註 四:林清江，教育社會學，台北:台濟霄店，民國六十一年四月初版，頁一八
O 。
註 五:梁貴秋主編，遠東英漢大辭典，台北:遠東間害公司，民國六十五年二月
，頁三一六。
註 六:中華書局編輯部，辭海，台北:中華書局，民國五十四年，頁一九五五。
註 七:張某鈞主編，中文大辭典，第六冊，台北:中華學術院，民國六十五年十 二月，頁四四八。
詮八:同註六，頁一七二丸。
註 九:同註六，頁二三四四。
註 十:同註六，頁一二五~一二六。
註十一 P • B. Gove, edi tor -in -chi ef, Webst er 1 s Thi rd Interna ti onal Di ctionary, Springfie 肘， Mass. G. & C. Merri am Company , p... 1 i shers
,
1976,
p. 338.註十二 P.l J . Jove ，。ρ cz 人， p.2561.
一 43 一
註十三:林語堂，當代漢英詞典，香港:香港中文大學，一九七二年，頁一~二及 五二五~五二六。
註十四:同詮七，頁九四三。
詮十五:張鐵君，國艾思想概耍，台北:三民書局，民國六十二年四月，頁一四一
。
詮十六 D.T.Hall ， Careers in Organization, Santa Monica, CaL:G ∞d
year Publishing Co., Inc., 1976, p.2.
註十七 E.L. Tol be 肘 ， Counseling 101" Career Develoρment ， Boston .
Hou的 ton Mifflin Company
,
1974,
p.26.詮十八 D.T • HaI 1 ，。ρ.ci 人， p.2.
註十九: E.Goffman, Asylums, N. y':Anchor B ∞恤， 1967 ， p.27.
註二十 C.C.HeaIy ， Career Develoρment ， Boston, Mass: A lI yn 位ld Ba .
con, Inc., 1 982, PP. 1 '""-' 9 •
註二一:語出禮記大學經一章，轉引自謝祖〈瑩等編譯，新譯四書讀求，台北:三民 書局，民國七十年九月，頁一0 。
詮二二 G.I • Swanson, “ Philosophical Bases for Career Education, ìn Career Education
,
ed. J. H. Magìsos Washington,
D.C.:The American Vocational Association, Inc., 1973, PP.41...46.
詮二三 L. Winecoff & J. Lyd旬 ， An lntroducti on to Career E 御 cation_
,
University of South Carolina
,
1978.詮二四 Uníted States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Work in America, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1973.
註二五 D. Michael, “ The Next Twenty Years." in Society and Edu -cat i on, ed. R. J. Ha vighurst ，的. al. Boston: Allyn and Bacoo,
Inc
.,
1 967,
p. 227 •註二六:鄭世興等著，現代教育理論基髓，台北:台灣輔導月刊吐，民國六十年六 月，頁一六~一七。
註二七:同註二六。
註二八 cf J. Dewey, Demacracy and E御 cation ， New York, 1915.
詮二九 Sidney P. Marland, Jr., Career Education:A Proposal 101" Re-lorm, New York:McGraw-HiIl Book Co., 1974, p.4.
詮三十: K.B.H句rt ， An lntroduct ion to Career Educat i 仰， U.S. Office of Educat i on PoI i cy P 句er ，Washington, D. C.: The Off ice , 1974
,
pp.1 -.. 4,
註三一:轉引自吳明振，我國推展生灌教育需要性之研究，台北:師大工業教育研
- 44
-美國事業教 n之採歡及其 N 我國延長以職業教育為主的國民教育之故示
究所，民國六十七年，頁二二 0 。
註三二 Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (台情版，台北:林口間再公司翻印〉
,
1970,
p. 99.註三三 L..A • Parker & P. Ferrir哎 ， Career Cha11[fe, Cambridge, Mass.
Technical Education Research Centers
,
1978,
p.3.註三四 E.L.Herr & S .H. Cramer, Career Guidance through Li!e S 仰n ，
Baston: Little, Brown and Company, 1979,p.35,
註三五 E.L.Herr and R.G. Swails.
“
Theoreti cal and Conceptual Frameworks for Career Education." in Career Education,
註三六:
J.H. Magisos
,
Washington,
D.C. : American Vocational.Assoria 呵tion
,
1973,
p.50.E.L .Herr & S .H. Cramer ，。ρ . Ci 人， p.35.
註三七J. E. AIlen, Comρetence for All as the Goal for Secondary E-ducation.Paper Presented to the Annual Cσnvention of the Na-tional Association of Secondary School Principals
,
Washington , D. C ., F eb. 1 0, 1 970 •註三八 S • P • Marl and
,
Career Educat i on: A Pro戶osal for Reform,
New York: McGraw-HiII Book Co.,
1974,
p.4.註三九 R.N.Evans & E. L • Herr, Foundati ons
01
Vocat i ona 1 Educat i 仰，Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill PubIishing Co., 1978, P.
184
註四十:原見1. L. Boone, Jr. , What is Career Education?轉引自莊謙本 譯，何謂生計教育，見許智偉主編美國生計教育，台北:幼獅文化事業公
司，民國七十一年三月，頁四九~五十。
註四一 K.Hoyt."
Toward a Definition of Career Education. " in Ca_reer Educati 帥， ed. pp.28 -- 29.
詮四二: K. B • Hoyt, op. ci 人， pp.1 -- 4
註四三 K.B.Hoyt. &R.N.Evans, Career Education-What It Is andHow
to 史泣， Salt Lake City, Utah: Olympus Pub Ii shi 嘻 C 丸， 1974
,
p.1.註四四 S.P .Marla祠，
oP.
ci 丸， P ..91.註四五 E.L.Herr & S.H. Cramer, oþ. ci 丸， PP .36 -- 37.
註四六 K.B. Hoyt, R. N. E vans ，。ρ . ci 丸，帥. 5 ~ 6 •
一 45 一
註四十七. L. Wi necoff & 1. Lyd 旬，“ An Introduct ion to Career
Educat-ìon," in The Philosoþhy and Practice 01 Career Educati 帥，
ed. G. Green
,
London,
Kentucky: Guifford-HiII PubJishír穹Co. , 1978, pp.30''-31.
註四十八: T. H. Bell and K. B • Ho)元 ， Ca1'eer Education: The USOE
Per-s戶ective ， Columbus
,
Ohio The Center for Vocational Edu-cation, The Ohio State University, 1974, p.10.註四十九 ExempIary Programs and Services Branch, Dìvision of Voca.
t ionaI ar吋 Technical Education
,
U.S.O.E.Background on the Design,
Deve 10戶ment,
and 1mρ lewentation 01 VocationalEx-emρ lary Project. Washi r蔥ton ， D.C.: The Branch
,
U.S.O.E.1971.
註五十 S.H.Osi pow, Theori es 01 Career Develo戶me俐， New York AppJeton Century Croffs, 1968, preface, P. 祖.
註五十一 S. 1. Zaccaria, Theories 01 Occuþational Choice and Voca-t ional Develoþme衍， Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1970,p.
77
註五十二1. 0. Crìtes, Vocational PSJ叫 ology ， New York: McGraw-HiJI
,
1969,
p.80.註五十三: E.L. ToI be此 ， Counseling 101' Career Develo 戶ment ， Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Co.
,
1974,
p.31.詮五十四 E• L • H e r r, & S • H. C r a me r ，。ρ ci 丸， pp.82 "" 83.
註五十五 A.M.Mitche Il， G.B.Jones and .J.p. Krumboltz, Social Lear n-ing and Career Decision Makn-ing
,
Cranston,
Rhode Island:The CarrolI Press,
1979,
P.ll.註五十六 Ibid. ， pp.19... 49.
註五十七 R• L . G i bson & M. H“Mitchell. Career Guidauce, New York Macmi 11 am Publ i shi ng Co., In丸， 1981, pP.219... 220.
註五十八 :J饒達欽，生濫教育在美國，中學工塾月刊，第十一卷第八期，民國六十
七年八月，頁十一。
註五十九 Flori da Depart ment of Educat i on, Caree1' Educati O
tV:
An Jn-troduction,
TaIJahassee,
Fla: Florida Department of Educa-tìon,
1974,
p.62.註六 十:同註五十八，頁十二 o 註六十一:同註六十。
一 46 一
美關司正主m j'苦之 J來 iJtt 及 JUHx 劉延長以職 ;!K zm 為主的關['i:教育之故示
註六十二 E.L.Herr & S.H.Cramer ，。戶 ci 丸， p.43.
註六十三 C.C.Calhoun & A.V.Finch, Vocational Education:Co前呼ts
and 0ρerations ， Belmont, Cal: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1982
,
pp.1 00... 101.在六十四 E.L.Herr & S.H.Cramer, oP. ci 人， ρ.45.
往六十五 P.
J.
Weagraf f ,“ The Cluster Concept Develapment of Curri-cuTIor MateriaIs for the Public Services Occupation Cluster 費, Journal 01 Research and Develo戶ment in Educat ion
,
S pring,
1974
,
pp.45 ... 54.註六十六:轉引臼周世輔著，國艾思想新論，台北:三民書局，民國六十四年九月
，頁三 00 0
註六十七:行股院經濟建設委只會人力規劃小組，加強工業職業教育與工業發展之 配合，行政院經建會，民國七十年元月，頁五四~七八。
註六十八:郭功雋譯，面對未來:預測廿一世紀的生活，民國七十二年一月廿六日 經濟日報第十一版。
註六十九:崔載陽等，三民主義與各種學術，國安遺教研究會，民國五十七年四月 廿八日，頁四百十一頁。
註七 十:轉 fJ f 日吳宏華，生計教育之質施，載於許智偉主編，美國的生計教育，
台北:幼獅文化事業公司，民國七十一年三月，頁二九七。
- 47 一
'f
he Roots of American Career Education andIt
s Implications.to the Vocational-Oriented Compulsory Educatíon in the Republic of China
Dar -chin Rau
Department of Industrial Education College of Education
[Abstract]
Thisstudy is intended to analyze the roots and practice of career education in the United States of america as well as to explore its implications to the voca-tíonal-oriented compulsory education in the Republic of China.
Career education was advocated by Dr. Marland in 1971. The maín objectives of career education are to integrate vocational education
,
general education and academic education; to extend the academic world into the world of work; and to help individuals beH巳r1ive in work-oricnted society. It is root訊Jiin American work ethic, the phílosophy of
“
change" and“
John Dewey", the rugged individualism, and the loosely united couple of school and work-oriented socíety. The review of literatuæ reveals that there are some similarities of these two societies conceming the current problems in educatìon and manpower development. For this reason some of the followíng principles of career education could positively contribute to the future development of vocational-oriented compulsory education (V-OCE) in the Repub1ic of China.1. Preparations for successful working careers will be a key objective for V-OCE.
2. Every teacher in every course will emphasize whatever that subject matter can contribute to a successful career.
3. Leaming will not be reserved for the classroom, but leaming environ-ments for V-OCE will be identified in the home, community and employing establishments.
4. The provision of a comprehensive vocational or career development program involves active cooperation and participation of both school and
non--
48 一
school personnel.
5. The V-OCE will seek to extend its time horizons from
“
womb to tomb".6. The V-OCE will be designed to be free of bias and stereotype.
7. The V-OCE will foster f1exibility in the attitudes, ski1ls, and knowledge to enable people to cope with the accelerating ch且nge and obsolescence in the field.
In order to implement these ideas, the vocationa1-oriented compu1sory education must be initiated, The current curricula should be revised as needed.
And the cooperation among vocationa1 guidance, vocationa1 traíníng and voca-tiona1 education should be widely enhanced. Furthcrmore, the terminology of career education has to be correctIy translated into Chinese.
~~ 49 c話