. and N. P. Huner. 2004. Introduction to plant physiology. 3rd ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. 602 pp.
Huang, H. and J. Xu. 1983. The development pattern of fruit tissues and their correlateive relationship in Litchi chinensis Sonn. Sci. Hortic. 19:335-342.
Huang, X. M., H. C. Wang, W. Q. Yuan, J. M. Lu, J. H. Yin, S. Luo, and H. B. Huang. 2005.
A study of rapid senescence of detached litchi: roles of water loss and calcium.
Postharvest Biol. Technol. 36:177-189.
Hunter. 1996. Hunter Lab color scale. Insight on color 8:1-4.
＜http://www.hunterlab.com/appnotes/an08_96a.pdf＞
Inomata, Y., S. Murase, M. Nagara, T. Shinokawa, and K. Suzuki. 1993. Relationship between watercore and membrane permeability in the Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv.
Hosui). (In Japanese, English summary) 62:267-275.
Jia H. J., A. Araki, and G. Okamoto. 2006. Influence of fruit bagging on aroma volatiles and skin coloration of ‘Hakuho’ peach (Prunus persica Batsch). Postharvest Biol. Technol.
35:61-68.
Kadar, A. A. 1999. Fruit maturity, ripening, and quality relationships. Acta Horti. 485:
203-208.
Kajiura, I., M. Omura, and I. Shimura. 1981. Determination of the optimum maturity for harvest and the best harvesting index of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder. var. culta) cv. Hosui. (In Japanese, English summary). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. A. 8 :1-12.
Kajiura, I., S. Yamaki, M. Omura and I. Shimura. 1976. Watercore in Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder.var.‘Culta’ Rehder). I. Description of the disorder and its relation of the disorder and its relation of fruit maturity. Sci. Hortic. 4:261-270.
Kajiura M., K. Kanato, Y. Machida, M. Maeda, I. Kozaki, T. Tashiro, O. Kishimoto, and K.
Seike. 1974. New Japanese pear cultivar ‘Hakko’and ‘Hosui’ division of fruit breeding.
(In Japanese, English summary). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. A. 1 :1-12.
Kays, S. J. 1999. Preharvest factors affecting appearance. Postharvest Biol. Technol.
35:61-68.
Kitagawa, H., K. Manabe, and E. B. Esguerra. 1992. Bagging of fruit on the tree to control disease. Acta Horti. 321: 871-875.
Kitamura,T., T. Iwata, T. Fukushima, Y. Furukawa, and T. Ishiguro. 1981. Studies on the maturation-physiology and storage of fruits and vegetables. Π. Respiration and ethylene production in reference to species and cultivars of pear fruit. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci.
49:608-616.
Larsen, F. E., S. S. Higgins, M. E. Patterson, V. K. Jandhyala, and W. Nichols. 1993. Quality, maturity, and storage of Asian pears grown in central Washington. J. Prod. Agric.
6:247-251.
Lee, S. K. and R. E. Young. 1983. Growth measurement as an indication of avocado maturity.
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108:395-397.
Lewallen, K. S. 2000. Effects of light availability and canopy position on peach fruit quality.
Master of science., Dept. of Hort., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ.
Li, B., J. H. Juan, and Z. X. Meng. 2006. Effect of fruit pre-harvest bagging on fruit Quality of peach (Prunus persica Batsch cv. Hujingmilu). J. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol.
32:280-286.
Li, S. H., M. Genard, C. Bussi, J. G. Huguet, R. Habib, J. Besset, and R. Laurent. 2001. Fruit quality and leaf photosynthesis in response to microenvironment modification around individual fruit by covering the fruit with plastic in nectarine and peach trees. J. Hort. Sci.
Bio. 76: 61-69.
Lord, W. J. and R. A. Jr. Damon. 1966. Internal breakdown development in water-core
‘Delicious’ apples during storage. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88:94-97.
Machida Y. 1982. Maps of bloom and harvest date in usual year for Japanese pear (Pyrus
serotina Rehder. var. culta) cultivar ‘Shinsui’, ‘Kosui’and ‘Hosui’. (In Japanese, English
summary) Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Stn. A. 9:25-42.Ma, S. S. and P. M. Chen. 2003. Storage disorder and ripening behavior of ‘Doyenne du Comice’ pears in relation to storage conditions. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 28:281-294.
Manganaris, G. A., M. Vasilakakis, Gr. Diamantidis, and I. Mignani. 2006. Cell wall physicochemical aspects of peach fruit related to internal breakdown symptoms.
Postharvest Biol. Technol. 39:69–74.
Manganaris, G. A., M. Vasilakakis, I. Mignani, G. Diamantidis and K.T. Klonari. 2005. The effect of preharvest calcium sprays on quality attributes, physicochemical aspects of cell wall components and susceptibility to brown rot of peach fruits (Prunus persica L. cv.
Andross). Sci. Hortic.107:43-50.
Marini, R. P. and Trout, J. R. 1984. Sampling procedures for minimising variation in peach fruit quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109:361-364.
Marini, R. P., D. Sowers, and M. C. Marini. 1991. Peach fruit quality is affected by shade during final swell of fruit growth. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116:383-389.
Marlow, G. C. and W. H. Loescher. 1984. Watercore. Hort. Rev. 6:189-251.
Mitcham, E. J. and F. G. Mitchell. 2002. Postharvest handling systems: Pome fruits.
p.333-344, In: A. A. kader.(technical editor) Postharvest technology of horticultural crops. 3rd ed. Univ. of Calif., of Agric. ＆ Nat. Resources, Publication
＃
3311.Monselise, S. P., A. Varga, and J. Bruinsma. 1978. Growth analysis of the tomato fruit,
Lycopersion esculentum Mill. Ann. Bot. 42:1245-1247.
Morris, E. R. 1980. Physical probes of polysaccharide conformationus and interactions. Food
Chem. 6:15-39.
Morris, J. R., W. A. Sistrunk, C. A. Sims, G. L. Main, and E. J. Wehunt. 1985. Effects of cultivar, postharvest storage, preprocessing dip treatments and style of pack on the processing quality of strawberries. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:172-177.
Murray, X. J., D. M. Holcroft, N. C. Cook, and S. J. E. Wand. 2005. Postharvest quality of
‘Laetitia’and ‘Songold’ (Prunus salicina Lindell) plums as affected by preharvest shading treatments. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 37:81-82.
Nakano, M. 1989a. Histological studies and causal factors of the necrotic disorder of berries in ‘Muscat of Alexandria’grape. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 58:289-296.
Nakano, M. 1989b. Characteristics of berry growth during stageⅡ, and the components of
“Speck” disorder in ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ grape. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci.
58(3):529-536.
Naphun, W., K. Kawada, T. Matsui, Y. Yoshida and M. Kusunoki. 1997. Effects of calcium spray on the quality of ‘Nyoho’strawberries grown by peat bag substrate bench culture.
Nat. Sci. 32:9-14.
Nilsson, T. and K. E. Gustavsson. 2007. Postharvest physiology of ‘Aroma’apples in relation to position on the tree. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 43:36-46.
Ning, B., Y. Kubo, A. Inaba, and R. Nakmura. 1997. Softening characteristics of Chinese pear Yali fruit with special relation to change in cell-wall polysaccharides and their degrading enzymes. (In Japanese, English summary) Sci. Rep. Facul. Agr. 86:71-78.
Nordby, H. E. and R. E. McDonald. 1995. Variations in chilling injury and epicuticular wax composition of white grapefruit with canopy position and fruit development during the season. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43:1828-1833.
Noro S., N. Kudo, and T. Kitsuwa. 1989. Difference in sugar and organic acid contents between bagging and unbagging fruits of the yellow apple cultivars, and the effect on development on anthocyanin. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 58:17-24.
Opara, L. U. 2000. Fruit growth measurement and analysis. Hort. Rev. 24:373-419.
Peng, L. T., J. P. Rao, S. Z. Yang, X. L. Ren and J. N. Wang. 2002. Changes in cell wall components and related hydrolytic enzymes in fruit softening. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany. 10(3):271-280.
Picchioni, G. A., A. E. Watada, W. S. Conway, B. D. Whitaker and C. E. Sams. 1995.
Phospholipid, galactolipid, and steryl lipid composition of apple fruit cortical tissue following postharvest CaCl2 infiltration. Phytochemistry 39:763–769.
Qiu, Y., M. S. Nishina, and R. E. Paull. 1995. Papaya fruit growth, calcium uptake, and fruit ripening. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 120(2):246-253.
Sakuma, F. 2003. Studies on the cultural factors which induce the occurrence of watercore in Japanese pear ‘Housui’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). (In Japanese, English summary). Spec.
Bull. Ibaraki Hort. Res. Inst. 2:1-89.
Sakuma, F., S. Katagiri, K. Tahira, T. Umeya and H. Hiyama. 1998. Effects of defoliation and fruit thinning on occurrence of watercore fruit in Japanese pear. (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)
‘Hosui’ (In Japanese, English summary). J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 67:381-385.
Sakuma, F., S. Katagiri, K. Tahira, T. Umeya and H. Hiyama. 2000. Effects of high temperature and/or controlling transpiration by bagging and/or spraying an anti-transpirant on the occurrence of water-core in Japanese pear ‘Hosui’ (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). (In Japanese, English summary). J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 69:283-289.
Shear, C. B. 1975. Calcium-related disorders of fruit and vegetables. HortScience10:361-365.
Shirong, T., X. Hua, C. Qinggang and C. Yufang. 1999. Anatomical and developmental studies on the fruit of Pyrus bretschneideri. Acta Bot. Boreal . Occident. Sin.
19(1):123-126. (In Chinese)
Sites, J .W. and H. J. Reitz. 1949. The variation in Indidual Valencia oranges from different
locations of the tree as a guide to sampling methods and spot-picking for quality. Part I.
Solible solids in the juice. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 54:1-10.
Sites, J .W. and H. J. Reitz. 1950. The variation in indidual ‘Valencia’ oranges from different locations of the tree as a guide to sampling methods and the soluble solids/titratable acid ratio of the juice. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.55:73-80.
Snelgar, W. P., P. J. Manson, and G. Hopkirk. 1991. Effects of overhead shading on fruit size and yield potential of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). J. Hort. Sci. 66: 261-273.
Suzuki, T. S., S. Okamoto and T. Seki. 1973. Effects of macro-meteorological elements and positions in the tree crown on the development of shoots, leaves and fruits of ‘Satsuma’
Mandarin. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 43:201-209.
Syvertsen, J. P. and L.G. Albrigo. 1980. Some effects of grapefruit tree canopy position oj microclimate, water relation, fruit yield, and juice quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
105:454-459.
Tanaka, K., Y. Inomata, S. Kawase, Y. Sekimoto, K. Nagamura and C. Kawakami. 1992. The physiology mechanism of watercore in Japanese pear(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai var. culta Nakai) and its prevention by calcium EDTA. (In Japanese, English summary). J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 61:(1):183-190.
Taylor, M. A., E. Rabe, M. C. Dodd, and G. Jacobs. 1993. Influence of sampling date and position in the tree on mineral nutrients, maturity and gel breakdown in cold stored
‘Songold’ plums. Sci. Hortic. 54:131-141.
Tukey, L. D. 1959. Observation on the russeting of apple growing in plastic bags. Proc. Amer.
Soc. Hort. Sci. 74:30-39.
Tyas, J. A., P. J. Hofman, S. J. R. Underhill, and K. L. Bell. 1998. Fruit canopy position and panicle bagging affects yield and quality of ‘Tai so’ lychee. Sci. Hortic. 72:203-213.
Watada, A. E., R. C. Herner, A. A. Kader, R. J. Romani, and G. L. Staby. 1984. Terminology for the description of developmental stages of horticultural crops. HortScience 19:20-21.
Westwood, M. N. 1961. Seasonal changes in specific gravity and shape of apple pear and peach fruits. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80:91-96.
Westwood, M. N. 1993. Temperature-zone pomology: physiology and culture. 3rd ed., pp.254-280. Timber Press., Oregon.
Westwood, M. N. and L. T. Balney. 1963. Nonclimatic factors affecting the shape of apple fruits. Nature 200:802-803.
Wills, R. H., B. McGlasson, D. Graham, and D. Joyce. 1988. Postharvest-an introduction to the physiology and handling of fruit, vegetables and ornamentals.4th ed. CABI Wallingford, UK. 262pp.
Witney, G. W., M. M. kushad, and J. A. Barden. 1991. Induction of bitter pit in apple. Sci.
Hortic. 47:173-176.
Witney, G. W., P. J. Hofman and B. N. Wolstenholme. 1990. Effect of cultivar, tree vigor and fruit position on calcium accumulation in avocado fruits. Sci. Hortic. 44:269-278.
Woolf, A. B and I.B. Ferguson. 2000. Postharvest responses to high fruit temperatures in the field. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 7:7-20.
Yamaki, S. 1983. Biochemical changes of cell wall elements with fruit development and ripening, and the harvesting and ripening, and the harvesting period in Japanese pear fruit (Pyrus serotina Rehder var. culta Rehder). J. Agric. Res. Q 17:34-40.
Yamaki, S. and I. kajiura. 1983. Change in the polysaccharides of cell wall, their constituent monosaccharides and some cell wall-degrading enzyme activities in the watercore fruit of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder var. culta Rehder). J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci.
52(3):250-255.
Yamaki, S. and T. Moriguchi. 1989. Seasonal Fluctuation of sorbitol-related enzymes and invertase activeities accompanying maturation of Japanese pear(Pyrus serotina Rehder var. culta Rehder) fruit. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 57:602-607.
Yamaki, S., I. kajiura, M. Omura, and K. Matsuda.1976. Watercore in Japanese pear (Pyrus
serotina Rehder var. ‘Culta’ Rehder). Π. Chemical changes in watercored tissue. Sci.
Hortic.4:271-277.