4-1 晶種薄膜( seed films )的製備與分析鑑定
第一步先在羧酸化的玻璃片( Carboxylated polysine slides )上成長銅晶種奈米粒 子,以利於後續的Cu 奈米島狀薄膜( Cu nanoisland films )的製作。為了將銅晶種合 成於玻璃片上,首先將NH3(aq)加入於先配置的CuSO4(aq) 溶液中,使溶液呈鹼性(pH
= 11.3),此時 NH3與Cu2+離子形成Cu(NH3)42+ 陽離子團簇,溶液顏色由淺藍變成 寶藍。接著將玻璃片浸泡於Cu(NH3)42+團簇的溶液中,使陽離子團簇藉由靜電引力 ( Electrostatic attraction )吸附到帶負電的玻璃基板上。接著將吸附 Cu(NH3)42+團簇 的玻璃片浸泡到 NaBH4溶液中,將吸附的 Cu2+還原成 Cu0。此時在玻璃基板的邊 緣可以看到呈現微黃色,意味著銅晶種有成功的還原在玻璃基板上。
要將銅晶種吸附在玻璃片上,反應時間與反應溫度為關鍵,實驗發現當反應時間 少於20 min 或反應溫度沒有調到適當溫度,後續的實驗將無法順利進行,詳細實 驗條件結果見表4-1。最佳的反應溫度為 42.5℃與反應時間為 20 分鐘。
29
30
圖 4-1 為銅晶種與 Cu@Ag 晶種的吸收光譜,可觀察到銅晶種薄膜並無明顯的訊 號,可能是此層的銅奈米粒子太薄或是銅奈米粒子太容易氧化,所以才無法看到明 顯的訊號。而在 Cu@Ag 晶種可觀察在 300-600 nm 有其特徵訊號,與文獻中銀奈 米粒子的約400 nm 的吸收峰比較(見圖 4-2 )44,可以發現Cu@Ag 晶種的特徵鋒不 僅紅移且為較廣的訊號。
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Intensity
Wavelength(nm)
Cu Seed Cu@Ag Seed
圖4-1 銅晶種與 Cu@Ag 晶種的吸收圖譜
圖4-2 文獻中銀奈米粒子的吸收圖譜
31
銅晶種肉眼上觀察玻璃基板邊緣呈現微黃色,圖 4-3(a)為銅晶種的 SEM 圖譜,
Cu@Ag 晶種肉眼上觀察玻璃基板呈現微紫色,圖 4-3(b)為 Cu@Ag 晶種的 SEM 圖 譜。發生賈凡尼置換反應時, 2Ag+ + Cu → 2Ag + Cu2+,因為氧化一個銅離子會 還原兩個銀離子到基板上,且有些晶種黏在一起,可以解釋形成Cu@Ag 晶種,在 SEM 圖譜上觀察到粒徑變大的現象。
圖 4-3 (a)銅晶種與(b) Cu@Ag 晶種之 SEM (a)
(b)
32
圖 4-4(a)為銅晶種的 EDS 結果,發現訊號中並無銅的訊號,再與吸收光譜所
得到的結果一同解釋,認為是銅晶種太薄且顆粒太小以至於偵測不到訊號。圖
4-4(b)為 Cu@Ag 晶種的 EDS 結果,可見銀的訊號,可證實銀與銅有成功置換,合成 出Cu@Ag 晶種。
圖 4-4 (a)銅晶種與(b)Cu@Ag 晶種之 EDS (a)
(b)
33
4-2 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的製備與分析鑑定
4-2-1 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的製備
利用化學合成法,配置 40 mM 的 CuSO4溶液,其中以甲醛作為還原劑,將銅奈 米粒子還原在銀晶種薄膜上,藉由調控反應時間,可長出不同厚度的銅薄膜。所製 備出的銅奈米島狀薄膜見圖4-5。
圖4-5 所製備出的銅奈米島狀薄膜
4-2-2 反應時間對 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的影響
銅薄膜隨著反應時間越長,其透光越偏綠色與薄膜越厚實且均勻,見圖 4-6。
圖 4-6 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜隨不同反應時間之成長狀況
34
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.0
35
圖 4-8 (a)-(e)分別為以 2.5 分鐘, 3 分鐘, 3.5 分鐘, 4 分鐘, 4.5 分鐘作為成長時間之 Top view Cu 奈米島狀薄膜之 SEM 圖,可見隨反應時間增加,Cu 奈米粒子大小增 加與粒子間空隙隨越緊密,圖4-8 (f)-(j)分別是以 2.5 分鐘, 3 分鐘, 3.5 分鐘, 4 分鐘, 4.5 分鐘作為成長時間之 cross sectional view Cu 奈米薄膜之 SEM 圖,可見厚度隨 時間增加而增厚。各反應時間所對應的銅奈米粒子的Gap 與厚度見表 4-1。
圖4-8 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜隨不同反應時間之 Top view& cross sectional view SEM
36
Reaction time Gap Distance (nm) Thickness (nm) 2.5 min 42.9 ± 3.5 67.81 ± 1.0
3 min 31.1 ± 1.0 77.87 ± 0.2 3.5 min 26.2 ± 0.2 102.55 ± 0.4
4 min 18.3 ± 1.9 114.88 ± 0.9 4.5 min 8.6 ± 0.8 121.23 ± 0.3
表4-1 不同反應時間 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜之 Gap 與厚度
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4-2-3 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的表面分析
若 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜表面有受到氧化,將會影響後續的螢光增結果,為了確認我
們所製備的Cu 奈米島狀薄膜是否被氧化,將樣品送至台大化工系之表面分析實驗
室圖做電子能譜儀(XPS)。
圖 4-9(a)為實驗所得 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的 XPS 圖譜,圖中 932.72 eV 及 933.9 eV 峰值與文獻資料,圖 4-9(b)比對後,得知為 Cu2p3/2的特徵峰,而圖譜中另有952.55 eV 與文獻比對為 Cu2p1/2的特徵峰,而圖譜中為觀測到CuO 的訊號,因此可證明 所製備出的Cu 奈米島狀薄膜表面並無被氧化的現象。
圖4-9 (a) 實驗所得 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的 XPS 圖譜(b)文獻資料45
38
4-3 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的表面修飾
4-3-1 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的表面修飾流程
製備好的Cu 奈米島狀薄膜接著要進行以下三步驟修飾 ,流程圖請見圖 4-10 :
(1)
第一步-修飾上硫醇 : 此步驟是為了避免 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜在接下來修飾的過 程中受到氧化。(2)
第二步-修飾上 8arm-PEG-NH2 :先以 DCC-NHS 活化玻璃片上原本的 COOH,接著順利接上PEG-NH2 。
(3)
第三步-修飾上生物素(Biotin) : 生物素(Biotin)一端為 COOH 會與 PEG 的 NH2端形成鍵結。接上生物素(Biotin)的 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜,會與染劑 Streptavidin IRDye® 800 產生鍵結,進行螢光的測試。
圖 4-10 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的表面修飾流程
39
4-3-2 硫醇修飾對 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的影響
修飾硫醇是為了避免 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜表面受到氧化。實驗中,我們選用的硫醇 一端為 OH,我們利用 XPS 確認硫醇是否有成功修飾在表面,圖 4-11(a)為修飾上 硫醇的 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜之 XPS 圖譜,圖譜中 162.5 及 163.35 峰比對文獻(見 4-11(b)46),分別為 S-Cu 及 S-H 特徵峰,確定 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜有修飾上硫醇。
圖4-11(a)實驗所得 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的 XPS 圖譜與(b)文獻資料 (b)
160 162 164 166 168
120 130 140 150 160
Counts
Bonding Energy (eV)
(a)
S-H (163.35 eV) S-Cu (162.5 eV)
S-S (164.85 eV)
40
為了比較不同長度與不同官能基的硫醇是否對 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜造成影響,分別 使用2-Mercaptoethanol ( 2-ME ), 6-Mercapto-1-hexanol ( 6-MCH ), 11-Mercapto-1-undecanol ( 11-MUD ), 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid ( 11-MUA ),且利用 UV-Vis 吸收 光譜觀察Cu 奈米島狀薄膜在修飾過程中被氧化的情形,見圖 4-12。圖譜中黑色為
400 600 800 1000
0
41 液 : Bis-tris propane(BTP), NaHCO3, Phosphate-buffered saline(PBS), 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid(MES), Imidazole47。
各緩衝溶液配置成 0.01 M 的溶液,將銅奈米島狀薄膜分別放入各溶液中,結果 整理於表4-2 中,只有 NaHCO3做緩衝溶液時,銅奈米島狀薄膜不被侵蝕,故我們 實驗將選用NaHCO3做緩衝溶液。
Buffer Solution Result pH Concentration Bis - tris propane (BTP) disappear 10.36 0.01 M
NaHCO3 constant 8.62 0.01 M Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) corrosion 7.00 0.01 M 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) oxide 7.30 0.01 M Imidazole disappear 7.00 0.01 M
表4-2 各緩衝溶液對銅奈米島狀薄膜的影響
42
0.0125 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2
conc. of Streptavidin IRDye® 800 (μg/mL)
Enhancement
6-MCH 11-MUD 11-MUA
43
conc. of Streptavidin IRDye® 800 (μg/mL)
Enhancement
2.5 min 3 min 3.5 min 4 min 4.5 min Cu Seed Cu@Ag Seed
0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2
44
圖4-14 不同成長時間的 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜之螢光增強結果
由結果可發現在 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜的成長時間為 4 分鐘時,螢光倍率最好。為了 找最佳的螢光倍率,我們對 4 分鐘的 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜進行不同螢光染劑濃度的實 驗,結果見圖4-15,發現當染劑濃度為 0.0125μg/mL 時,有最佳的螢光倍率為 148 倍。
圖4-15 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜(成長為 4 分鐘)的之螢光增強結果
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0.003125 0.00625 0.0125 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.2
Conc. of Streptavidin IRDye® 800 (μg/mL)
Enhancement
45
第五章 結論與未來展望
本實驗以化學鍍法,調控反應溫度、反應時間等參數,利用甲醛作為還原劑製備 Cu 奈米島狀薄膜。Cu 奈米島狀薄膜經硫醇修飾後,使表面避免直接接觸空氣,並 利用碳酸氫鈉作為緩衝溶液,解決了銅氧化的問題。修飾Streptavidin IRDye® 800 在銅薄膜表面上,當銅薄膜的生長時間為 4 分鐘且以硫十一醇( 11-mercapto-1-undecanol,11-MUD )修飾薄膜表面時,能夠得到最高的螢光增強倍率達 148 倍。
未來期許本實驗所備的銅奈米島狀薄膜能更進一步的應用到螢光增強的生物化 學檢測技術中。像是利用螢光增強的特性,可以標記腫瘤細胞,給予臨床醫學上有 更準確的判讀。
46
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