种族歧视公约》) 149
7. 更加全面地参与国际人权机制，特别是特别程序的工作 160
151. 自提交第一次国家报告以来，负责提供报告的工作组未注意到任何涉及国 际人权机制的特别请求。汤加承认，这可能是因为没有一个处理人权问题的中央 机构。汤加将建议内阁指定一个现有的政府机构负责汤加国内的人权问题。
注
1 A/HRC/WG.6/2/TON/1.
2 A/HRC/8/48.
3 A/HRC/DEC/8/130.
4 Cabinet Decision number 45 of 27 January 2012.
5 Final UPR Tonga Program 2012.
6 Recommendation 1 and 2 – Holy See and Switzerland.
7 Constitutional and Electoral Commission Act 2008, Act number 5 of 2008 passed by the Legislative Assembly on 22 July 2008, received Royal Assent on 23 July 2008, and further amended by the Legislative Assembly on 3 November 2008 by Act number 23 of 2008, which received Royal Assent on 6 November 2008 (CEC Act).
8 CEC Act, Schedule 1, clause 1(1).
9 CEC Act, Schedule 2.
10 CEC Act, Schedule 3.
11 CEC Act, ss, 5, 6. 7 and 9.
12 The Commissioners were: the Chairman was the former Tongan Chief Justice Gordon Ward, now Sir Gordon Ward of Turks and Caicos; Hon ‘Alipate Tu’ivanuavou Vaea, as he then was, now Lord Vaea of Houma, Nobles Representative to the Legislative Assembly and Minister of Internal Affairs; Dr Sitiveni Halapua, now Peoples Representative to the Legislative Assembly; Dr ‘Ana Maui Taufe’ulungaki, now Non-Elected Representative to the Legislative Assembly and Hon Minister of Education and Training; and, Sione Fonua, politician and law practitioner of the Supreme Court of Tonga and barrister and solicitor of the High Court of New Zealand.
13 Recommendation 20 – Bangladesh.
14 Recommendation 26 – Algeria.
15 Recommendation 5 – Switzerland, Czech Republic, Canada, Turkey.
16 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Regional Office for the Pacific, A region-wide assessment of laws on the prevention of torture and other ill-treatment of detainees (2009) 3.
17 [2008] Tonga LR 304.
18 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Regional Office for the Pacific, A region-wide assessment of laws on the prevention of torture and other ill-treatment of detainees (2009) 3.
19 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Regional Office for the Pacific, A region-wide assessment of laws on the prevention of torture and other ill-treatment of detainees (2009) 3.
20 Recommendation 4 – Canada.
21 Tonga Police Act 2010, s.100(2).
22 Police v Hala’ufia and ors.
23 Moleni F Taufa, Tonga Prison Department, 23rd Asia and Pacific Conference of Correctional Administrators (29 August 2003)1.
24 Prison Act 2010, s.112 (2).
25 Prisons Act 2010, s 97.
26 Recommendation 31 – Canada.
27 Tonga Aid Programme http://www.aid.govt.nz/where-we-work/pacific/tonga (2012).
28 Recommendation 21 and 22 – France , Canada, Republic of Korea.
29 Tonga Government engages in National Consultation in its commitment to a Freedom of Information Policy (16 February 2012) Ministry of Information and Communication.
30 Tonga Government engages in National Consultation in its commitment to a Freedom of Information Policy (16 February 2012) Ministry of Information and Communication.
31 Final Consultation on new Freedom of Information Policy (19 June 2012).
32 Lord Tu’ivakano wishes to acknowledge World Press Freedom Day www.mic.gov.to (03 April 2011).
33 Lord Tu’ivakano wishes to acknowledge World Press Freedom Day www.mic.gov.to (03 April 2011).
34 Recommendation 28 – Slovenia.
35 United Nations (2011). “Convention and Optional Protocol Signatures and Ratifications”, on the United Nations Enablewebsite, accessed from
www.un.org/disabilities/countries.asp?navid=12&pid=166 on 17 October 2011.
36 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 3.
37 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 4.
38 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 5.
39 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 6.
40 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 13.
41 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 13.
42 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 16.
43 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) – Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 16.
44 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour, 2011 Human Rights Report: Tonga (2011).
45 PRIDE http://rowintonga.blogspot.com/2010/09/pride.html (30 September 2010).
46 Josephine Latu, Season of giving helps out less fortunate (26 December 2010).
47 Recommendation 29 – Republic of Korea.
48 Good Governance Commission Bill explanatory notes (2012) 1.
49 Tonga’s democratic government- one year on www.mic.gov.to (5 December 2011).
50 Recommendation 23 and 24 – Canada, France.
51 51 Paris Principles- s.1 A national institution shall be vested with competence to promote and protect human rights. S.3(a) To submit to the Government, Parliament and any other competent body, on an advisory basis either at the request of the authorities concerned or through the exercise of its power to hear a matter without higher referral, opinions, recommendations, proposals and reports on any matters concerning the promotion and protection of human rights; the national institution may decide to publicize them; these opinions, recommendations, proposals and reports , as well as any
prerogative of the national institution, shall relate to the following areas…
Refer to National Human Rights Institutions- History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities, Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights 27.
52 52 S.3(b) To promote and ensure the harmonization of national legislation, regulations and practices with the international human rights instruments to which the State is a party, and their effective implementation.
53 Graham Leung, National and Regional Institutions for Human Rights (presentation) SPC/RRRT (2011).
54 54 Outcome Statement: Conflict Prevention Workshop for FRSC Officials 2012
http://www.peaceportal.org/articles/-/asset_publisher/9mYE/content/id/129951394 (04 June 2012).
55 Recommendation 10 – Algeria.
56 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7.
57 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7.
58 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7.
59 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 8 The BPFA is an agenda for women’s empowerment. It aims at accelerating the implementation of the Nairobi Forward- looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women and at removing all the obstacles to women’s active participation in all spheres of public and private life through a full and equal share in economic , social, cultural and political decision- making. It sets a 30 per cent target for women at all levels of decision-making.
60 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7 Article 7 with support of Articles 4 & 5 deals with women’s representation in politics and decision-making.
61 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 8 The Commonwealth focuses on four critical concerns (1) Gender, democracy, peace and conflict; (2) Gender, human rights and law (3) Gender, poverty eradication and economic empowerment; (4) Gender and HIV/AIDS. Critical concern 1 reiterates the 30 per cent target for women in decision making by 2015.
62 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 8 For governments to ensure a gender perspective and participation of women in the peace dialogue and decision- making processes of the country.
63 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 9 Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that gender equality is a fundamental principle.
64 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 6.
65 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7 Clear gender commitments are made in Strategic Development 7 – which is linked directly to the Gender and Development Policy.
66 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7.
67 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 7.
68 2nd National Millennium Development Goals Report- Tonga, Ministry of Finance and National Planning (September 2010) 20.
69 Camp GLOW Tonga tour to Parliament www.tonganparliament.gov.to (2012).
70 ‘Ofa Guttenbeil, Advancing Women’s Representation in Tonga (2008) 12.
71 Kingdom of Tonga/ Pule’anga Fakatu’i ‘o Tonga (Female Suffrage 1960) – Independent 1970, Formerly a British Protectorate with total autonomy (11 May 2011) 1.
72 Country Health Information Profile- Tonga (2011) 422.
73 Recommendation 11 – Turkey.
74 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Tonga, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili (June 2012) 43.
75 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Tonga, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili (June 2012) 42.
76 76 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Tonga, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili (June 2012) 42.
77 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Tonga, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili (June 2012) 42.
78 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Tonga, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili (June 2012) 43.
79 Sean Hobbs and Gina Houng Lee, Cover Report: Protecting Women and Children in the Pacific, Countries take action (2012) 6.
80 National Study on Domestic Violence against Women in Tonga, Ma’a Fafine mo e Famili (June 2012) 93.
81 Pacific Islands Forum Reference Group to Address Sexual and Gender Based Violence – Tonga Country Visit Report (9–11March 2011) 1.
82 Pacific Islands Forum Reference Group to Address Sexual and Gender Based Violence – Tonga Country Visit Report (9–11March 2011) 1.
83 Pacific Islands Forum Reference Group to Address Sexual and Gender Based Violence – Tonga Country Visit Report (9–11March 2011) 1.
84 Pacific Islands Forum Reference Group to Address Sexual and Gender Based Violence – Tonga Country Visit Report (9–11 March 2011) 2.
85 PPDVP Annual Report (1 July 2009–30 June 2010) 89.
86 Pacific Islands Forum Reference Group to Address Sexual and Gender Based Violence – Tonga Country Visit Report (9–11 March 2011) 5.
87 Pacific Islands Forum Reference Group to Address Sexual and Gender Based Violence – Tonga Country Visit Report (9–11 March 2011) 6.
88 Sean Hobbs and Gina Houng Lee, Cover Report: Protecting Women and Children in the Pacific, Countries take action (2012) 7.
89 Family Protection Bill 2012.
90 Recommendation 12 – Slovenia.
91 Treva Braun (editor) Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 20.
92 Polotu Fakafanua- Paunga, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Tonga to the UN- Commission on the Status of Women, 56th session, National Statement, New York (02 March 2012).
93 Treva Braun (editor) Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 21.
94 Treva Braun (editor) Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 20.
95 Recommendation 9 – Algeria.
96 Public Service Instructions 2010.
97 2nd National Millennium Development Goals Report: Tonga , Ministry of Finance and National Planning , (September 2010) 15.
98 2nd National Millennium Development Goals Report: Tonga , Ministry of Finance and National Planning , (September 2010) 15.
99 2nd National Millennium Development Goals Report: Tonga , Ministry of Finance and National Planning , (September 2010) 15.
100 Australia presents better opportunity for Tongan labourers , Tonganz.net ( 20 May 2012) 1.
101 Treava Bruan, Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments- Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 17.
102 Treava Bruan, Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments- Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 20.
103 Recommendation 6 and 7 – Israel and Japan.
104 Prime Minister Sevele Don’t Respect Women’s Rights and Threatened by Women Leaders , Tongan Women National Congress (2009) 1.
105 Polotu Fakafanua- Paunga, Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Tonga to the UN- Commission on the Status of Women, 56th session, National Statement, New York (02 March 2012).
106 Pacific Prevention of Domestic Violence Programme : Update of Baseline in-country review- Tonga Report, Prepared for NZ Police by Michael Roguski and Venezia Kingi, Victoria University of Wellington (January 2011) 8.
107 Royal Land Commission Final Report (2012) 54.
108 Royal Land Commission Final Report (2012) 55.
109 Royal Land Commission Final Report (2012) 55.
110 Royal Land Commission Final Report (2012) 55.
111 Royal Land Commission Final Report (2012) 56.
112 Royal Land Commission Final Report (2012) 58.
113 Recommendation 14 – Mexico.
114 Government of Tonga: Ministry of Education, Women’s Affairs & Culture
http://pacific.scoop.co.nz/2012/03/tongan-govtstatement-delivered-at-csw/ (19 March 2012).
115 Commitment to Dialogue between Government and CSO’s http://www.wccctonga.org/news/wccc-update-on-dv-legislationconsultations-21-feb-2012/ (17 February 2012).
116 Commitment to Dialogue between Government and CSO’s http://www.wccctonga.org/news/wccc-update-on-dv-legislationconsultations-21-feb-2012/ (17 February 2012).
117 Recommendation 19 and 20 – Morocco and Bangladesh.
118 CSFT Community Development Workshop, Civil Society Forum of Tonga (2012).
119 Pacific Disability Forum (PDF) and Australia Pacific Islands Disability Support (APIDS) - Capacity Development for Effective and Efficient Disabled Persons Organizations in Pacific Island Countries – Tonga (March 2012) 3.
120 Tonga- Phase 3: Reports on implementation of activities- Racial Discrimination and Minority Rights (2007).
121 Police and Rugby team up in Tonga to tackle domestic violence www.mic.gov.to (8 November 2011).
122 Recommendation 20 – Bangladesh.
123 Peaua Heimuli, Kingdom of Tonga – Report by the Focal Point (2012) 1.
124 Peaua Heimuli, Kingdom of Tonga – Report by the Focal Point (2012) 1.
125 Peaua Heimuli, Kingdom of Tonga – Report by the Focal Point (2012) 1.
126 Treava Bruan, Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 17.
127 Treava Bruan, Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 17.
128 Pacific Education Development Framework- Vision Impairment (PEDF-VI) 2011- 2015.
129 Priscilla Puamau and Frances Pene (editors), Inclusive Education in the Pacific, University of the South Pacific, PRIDE Project 29.
130 Pesi Fonua, Open Schooling gives learners an opportunity to finish education www.matangitonga.to (16 November 2011).
131 131 Recommendation 27– Turkey.
132 Tonga’s Freedom of Information Policy launched (28 June 2012) Tonga Broadcasting Commission.
133 Tonga’s Freedom of Information Policy launched (28 June 2012) Tonga Broadcasting Commission.
134 Legal Aid Bill 2012.
135 His Majesty King George Tupou V: A Monarch for a Time of Change www.mic.gov.to (23 March 2012).
136 Recommendation 18 – Mexico.
137 Press Release – New Zealand supports democratic process in Tonga www.mic.gov.to (11 December 2008).
138 Prince Tungi opens Joint Consultations on Gender Development and Capacities for peace issues www.mic.gov.to (20 August 2012).
139 Joint Country Strategy 2009-2013 in support of Tonga’s Strategic Development Plan 9 2009-2013
(2009) SPC 11.
140 Joint Country Strategy 2009-2013 in support of Tonga’s Strategic Development Plan 9 2009-2013 (2009) SPC 14.
141 Need for regional cyber-security pushed in Nuku’alofa www.mic.gov.to (29 April 2011).
142 Need for regional cyber-security pushed in Nuku’alofa www.mic.gov.to (29 April 2011).
143 Launched: Inspiring- Young Emerging Leaders Programme www.wccc.to (19 March 2010).
144 Tonga MPs attending advocacy forum on child rights and real time sentinel monitoring parliament website. (2012).
145 Recommendation 3, 5, 6 and 7 – Mexico, Brazil, Italy, Switzerland, Turkey, Netherlands, Brazil, Czech Republic, New Zealand, Turkey, United Kingdom, Brazil, Canada, Israel and Japan.
146 Hurights Osaka, Human Rights Education in Asia- Pacific (Volume 2) (2011) 253.
147 Peter Creighton (editor) Pacific Human Rights Law Digest, Volume 3, PHRLD (2011) 46.
148 Treva Braun (editor) Stocktake of the gender mainstreaming capacity of Pacific Island governments – Tonga, Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2012) 21.
149 Recommendation 8 and 17 – Czech Republic and Japan.
150 Tonga: Children’s Rights References in the Universal Periodic Review, Child Rights International Network (14/05/2008)2.
151 Tonga: Children’s Rights References in the Universal Periodic Review, Child Rights International Network (14/05/2008) 3.
152 Tonga’s review in the working group (14 May 2008) – Report by Tiffany Henderson 1.
153 Imrana Jalal and Joni Madrawiwi (Volume 1) Pacific Human Rights Law Digest, Volume 1, PHRLD (2005) 66.
154 Recommendation 13 – New Zealand.
155 Recommendation 16 – Egypt.
156 Recommendation 30 – United Kingdom.
157 Commitment to Dialogue between Government and CSO’s http://www.wccctonga.org/news/wccc-update-on-dv-legislationconsultations-21-feb-2012/ (17 February 2012).
158 Recommendation 15 – Philippines.
159 Pacific Countries share UPR experiences (2012).
160 Recommendation 3 – Mexico.