檢驗報告前處理

在建立醫學詞彙字典前，需要將大量的檢驗報告進行前處理，包括段落切割 以及詞性標記兩部分。

<1> 段落切割

一份腎臟科醫學檢驗報告本身具有段落上的結構性，包括下列八個段落:

(一)主要診斷(Diagnosis)、(二)電子顯微鏡檢查(EM)、(三)電子顯微鏡檢查的狀 況描述(Comment / Narrative)、(四)切片樣本的大小及狀況(Specimen type)、(五) 切片樣本的描述(Gross description)、(六)光學顯微鏡檢查(LM)、(七)染色體檢查 (DIF)、(八)報告結論(Summary)。各個段落的文字描述目的不相同，其各自使用 的字詞頻率也不相同，所以本論文將依照不同的段落建立其對應的段落字典。為 達此目的，需先將檢驗報告內容根據個段落開頭會出現的句型樣式，自動進行段 落的切割，如表 2 所示。經過段落切割後，即可進行下一步驟的詞性標記。

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表 2 檢驗報告段落切割範例 段落切割前

Addendum on 2011-12-07

|1. Kidney, left, echo-guided percutaneous needle core biopsy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4/26) with mild tubular atrophy (up to 5% to 7% in area).

|2. The EM examination pathologic diagnosis:

|Electron microscopic study:

|2 glomeruli were examined ultrastructurally, which show no mesangial

|expansion, cellular proliferation or electron dense deposition. The

|glomerular basement membrane (GBM) show no remarkable change. Diffuse

|effacement of the podocytes foot processes also present.

|Comment:

|The EM findings most consistent with minimal change disease/primary

|focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Further clinical correlation is

|needed.

|#T-71000 #M-53160 0 3267 00CW00

The submitted specimen consists of 2 tissue cores measuring up to 1.5 x 0.1 x 0.1 cm. in size in fresh state.

| Grossly, they are whitish gray and soft. More than 10 glomeruli are visible under dissecting microscope.

| All for sections and prepared for routine serial H&E, PAS/CSM, DIF, and EM studies.

Jar 0.

| Microscopically, the section of renal biopsy contains three completely obsolescent and another 26 non-obsolescent glomeruli revealing minimal glomerular change, except four loci of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4/26, tip regions), with minimal mesangiopathy, indistinct intraglomerular leukocyte infiltration, thin and soft glomerular capillary walls, and no definite crescent formation noted. The tubulointerstitial compartment shows patchy foamy change of tubular epithelium, mild interstitial edema, minimal to focally mild interstitial chronic inflammatory infiltrates, areas of tubular atrophy (up to 5% to 7% in area), indistinct lymphocytic tubulitis, and inconspicuous interstitial fibrosis. The vascular compartment is unremarkable. The PAS and CSM stains delineate foci of focal segmental glomerulslerosis and tubular atrophy, otherwise nothing particular, without significant subendothelial/subepithelial deposit, visceral epithelial proliferation, nor spike formation. The DIF study demonstrates no significant immunodeposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C1q, C4, or fibrinogen. According to the above features, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4/26) with mild tubular atrophy (up to 5%

to 7% in area) in the background of minimal glomerular change is firstly considered.

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段落切割後 主要診斷

(Diagnosis)

Kidney, left, echo-guided percutaneous needle core biopsy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4/26) with mild tubular atrophy (up to 5% to 7% in area).

電子顯微鏡 檢查(EM)

Electron microscopic study: 2 glomeruli were examined ultrastructurally, which show no mesangial expansion, cellular proliferation or electron dense deposition. The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) show no remarkable change. Diffuse effacement of the podocytes foot processes also present.

電子顯微鏡檢 查的狀況描述 (Comment)

Comment: The EM findings most consistent with minimal change disease/primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Further clinical correlation is needed. #T-71000 #M-53160 0 3267 00CW00

切片樣本的 大小及狀況

(Specimen)

The submitted specimen consists of 2 tissue cores measuring up to 1.5 x 0.1 x 0.1 cm. in size in fresh state.

切片樣本的 描述(Gross)

Grossly, they are whitish gray and soft. More than 10 glomeruli are visible under dissecting microscope.

光學顯微鏡 檢查(LM)

Microscopically, the section of renal biopsy contains three completely obsolescent and another 26 non-obsolescent glomeruli revealing minimal glomerular change, except four loci of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4/26, tip regions), with minimal mesangiopathy, indistinct intraglomerular leukocyte infiltration, thin and soft glomerular capillary walls, and no definite crescent formation noted.

The tubulointerstitial compartment shows patchy foamy change of tubular epithelium, mild interstitial edema, minimal to focally mild interstitial chronic inflammatory infiltrates, areas of tubular atrophy (up to 5% to 7% in area), indistinct lymphocytic tubulitis, and inconspicuous interstitial fibrosis. The vascular compartment is unremarkable. The PAS and CSM stains delineate foci of focal segmental glomerulslerosis and tubular atrophy, otherwise nothing particular, without significant subendothelial/subepithelial deposit, visceral epithelial proliferation, nor spike formation.

染色體檢查 (DIF)

The DIF study demonstrates no significant immunodeposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, C1q, C4, or fibrinogen.

報告結論 (Summary)

According to the above features, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4/26) with mild tubular atrophy (up to 5% to 7% in area) in the background of minimal glomerular change is firstly considered.

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<2> 詞性標記

本論文採用史丹佛大學自然語言處理研究小組所研發的 Stanford CoreNLP – Core natural language software(https://stanfordnlp.github.io/CoreNLP)套件軟體[1]，

為段落切割後之內容的每一個字詞標記出詞性。圖 4 所示為一個 Diagnosis 段落 中的內容透過詞性標記處理的結果，NN(名詞)、VBD(動詞過去式)、JJ(形容詞)、

CD(量詞)等代表字詞在該句中的詞性。本論文方法主要分析與探討的詞性標記為 JJ 與 NN，且將 NNS(名詞複數)、VBG(動名詞)、NNP(專有名詞)等歸類為名詞，

將 VBN(過去分詞)、VBD(動詞過去式)、JJR(比較級)等歸類為形容詞。

圖 4 詞性標記結果範例