本研究於緬甸西南部若開邦蘭裏島海岸的漁村雷卡蒙進行野外工作。針對珊 瑚微型環礁樣本 LKM302 外觀上可見的 Diedown 形貌進行高程測量,判斷該地 的珊瑚微型環礁記錄最高生存面精度約在1 到 2 公分之間。
本研究採集兩珊瑚微型環礁板狀樣本LKM302、LKM115,利用鈾釷定年技 術確認兩珊瑚死於西元1848 年發生在皎漂的一次區域性地震所伴隨的同震抬升,
將樣本切片拍攝X 光影像後,判斷其年生長紋的形態並分別重建兩樣本 1848 年 之前52 與 30 年的相對海水面歷史。其中部分數據為可以精確指示海水面高度的
珊瑚最高生存面,過程中相對海水面持續上升約24 公分,亦包含五次不同的海
水面下降事件。利用重建的相對海水面歷史,估計於西元1811 到 1836 年間該地 區沉降速率為每年6.0 到 6.5 公釐,西元 1833 到 1848 年間該地區沉降速率為每 年4.1 到 4.6 公釐,平均而言,約略 40 年間的沉降速率為每年 5.3 到 5.8 公釐。
珊瑚微型環礁樣本形貌上所記錄到的海水面相對下降事件,規模介在1.2 到 8.6 公分之間,各事件彼此間隔 8 到 12 年。為了解此海水面異常現象發生時的氣 候條件,本研究針對樣本 LKM302 共取 443 個氧同位素分析樣本,重建了在西 元1803 到 1848 年間共 45 年的δ18O 記錄。結果顯示,在西元 1805-06、1813-14、
1823-24、與 1834-35 年發生海水面下降事件時,測得較平常年冬季高的δ18O,可 能指示較低的海溫或較少的降雨,推測為正向的印度洋偶極震盪所造成;而西元
到11.4 公尺之間,並推測 Terrace IV 海岸線角高度可能位在 6.0 到 10.0 公尺之間。
同時利用階地沉積物中珊瑚樣本的年代估計此海階形成於7.5 至 8.2 ka,推算現 地長期抬升速率為每年1.0 到 1.7 公釐。
本研究利用在LKM 地區所得到的平均震間沉降速率與長期抬升速率,結合
前人研究對西元1762 年阿拉干大地震抬升量的調查,代入估計地震平均再發週 期的公式中,估計蘭裏島西北部區域性構造的地震再發週期應落在300 年到 360 年之間,若考慮隱沒帶地震與區域性構地震造綜合的貢獻,地震平均再發週期會 介在220 年到 280 年之間,此結果較過去認為的週期更短,故應對該地區可能發 生的地震災害做好防災準備。
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附錄一 樣本 LKM302 外觀可見之 Diedown 全站儀測量結果
測量日期:2013/03/08
測量基站座標:19.36614°N, 93.46891°E 測量單位:公尺
22 22.599 2.497 -0.210 0.271 -0.320 23 22.646 2.571 -0.204 0.277 -0.314 24 22.543 2.729 -0.213 0.268 -0.323 25 22.439 2.872 -0.217 0.264 -0.327 26 22.270 2.879 -0.208 0.273 -0.318 27 22.155 2.842 -0.213 0.268 -0.323 28 22.121 2.712 -0.229 0.252 -0.339 29 22.183 2.558 -0.291 0.190 -0.401 30 22.272 2.424 -0.269 0.212 -0.379 31 22.344 2.357 -0.269 0.212 -0.379 32 22.412 2.408 -0.275 0.206 -0.385 33 22.453 2.553 -0.292 0.189 -0.402 34 22.384 2.560 -0.293 0.188 -0.403 35 22.366 2.680 -0.286 0.195 -0.396 36 22.271 2.529 -0.306 0.175 -0.416
附錄二 珊瑚微型環礁形態描繪量測結果
(Right side)HLG (Right Side)
HLS After Diedown (Left Side)
HLS After Diedown (Right Side)
1796 -38.12
1819 -16.20 -19.9
LKM115 結果 單位:公分
Year Preserved HLG HLG Before Diedown
Unsure HLG Before Diedown
HLS After Diedown
Unsure HLS
After Diedown HLS Data
1819 -24.76
附錄三 氧同位素分析結果
Sample Note: 紅字標示樣品需重測 Analytical Date: 2016/9/8
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34205 2 14 MAB 0.185 10179 10024 3.316 0.009 -7.127 0.019
Sample Note: 紅字標示樣品需重測 Analytical Date: 2016/9/10
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34255 2 16 A53 0.131 7774 7093 -3.153 0.014 -5.781 0.048 Analytical Date: 2016/9/21
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34483 2 4 A17 0.179 9629 9305 -0.232 0.020 -5.519 0.019
Analytical Date: 2016/9/22.26
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34559 1 15 A94 0.155 8455 7712 -5.017 0.024 -6.778 0.038 Analytical Date: 2016/10/5
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34714 2 9 A106 0.171 9401 8836 -0.658 0.014 -5.743 0.028
NBS19 std 0.002 0.031
Sample Note: 紅字標示樣品需重測 Analytical Date: 2016/10/7
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34810 2 15 A151 0.193 9725 9374 -1.309 0.010 -5.160 0.022
Sample Note: 紅字標示樣品需重測 Analytical Date: 2016/10/11
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
34860 1 17 MAB 0.214 9421 8913 3.442 0.019 -7.212 0.019
Analytical Date: 2017/2/17
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37007 1 5 A135 0.196 13200 13697 -1.817 0.005 -6.060 0.007
37043 1 23 NBS19 0.155 13072 13712 1.962 0.005 -2.136 0.012
Analytical Date: 2017/2/20.21
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37065 1 11 B37 0.157 13373 14131 -3.500 0.005 -6.100 0.020
Sample Note:
Analytical Date: 2017/3/3.6
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37295 1 17 MAB 0.206 11806 12072 3.458 0.009 -6.749 0.017
Analytical Date: 2017/3/7
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37317 1 5 B95 0.176 14346 14868 -4.834 0.002 -6.386 0.005
37356 1 23 NBS19 0.110 14358 15119 1.957 0.008 -2.304 0.013
Analytical Date: 2017/3/21
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37609 2 10 B138 0.180 13940 14621 -1.831 0.003 -6.765 0.015
Sample Note:
Analytical Date: 2017/3/22
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
Sample Note:
Analytical Date: 2017/3/27
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
Sample Note:
Analytical Date: 2017/3/30
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37860 1 17 MAB 0.179 14115 14518 3.417 0.009 -6.941 0.008
Analytical Date: 2017/3/31
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37883 2 11 B222 0.154 14160 14736 -3.199 0.006 -5.749 0.021
Analytical Date: 2017/4/5
Analysis Line Sample
Sample
37907 1 6 B236 0.153 16564 17092 -0.619 0.007 -5.239 0.021
附錄四 LKM 地區海階地形測量結果
測量日期:2015/03/20
座標系統:UTM 6゜(WGS84) Zone:46Q
單位:公尺
pt Easting Northing Height Error description 1 550929.1829 2141021.6188 7.7350 0.0000
發現珊瑚樣本 LKM215、LKM216、
LKM217 的河道 2 550931.6747 2141010.1353 7.7981 0.0182
3 550926.5929 2141030.9693 7.7373 0.0140 4 550921.9770 2141037.2484 7.6478 0.0165 5 550917.8139 2141047.8010 7.5627 0.0173 6 550938.4199 2141029.2504 7.7844 0.0183 7 550943.0654 2141023.3323 7.9688 0.0160
8 550904.5480 2141024.7940 11.1921 0.0171 珊瑚樣本上方的階面 9 550970.7866 2141033.2201 11.0898 0.0268
T4 階面 10 550986.6144 2141000.7560 11.0073 0.0188
11 551004.3882 2141005.1190 10.6126 0.0135 12 551017.4904 2141014.1888 10.6043 0.0124 13 551038.3647 2141009.9577 10.5556 0.0143 14 551053.3001 2141052.1087 10.8710 0.0205 15 551041.1633 2141062.7486 11.1241 0.0202 16 551029.8826 2141067.0168 11.3623 0.0155 17 551005.2646 2141063.7634 11.4121 0.0121 18 550968.3932 2141090.0470 11.3781 0.0127 19 550944.4875 2141111.7165 11.3806 0.0137 20 550915.4631 2141126.2112 11.2229 0.0134 21 550875.6989 2141136.1512 11.0809 0.0144 22 550874.1907 2141169.5221 11.3814 0.0143 23 550854.7815 2141182.3798 11.2805 0.0124 24 550840.2771 2141189.1291 11.1172 0.0134
25 550813.0997 2141186.7790 11.1589 0.0129 26 550781.9936 2141192.4534 11.1442 0.0159 27 550755.4490 2141212.0213 4.6265 0.0128
河道階面 28 550771.5664 2141231.7493 4.7279 0.0147
29 550760.8728 2141256.3640 4.5536 0.0132 30 550783.8730 2141296.4573 4.2653 0.0206
31 550739.8405 2141258.3889 6.9128 0.0187 珊瑚樣本LKM570 32 550750.2865 2141328.8735 4.2642 0.0150
河道階面 33 550781.8471 2141350.3117 4.2136 0.0132
34 550764.3537 2141383.0419 4.1335 0.0125 35 550749.4443 2141413.2637 10.4283 0.0115
T4 階面 36 550718.3019 2141419.7607 10.7966 0.0152
37 550694.0479 2141427.6439 10.8056 0.0130 38 550667.6955 2141419.0614 10.9467 0.0127 39 550652.6678 2141453.0321 10.9759 0.0143 40 550694.8896 2141458.3139 10.8032 0.0123 41 550724.6388 2141453.8694 10.7634 0.0130 42 550750.0169 2141446.1277 10.7464 0.0225 43 550776.3991 2141446.5464 10.4887 0.0134 44 550774.0588 2141419.7559 10.0316 0.0137 45 550804.5344 2141401.0441 3.9763 0.0144
古河道階面 46 550836.2384 2141432.4544 3.8641 0.0124
47 550847.6814 2141482.5193 3.6730 0.0153 48 550862.9450 2141503.3298 10.4832 0.0155
另一側的T4 階面 49 550853.5641 2141511.4438 10.0262 0.0194
50 550818.9409 2141509.5029 3.5287 0.0182
古河道階面 51 550797.2130 2141533.1578 3.3784 0.0180
52 550762.1155 2141545.7555 3.2608 0.0180
59 550623.8219 2141591.4058 4.1895 0.0194 60 550643.9405 2141618.2871 6.2221 0.0140 61 550625.5152 2141636.3437 6.1146 0.0134 62 550605.0523 2141659.9922 6.0545 0.0123 63 550559.4561 2141697.6984 4.3954 0.0136
古河道階面 64 550510.7574 2141706.9818 4.4693 0.0113
65 550469.5198 2141723.1061 4.4784 0.0151 66 550418.3838 2141722.3873 4.8058 0.0133 67 550407.5668 2141728.3496 5.5907 0.0143
T3 階面 68 550372.7615 2141727.8859 5.7430 0.0146
69 550333.7616 2141708.2244 5.7697 0.0140 70 550297.7822 2141683.9505 5.9944 0.0139 71 550256.7104 2141644.1471 6.2545 0.0134 72 550226.6917 2141603.6785 6.1664 0.0144
73 550318.4403 2141651.6766 4.4935 0.0223 T4 beach ridge 下 的礫石 74 550193.4282 2141570.9291 5.9661 0.0154
T3 階面 75 550170.1316 2141539.8714 6.2865 0.0158
76 550162.0852 2141535.2631 5.7919 0.0169 77 550138.2906 2141517.5581 5.5487 0.0165 河道 78 550137.1379 2141486.2433 6.2437 0.0145
T3 到 T4 剖面 79 550145.7808 2141462.6101 6.5683 0.0204
80 550153.8186 2141448.5182 6.8389 0.0185 81 550161.5308 2141432.6075 7.2747 0.0185 82 550165.7984 2141415.5398 7.8532 0.0152
83 550163.8975 2141399.2042 8.2849 0.0179 道路 84 550116.0418 2141507.8241 5.6912 0.0155
T3 往海邊剖面 85 550097.1940 2141525.1675 5.4357 0.0168
86 550075.6033 2141536.9847 5.1345 0.0163 87 550065.4699 2141544.8425 4.8666 0.0134 88 550057.6825 2141550.6068 4.5509 0.0146 89 550046.9511 2141559.6233 4.3705 0.0145 90 550028.1229 2141572.9749 4.2314 0.0145 91 550006.8832 2141588.5241 4.1761 0.0149
92 549990.0582 2141603.2174 4.2435 0.0136 93 549987.2493 2141604.9740 4.7966 0.0142 94 549972.8142 2141616.4373 4.7312 0.0134 95 549956.0288 2141628.3975 4.1140 0.0133 96 549945.9129 2141637.1542 3.7350 0.0147 97 549935.2613 2141644.9852 3.2392 0.0134 98 549926.1454 2141652.0267 2.9754 0.0138 99 549916.8631 2141660.5257 2.7434 0.0153 100 549908.8938 2141667.6555 2.4751 0.0140 101 549899.0772 2141676.8406 2.3319 0.0157 102 549889.5383 2141683.8106 2.0223 0.0136 103 549880.4330 2141693.7167 1.5555 0.0149 104 549870.5946 2141703.1003 1.4075 0.0159 105 549853.3622 2141722.2462 1.3393 0.0145 106 549839.6799 2141734.9230 1.4374 0.0162 107 549836.3163 2141743.5401 2.2354 0.0153 108 549835.9712 2141744.9131 2.5902 0.0166 109 549818.2338 2141754.4690 2.0410 0.0151 110 549802.7516 2141769.5461 1.5486 0.0175 111 549769.7071 2141789.8576 1.6705 0.0142 112 549758.2256 2141805.0524 1.7734 0.0144 113 549739.9716 2141830.6939 2.2114 0.0166 114 549722.6215 2141848.5342 3.2488 0.0172 115 549717.2247 2141852.0491 3.6568 0.0149 116 549706.6096 2141860.1286 3.2754 0.0145 117 549691.1506 2141870.4673 2.4345 0.0155 118 549684.6616 2141876.0300 2.2718 0.0180 119 549669.5376 2141887.6969 0.8985 0.0170