5.1 結論
本研究探討寶山水廠原水對薄膜積垢影響進行探討，可得以下結 論：
1. PS 膜較 PVDF 膜適合處理寶山原水。
2. 進流水特性與薄膜積垢物特性有些不同，與脫附的化學藥劑相關。
3. 親水性有機物較疏水性有機物易積垢。
4. 粒徑分佈較小之疏水性有機物容易阻塞及吸附於孔洞中造成PS膜
及PVDF膜不可逆積垢，無機物仍具有一定的影響力。5.2 建議
1.原水中 Si 的存在確實使薄膜積垢狀況更為嚴重，建議使用適當前處
理以去除 Si 對薄膜積垢問題，或者選擇適當的薄膜以減輕積垢狀況。2.本研究以較短時間格局進行水廠原水過濾試驗及分析，後續研究可
將拉長過濾試驗時間，以期了解不同季節之水質變化對薄膜處理程序 之影響。3.
後續研究可採集不同地區之水廠或不同單元操作處理後的原水，藉由操作型定義以了解原水特性，並透過薄膜過濾試驗建立薄膜淨水 處理資料庫。
Reference
Aiken, G. R.,, Mcknight, D. M., Thorn, K. A., Thurman E. M., (1992). “Isolatin of hydrophilic organic acids from water using nonionic macroporous resin.” Org.
Geochem. 18 (4), 567-573.
Baker, A., (2001). “Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix characterization of some sewage-impacted rivers.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 948-953.
Chen, W., Westerhoff, P., Leenheer, J.A., Booksh, K., (2003). “Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 5701-5710.
Chow, C.W.K., Fabris, R.B., Drikas, M., Quanshun, W., Dongsheng, W., (2007).
“Rapid characterization method and its application of DOM.” Water Technol. 1 (5).
Cho, J., Amy G., Pellegrino J., Yoon, Y., (1998). “Characterization of clean and natural organic matter (NOM) fouled NF and UF membranes, and foulants characterization.” Desalination 118, 101-108.
Costa, A.R., Pinho, M.N., Elimelech M., (2006). “Mechanisms of colloidal natural organic matter fouling in ultrafiltration.” J. Membr. Sci. 281,716-725.
Fan, L., Harris, J. L., Roddick, F. A., Booker, N. A., (2001). “Influence of the
characteristics of natural organic matter on the fouling of microfiltration membrane.”
Water Res. 35,4455-4463.
Gray, S. R., Ritchie, C. B., Tran, T., Bolto, B. A., Greenwood, P., Busetti, F., Allpike, B., (2008). “Effect of membrane character and solution chemistry on microfiltration performance.” Water Res. 42, 743-753.
Gray, S.R., Ritchie C.B., Tran, T., Bolto, B. A., (2007).“Effect of NOM
characteristics and membrane type on microfiltration performance.” Water Res. 41, 3833-3841.
Gwon, E.M., Yu, M.J., Oh, H.K., Ylee, Y.H., (2003). “Fouling characteristics of NF and RO operated for removal of dissolved matter from groundwater.” Water Res.
37 ,2989–2997.
Her, N., Amy G., McKnight, D., Sohn, J., Yoon, Y., (2003). “Characterization of DOM as a function of MW by fluorescence EEM and HPLC-SEC using UVA, DOC, and fluorescence detection” Water Res. 37,4295–4303.
Her, N., Amy G., Park H.-R., Song. M., (2004). “Characterizing algogenic organic matter (AOM) and evaluating associated NF membrane fouling.” Water Res.38, 1427-1438.
Her, N., Amy G., Sohn, J., Gunten, U., (2008). “UV absorbance ratio index with size exclusion chromatography (URI-SEC) as an NOM property indicator.” Water Res., 2004, 57 (1)
Howe, K.J., Ishida, K.P., Clark, M.M., (2002). “Use of ATR/FTIR spectrometry to study fouling of microfiltration membranes by natural waters.” Desalination 147, 251-255.
Jarusutthirak, C., Amy, G., Croue, J-P., (2002).“Fouling characteristics of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) islates on NF and UF membrane.” Desalination 145,247-255.
Katsoufidou, K., Yiantsios, S. G., Karabelas, A. J., (2008). “An experimental study of UF membrane fouling by humic acid and sodium alginate solutions: the effect of backwashing on flux recovery.” Desalination 220, 214-227.
Khatib, K., Rose, J., Barres, O., Stone, W., Bottero, J. Y., Anselme, C., (1997).
“Physico-chemical study of fouling mechanisms of ultrafiltration membrane on Biwa lake (Japan)” J. Membr. Sci. 130, 53-62.
Kim, H. C., Dempsey, B. A., (2008). “Effects of wastewater effluent organic materials on fouling in ultrafiltration.” Water Res. 42, 3379-3384.
Kimura, K., Hane, Y., Watanabe, Y., Amy G., Ohkuma, N., (2004). “Irreversible membrane fouling during ultrafiltration of surface water.” Water Res. 38, 3431-3441.
Kimura, K., Yamamura, H., Watanabe, Y., (2006). “Irreversible fouling in MF/UF membranes caused by natural organic matters (NOMs) isolated from different origins.” Separation Science and Technology 41, 1331–1344.
Lee, N., Amy, G., Croué, J-P., (2006). “Low-pressure membrane (MF/UF) fouling associated with allochthonous versus autochthonous natural organic matter.” Water Res.40, 2357-2368.
Lee, S., Kwon, B., Sun, M., Cho, J., (2005). “Characterizations of NOM included in NF and UF membrane permeates.” Desalination. 173, 131-142.
Leenheer J. A., (1981). “Comprehensive aapproach to preparative isolation and fractionation of dissolved organic carbon from nature waters and wastewaters.”
Environ. Sci. Technol.15 (5).
Nam, S-N., Amy, G., (2008). “Differentiation of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) from nature organic matter using multiple analytical techniques.” Water. Sci.
& Technol. 57 (7) 1009-1015.
Ning, R.Y., Troyer, T.L., Tominello, R.S., (2005). “Chemical control of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis systems.” Desalination 172, 1-6.
Pontié, M., Thekkedath, A., Kecili, K., Habarou, H., Suty, H., Croué, J.P., (2007).“Membrane autopsy as a sustainable management of fouling phenomena occurring in MF, UF and NF processes.” Desalination 204, 155-169.
Thanuttamavong, M., Yamamoto, K., Oh, J.I., Choo. K.H., Choi, S.J., (2002).
“Rejection characteristics of organic and inorganic pollutants by ultra low-pressure nanofiltration of surface water for drinking water treatment.” Desalination 145, 257-264.
Yamamura, H., Kimura, K., and Watanabe, Y., (2007). “Mechanism involved in the evolution of physically irreversible fouling in microfiltration and ultrafiltration
membranes used for drinking water treatment.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 6789-6794.
Yamamura, H., Okimoto, K., Kimura, K., Watanabe, Y., (2007). “Influence of calcium on the evolution of irreversible fouling in microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes.” Journal of Water Supply: Research & Technology-AQUA 56 (6-7), 425-434.
Zularisam, A.W., Ismail, A.F., Salim, R., (2006). “Behaviours of natural organic matter in membrane filtration for surface water treatment — a review.” Desalination
194, 211-231.
Zularisam, A.W., Ismail, A.F., Salim, M.R., Sakinah, M., Hiroaki, O., (2007).
“Fabrication, fouling and foulant analyses of asymmetric polysulfone (PSF)
ultrafiltration membrane fouled with natural organic matter (NOM) source waters.” J.
Membr. Sci. 299, 97-113.
林子堯“水中腐質酸特性對薄膜過濾淨水之影響”國立台灣大學環境工程學 研究所碩士學位論文，八十七年六月