第一章、 前言
第四節、 研究動機與目的
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間對環境造成影響,因此本實驗將 No-2 經過滅菌後,並探討是否有對植物有促 進生長及對生物與非生物逆境是否有影響。
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glucose, 0.5% Sodium Acetate, 0.02% Magnesium Sulfate, 0.005% Manganese Sulfate, 0.2% dipotassium Phosphate) 培養基發酵乳酸菌 (L. paracasei),去除活
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菌體後,所剩下之基質為原液。Heat-No-2 製備則是將 No-2 經由高壓滅菌釜 121
℃ 1.25 atm 5 分鐘。
三.
細菌材料與培養條件根 圈 有 益 微 生 物 芽 孢 桿 菌 分 別 為 B. thuringiensis (HS1) 與 B.
amyloliquefaciens (HS3)分離自台東縣台 11 線,利用 16S rRMA 引子鑑定,產物 大小 800 bp,經由基龍米克斯公司解序後,利用美國國家級生物資訊中心 (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) 資料庫作序列比對,由此確 認細菌名稱。土壤病原菌青枯病菌 R. solanacearum (Rd4)。上述菌株皆培養於液 態培養基中 (Nutrient Broth pH 7.0, NB) (ST-Bio, Taiwan),在全黑暗中培養於 28 °C,
震盪轉速 150 rpm 的培養基中生長。
14 離子、107 CFU/mL 的 B. thuringiensis , HS1 與 B. amyloliquefaciens , HS3),每 42 天處理一次。番荔枝繁殖組織部分則是將番荔枝果實分為小於 2 公分、2~5 公分 間及大於 5 公分進行計算。
二.
植株病害接種15
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四.
即時聚合酶鏈鎖反應 (Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, Q-RT –PCR)收取番茄葉部組織,利用總量 RNA 迷你詴劑 (Tissue Total RNA Mini Kit) (Favorgen, Taiwan) 抽取植物組織總量 RNA,經由 MMLV Reverse Transcription kit (Protech, Taiwan) 將 1 μg RNA 反轉錄成 cDNA,再加入 1 μL 10 mM Q-正反引子 (Blossom, Taiwan) (附錄 1)、2 μL 10X PCR 緩衝液、1 μL 2.5 mM dNTP、0.1 μL 5 units/μl Pro Taq DNA polymerase、10μl 2X super SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, US) 與無菌水體積填補至 20 μL,以 Quantitative real-time PCR StepOne 儀器 (附錄 3) 進行 Q-RT-PCR,將 LeEFlα 基因的 RNA 放大到最 高螢光數量的循環數作為分母,與待測基因的 RNA 放大到最高螢光數量的循環 數作為分子,由兩者所獲得循環數比值作為相對值的數據。
五.
植株體內過氧化氫含量檢測17 {[(X410-0.0011)/0.0004]*1.5}/重量(mg) 換算過氧化氫含量。
六.
過氧化氫酶檢測18
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十.
統計方法經由 SPSS 12.0 統計軟體,單因子變異數分析,(One way analysis of , ANOVA),假設相同變異數 Duncan 氏,顯著水準 p <0.05 。比較平均數經由 Microsoft Excel 2013 計算所得。
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21 物根部及增加其族群數量,本實驗利用兩株土壤有益微生物 B. thuringiensis (HS1) 與 B. amyloliquefaciens (HS3),探討這兩株微生物在處理 No-2 土壤環境中在番 茄根部的殘存能力。實驗結果顯示,在水處理組別,B. thuringiensis (HS1) 的菌 數量在第 1 天為 106 CFU/g root 到了 9 天後菌數降了 100 倍,然而在處理了 No-2
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1 天後發現能提高根部 HS1 10 倍的族群數量而在 9 天後菌數下降了 10 倍,但相 較於水處理組菌數高了 100 倍,並且 HS1 的族群數量能維持到 30 天後。而處理 Heat-No-2 的組別,在 1 天後 HS1 族群數量相較水處理組多了 8 倍,而在 9 天後 菌數下降 9 倍但是相較於水處理組則是多了 100 倍,並且能維持至 30 天後 (圖 5A)。此外,本實驗也詴驗了另一株 Bacillus 屬細菌 B. amyloliquefaciens (HS3)。
實驗結果顯示,在水處理組別 HS3 的菌數量在第 1 天為 107 CFU/g root,到了 5
綜合上述實驗,處理 10% No-2 能增加 B. thuringiensis (HS1)在根部族群數量 並且維持至 30 天,但在 B. amyloliquefaciens (HS3)部分只有維持細菌族群量的功 能,而 10% Heat-No-2 能增加 B. thuringiensis (HS1) 及 B. amyloliquefaciens (HS3) 在番茄根部族群數量,此外也能維持至 30 天。
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27 Heat-No-2 處理的番茄會增加 C. gloeosporioides (SA 1-36-2 )的抵抗能力。
此外,為了確定提升對抗 C. gloeosporioides (SA 1-36-2 )的效果不侷限於番茄,
因此本研究將 No-2 處理於番荔枝苗根部,7 天處理一次每株處理 1 L。於處理 5 次後進行孢子接種詴驗(106 spore/mL 分生孢子懸浮液, 含有 10 mM MgSO4 和
28 C. gloeosporioides (SA 1-36-2 )的抵抗能力不局限於番茄,在番荔枝也有一樣的效 果。
在前人研究乳酸菌也具有抑制真菌生長的能力,因此本研究將 No-2 與 Heat-No-2 混合 C. gloeosporioides (SA 1-36-2) 106 spore/mL 分生孢子懸浮液(含有 10 mM MgSO4 和 1/5 PDB) 點於 water agar 中於 6 小時後利用顯微鏡計算分生孢 子發芽率。結果顯示 Mock 組在 6 小時後已經有 98 ± 1.22%的發芽率,在 No-2 組的發芽率有 85.5 ± 1.3% (圖 15)。這個結果顯示 No-2 處理抑制 C. gloeosporioides (SA 1-36-2 ) 的分生孢子發芽。
第六節、
乳酸菌 L. paracasei 發酵液對番茄植株 SA 抗性基因表現及抵抗 Pst DC3000、Pst DC3000 avrRpt2 及青枯菌能力一.
乳酸菌 L. paracasei 發酵液增加番茄 PR1 的表現量過去研究顯示植株體內的 ROS 除了誘導 JA 路徑也會同時開啟 SA 抗病路徑。
本研究為了確認處理 No-2 是否再啟動 JA 抗病路徑之外也同時也開啟 SA 路徑,
利用 Q-RT-PCR 檢測 SA 路徑標記基因 LePR1。在 Q-RT-PCR 的檢測結果顯示,
29 的感染。所以本實驗特別使用 Pst DC3000 與 Pst DC3000 avrRpt2 接種處理 No-2 與 Heat-No-2 番茄植株,來檢驗 No-2 與 Heat-No-2 處理對於植物面對 Pst DC3000
在過去的研究顯示,如果將來自 P. syringae JL1065 的這段 avrRpt2 不會被番 茄辨識到的基因轉進 Pst DC3000,能增加 Pst DC3000 對番茄的感染。所以本實 驗使用 Pst DC3000 avrRpt2 接種處理 No-2 與 Heat-No-2 番茄植株,來檢驗 No-2
30
與 Heat-No-2 處理對於植物面對有較好感染番茄能力的 Pst DC3000 avrRpt2 時是 否有影響。實驗中將番茄植株培養於植物房 40 天,移植至溫室。一周後處理
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32
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植物乙烯合成的抑制 (Richardson et. al., 2009; Idris et. al. 2007; Gutierrez-Manero et al. 2001)。在本研究中乳酸菌發酵液能促進多個物種植物生長,在 Shrestha 等 人的 (2014) 研究中,三株乳酸菌具有產生 IAA 的能力,除了乳酸菌之外,前人 也報導多株 PGPR 能藉由產生 IAA 促進多種作物在營養生長期的生長,例如 A.
brasilense、B. japonicum、B. subtilis、P. putida、Klebsiella pneumonia、P. polymyxa、
R. strain MRP1、P. aeruginosa 與 P. synxantha 能產生 IAA 促進大豆、小麥、豌豆、
辣椒、番茄、玉米、萵苣、秓葵與莧菜 (Cassan et al., 2009; Sharma et al., 2011;
Sachdev et al., 2009; Ahemad & Khan 2011i ; Ahemad & Khan 2010 ; Ahemad &
Khan 2009; Phi et al., 2010; Zaidi et al., 200; Adesemoye et al., 2008),除了 IAA 之 外,PGPR 能藉由其他植物激素來幫助植物生長,例如植物生長舉例來說 P.
polymyxa、P. fluorescens、R. leguminosarum 產生 Cytokinin 來幫助小麥、大豆、
油菜與萵苣生長 (Timmusk et al., 1999; Garcia de Salamone et al., 2001; Noel et al.,
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1996)。B. pumilus 與 B. licheniformis 產生 GA 幫助植物的生長 (Gutierrez-Manero et. al. 2001)。在繁殖組部分 A. amazonense 藉由產生 IAA 增加水稻 (Oryza sativa L.) 稻穗數目與加快成熟 (Rodrigues et al., 2008)。藉由上述的例子 No-2 可能含 有植物激素促進植物生長並且能促進多種作物的能力。
除了產生植物激素外,前人研究顯示 PGPR 能增加植物的離子,例如 B.
pumilus 與 P. pseudoalcaligenes 也有促進水稻 N、P、K、Na 及 Ca 吸收 (Jha &
Subramanian., 2013)。因此,本實驗在處理 No-2 後檢測番茄葉片檢測葉片中 Ca2+
含量是否有提升。結果顯示,在處理 10% No-2 後發現會降低影響番茄葉片的 Ca2+ 與 Heat-No-2 能增加 B. thuringiensis (HS1) 及 B. amyloliquefaciens (HS3) 在番茄 根部族群數量。這結果跟 Anjum 等人 (2007) 結果相同。因此推測 No-2 也可能
35
Chinnusamy, et al., 2007)。前人研究發現,PGPR 能提升植株體內過氧化氫酶活 性已調控 ROS 含量,保護植株不受損傷 (El-Daim et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2012)。
36 (Niu et al., 2011),JA 誘導基因,包括 LeOPR3、LeJAZ1 和 LeCOI1 的表達。這 些結果表明 SA 和 JA 依賴途徑可能乳酸菌 L. paracasei 發酵液誘導番茄中的系 幫助植株抵抗 C. gloeosporioides (SA 1-36-2 ),此外本研究也發現 No-2 具有抑制 真菌孢子發芽能力,這結果與前人研究相同 (Asma et al., 2012)
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在前人研究中 PGPR 提升 SA 與提控過氧化物幫助植株抵抗 Pst DC3000 的 感染 (Niu et al., 2011; Halfeld-Vieira et al., 2006; Lanna-Filho et. al., 2017)。實驗結 果發現處理 No-2 與 Heat-No-2 確實能幫助番茄抵抗 Pst DC3000 與 Pst DC3000
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