當波導製作完成後,接下來將進行波導波導損耗的量測。第一節 為量測的方法及架構,第二節為結果與討論。
第一節 量測方法
1.3μm
0.6328μm
He-Ne
Laser Lens
Lens Lens
Detector Waveguide
Lens G.T. Polarizater
Coupler
圖 4-1-1 量測系統的架設圖。
圖 4-1-1 採用 Cut-back 方式來量測埋藏式高分子波導,其架設如 上圖結構,首先利用 632.8nm 紅光的氦氖雷射將光經由物鏡及極 化器聚焦入射至波導的切面,經微調對準波導元件後,將 632.8nm 紅光的氦氖雷射的光源換成 1300nm 的 LD 光源,其光功率的輸入 端為 Pi 而光檢測器量測波導輸出端的功率則為 Po,波導的傳輸損 耗則定義為: ( ) 10log10( )
i
o P
dB P
Loss =
第二節 量測的結果
我們利用圖 4-1-1 的架構圖,利用極化器針對 TE 及 TM 分別量 測不同的長度為 0.5cm、0.6cm、0.8cm 及 1cm。圖 4-2-1 為量測 TE 的結果,從圖中實線表示所量測出來的結果,虛線為表示斜率關係,
得到每公分傳輸損耗為 0.59dB,而偶合損耗(Coupling Loss)為 2.2dB。
圖 4-2-2 為量測 TM 的結果從圖中得到每公分傳輸損耗為 0.65dB,偶 合損耗為 2.77dB。
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
-2.80 -2.75 -2.70 -2.65 -2.60 -2.55 -2.50
Insertion Loss (dB)
Waveguide (cm)
圖 4-2-1 波導對 TE wave 所量出的損耗結果
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 -3.45
-3.40 -3.35 -3.30 -3.25 -3.20 -3.15 -3.10 -3.05
Insertion Loss (dB)
Waveguide (cm)
圖 4-2-2 波導對 TM wave 所量出的損耗結果
第五章 結論
本論文介紹了埋藏式混高分子波導,包括其理論的模擬和實際的 製作:
在理論的部分,我們利用 BPM-CAD 模擬單模埋藏式混高分子波 導,和其應用光學多模干涉分光器的光場圖以及其 MMI 區間製程上 誤差容忍度:分別為寬 2ìm,長 100ìm。所以在實作上容易達成。
在實驗上,我們已經成功的利用以 PECVD 所成長的 SiO2來製作 出埋藏式混高分子波導,其深為 6µm 及寬為 7µm。量測後,對 TE 波得到 0.59dB/cm 的傳波損耗及 TM 波得到 0.65dB/cm 的傳波損耗。
而插入損耗(Insersion Loss)分別為為 2.2dB 和 2.77dB,會造成損耗較 大的原因,最主要是鏡面(Facet)切開後並不平整,往後須針對其作改 善。
另外,至於溝槽的深度,受到熱蒸鍍系統的限制,目前我們所成 長的保護層,只能使在乾蝕刻後的深度為 6µm,如果以後將保護層材 料換成鎳鉻(Nichrome)合金時,溝槽的深度必可更深,則光場在作傳 輸將有不錯的結果。
參考文獻
1. Hiroshi Nishihara, Masamitsu Haruna, and Toshiaki Suhara : Optical
Integrated Circuits 1987
2. A. G. Rickman, G. T. Reed, and Fereydoon Namavar, “Silicon- on- Insulator optical rib waveguide loss and mode characteristics”, J.
Lightwave Technology, Vol.12, No.10, pp. 1771-1776,1994
3. Schmidt, R.V. and I.P. Kaminow, “Metal–diffused optical waveguides in LiNbO3”, Appl Phys. Lett., vol. 25, pp. 458-460, Oct. 1974.
4. O. Parriaux, J. L. Coutax, A. Girod, G. H. Chartimer and V. Neuman,
“Buried single-mode waveguides in glass”, IEEE trans. On
components, and manufacturing tech., vol. 5, pp. 209-211, June
1982.5. R.A.Steinberg, T.G.Giallorenzi, R. G.Priest, “Polarization insensitive integrated-optical switches: a new electrode design”, Appl. Opt., vol 16 ,Aug. 1977.
6. A. Morand, C. Sanchez-Perez, P. Benech, S. Tedjini, D. Bose,
“Integrated optical waveguide polarizer on glass with a birefringent polymer overlay” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1998, vol.10 Issue: 11, pp. 1599 –1601.
7. W.E. Martin, “ A new waveguide switch/modulator for integrated optics”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 26, pp. 562-564, May 1975.
8. M.H. Lee, H.J. Lee, S.G. Han, H.Y. Kim, K.H. Kim, Y.H. Won, S.Y.
Kang, “Fabrication and characterization of and electro-optic polymer waveguide modulator for photonic applications”, Thin Solid Films, vol. 303, pp. 287-291 June 1996.
9. Y. Bourbin, A. Enard, R. Blondeau, M. Razeghi, D. Rondi, M.
Papuchon, B. De Cremoux, “Electro-optical modulators using novel buried waveguides in GaInAsP/InP material. ”Electronics Letters,
Volume: 24 Issue: 4 , 18 Feb. 1988, Page(s): 221 –223.
10. Mikami, O. and S. Zembutsu, “Coupling-length adjustment for and optical directional coupler as a 2×2 switch”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol.
35, pp.2321-2325,Dec. 1981.
11. Rics, R.R., J.D. Zino, D.A. Bryan, E.A. Dalke and W.R. Reed,
“Multiwavelength monolithic integrated fiber-optic terminal”, Proc.
Soc. Photo-Optical Instr. Eng., vol. 176, pp. 133,1979.
12. Takada, K.; Abe, M.; Hida, Y.; Shibata, T.; Ishii, M.; Himeno, A.;
Okamoto, K. “Fabrication of 2 GHz-spaced 16-channel arrayed-waveguide grating demultiplexer for optical frequency monitoring applications.” Electronics Letters, Volume: 36 Issue: 19, 14 Sept. 2000 Page(s): 1643 –1644.
13. T. Fujino, K. Sasaki and K. Marumoto, “X-ray mask fabrication process using Cr mask and ITO stopper in the dry etch of W absorber”, Jpn. J. Appl.
Phys., vol. 31, pp. 4086-4090, Dec. 1992.
14. R. Hsial and J. Carr,”Si/SiO2 etching in high density SF6/CHF3/O2 plasma”, Materials science and Engineering B, pp. 63-77,1998.
15. J. Kobayashi, T. Matsuura, S. Sasaki, and Maruno, “Single- mode optical waveguides fabricated from fluorinated polyimides”, Appl.
Optics, vol. 37,pp.1032-1037, 1998.
16. A. J. McLaughin, J. R. Bonar, M. G. Jubber and P. V. S. Marques,
“Deep, vertical etching of flame hydrolysis deposited hi-silica glass films for optoelectronic and bioelectronic applications”. J. Vac. Sci.
Techno. B(16)4, pp. 1860-1863, Jul 1998.
17. P.B. Chinoy, J. Tajadod, “Processing and microwave characterization of multilevel interconnects using benzocyclobutene dielectric .”
Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, IEEE
Transactions on [see also IEEE Trans. on Components, Packaging,
7 , Nov. 1993 , Page(s): 714 –719.
18. R.J. Shul, C.T. Sullivan and G.B. McClellan, “ Anisotropic ECR etching of benzocyclobutene ”, Electronics Letters, vol. 31 No.22 pp.
1919-1921, Oct. 1995.
19. M.A. Fardad and M. Fallahi, “ Sol-Gel Multimode Interference Power Splitters.” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 11 NO.6 pp. 697-700, Jun. 1999.
20. M. D. Feit and J. A. Fleck, Jr., “Computation of mode properties in optical fiber waveguides by a propagating beam method”, Applied
Optics, Vol.19, No.7, pp. 1154-1164, 1980.
21. W. P. Huang, Member, IEEE, and C.L. Xu, “Simulation of three-dimention optical wave guides by a Full-Vector Beam Propagation Method.” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 29 NO. 10 pp. 2639-2649, Oct. 1993.
22. 莊淑雯, “ 建構在玻璃上埋藏式高分子波導”,中山大學光電所碩 士論文,2000。