第二節 結論與建議
走路動作中發現跑走運動與跳舞機運動訓練後，可增加女性老年人的走路頻率，而 跑走運動比沒運動者增加推蹬地面反作用力，使女性老年人可較產生較大的推蹬力完成 走路動作。從上階梯動作中，經由跑走運動訓練與跳舞機運動訓練後，可增加向前移動 速度，而跑走運動比比沒運動者增加推蹬地面反作用力，使女性老年人可較產生較大的 推蹬力完成上階梯動作，但藉由不同方式的運動模式，使女性老年人採取不同的動作策 略。在下階梯動作中，跳舞機組採取較小步寬策略，而跑走組則是增加下階梯速度，且 減少著地產生最大作用力，減少傷害發生。從本研究發現藉由跑走運動與跳舞機運動訓 練後，會採取不同的動作策略，以保持最佳的步態表現，使女性老年人可有效的從事日 常生活動作，建議老年人應維持規律運動習慣，每週至少 3 次，每次 30 分鐘，以保持 良好的身體狀況。
參考文獻
中文部分
林麗娟 (2005)。不同身體負載運動對女性運動員骨質密度與骨骼代謝之影響。體育學報，
38(1)期，69-88。
余祥義、曾建興（2001）。綜合性運動訓練對改善老年人跌倒因素之成效。大專體育，
114，76-84。
傅麗蘭 (1998)。平衡運動訓練前後老年人之平衡表現及步寬的改變。中華民國物理治療 學會雜誌，23(2)，26-33。
陳文玲、林懿慧、蔡燕怡 (2003)。跳舞機運動衝擊式受力之量化與其踏墊效應之分析。
物理治療，28(2)，84-89。
梁偉成、紀煥庭、胡名霞、林茂榮（2005）。社區老人跌倒機轉與傷害嚴重度。中華民 國物理治療學會雜誌，30(3)，105-115。
方進隆 (1993)。健康體能的理論與實際。台北市：漢文。
邱文信 (2002)。平衡機制與年齡關係之探討。大專體育，58，101-107。
Soleda. (2005)。慢性病運動處方全書。台北市：諾亞文化。
英文部分
Burnfield, J. M., Few, C. D., Mohamed, O. S., & Perry, J. (2004). The influence of walking speed and footwear on plantar pressures in older adults. Clinical Biomechanics, 19(1), 78-84.
Carter, N. D., Kannus, P., & Khan, K. M. (2001). Exercise in the prevention of falls in older people. Sports Medicine, 31(6), 427-438.
Daley, M. J., & Spinks, W. L. (2000). Exercise, mobility and aging. Sports Medicine, 29(1), 1-12.
44
Evans, W. J. (1999). Exercise training guidelines for the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(1), 12-17.
Fransen, M., McConnell, S., Hernandez-Molina, G., & Reichenbach, S. (2009). Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3(3).
Gardner M. M., Robertson M. C., & Campbell A. J., (2000). Exercise in preventing falls and fall related injuries in older people: a review of randomized controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(1), 7-17.
Gillespie, L., W., Robertson, M., Lamb, S., Cumming, R., & Rowe, B. (2003). Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, 4(3).
Grabiner, M. D., Owings, T. M., & Pavol, M. J. (2005). Lower extremity strength plays only a small role in determining the maximum recoverable lean angle in older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(11),
1447-1450.
Gardner, M. M., Robertson, M. C., & Campbell, A. J. (2000). Exercise in preventing falls and fall related injuries in older people: a review of randomised controlled trials. British journal of sports medicine, 34(1), 7-17.
Hamburg, J., & Clair, A. A. (2003). The effects of a movement with music program on measures of balance and gait speed in healthy older adults. Journal of Music Therapy, 40(3), 212-226.
Hauer, K., Rost, B., Rütschle, K., Opitz, H., Specht, N., Bärtsch, P., . . . Schlierf, G. (2001).
Exercise training for rehabilitation and secondary prevention of falls in geriatric patients with a history of injurious falls. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(1), 10-20.
Heitmann, D. K., Gossman, M. R., Shaddeau, S. A., & Jackson, J. R. (1989). Balance performance and step width in noninstitutionalized, elderly, female fallers and nonfallers.
Physical Therapy, 69(11), 923-931.
Islam, M. M., Nasu, E., Rogers, M. E., Koizumi, D., Rogers, N. L., & Takeshima, N. (2004).
Effects of combined sensory and muscular training on balance in Japanese older adults.
Preventive medicine, 39(6), 1148-1155.
Jensen, J., Lundin-Olsson, L., Nyberg, L., & Gustafson, Y. (2002). Fall and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(10), 733-741.
Johansson, B. (1998). Fall injuries among elderly persons living at home. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 12(2), 67-72.
Kannus, P., Parkkari, J., Koskinen, S., Niemi, S., Palvanen, M., Jarvinen, M., & Vuori, I.
(1999). Fall-induced injuries and deaths among older adults. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(20), 1895-1899.
Kaptoge, S., Benevolenskaya, L. I., Bhalla, A. K., Cannata, J. B., Boonen, S., Falch, J. A., . . . Reeve, J. (2005). Low BMD is less predictive than reported falls for future limb fractures in women across Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study.
Bone, 36(3), 387-398.
Kavanagh, T., Myers, M. G., Baigrie, R. S., Mertens, D., Sawyer, P., & Shephard, R. (1996).
Quality of life and cardiorespiratory function in chronic heart failure: effects of 12 months' aerobic training. Heart, 76(1), 42-49.
Krebs, D. E., Jette, A. M., & Assmann, S. F. (1998). Moderate exercise improves gait stability in disabled elders. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 79(12), 1489-1495.
Pai, Y. C., & Patton, J. (1997). Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control. Journal of biomechanics, 30(4), 347-354.
Lowenthal, D. T., & Wheat, M., (1991). Drug-exercise interactions in elderly hypertensives.
IN G. Tenenbaum, and D. Eiger, (Eds.), Proceedings of the Maccabiah-Wingate International Congress, (pp. 77-86), Emmanuel Gill Pub. House.
46
McCool, J. F., & Schneider, J. K. (1999). Home-based leg strengthening for older adults initiated through private practice. Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 105-110.
Means, K. M., Rodell, D. E., O'Sullivan, P. S., & Cranford, L. A. (1996). Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: Pilot study of a low to moderate intensity exercise program. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77(10), 1030-1036.
Nevill, A. M., Burrows, M., Holder, R. L., Bird, S., & Simpson, D. (2003). Does lower-body BMD develop at the expense of upper-body BMD in female runners? Medicine &
Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(10), 1733-1739.
Perrin, P. P., Gauchard, G. C., Perrot, C., & Jeandel, C. (1999). Effects of physical and sporting activities on balance control in elderly people. British journal of sports medicine, 33(2), 121-126.
Prince, F., Corriveau, H., Hébert, R., & Winter, D. A. (1997). Gait in the elderly. Gait &
Posture, 5(2), 128-135.
Ragnarsdóttir, M., (1996). The concept of balance. Physiotherapy, 82(6), 368-375.
Robertson, M. C., Campbell, A. J., Gardner, M. M., & Devlin, N. (2002). Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: A meta-analysis of individual-level data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(5), 905-911.
Sattin, R. W. (1992). Falls among Older Persons - a Public-Health Perspective. Annual Review of Public Health, 13(1), 489-508.
Schoenfelder, D. P. (2000). A fall prevention program for elderly individuals. Exercise in long-term care settings. Journal of Gerontological nursing, 26(3), 43-51.
Seo, B., Kim, B., & Singh, K. (2012). The comparison of resistance and balance exercise on balance and falls efficacy in older females. European Geriatric Medicine.
Shin, K. R., Byeon, Y. S., Kang, Y., & Oak, J. (2008). A study on physical symptom, activity of daily living, and health-related quality of life in the community-dwelling older adults.
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 38(3), 437-444.
Shumway-Cook, A., Gruber, W., Baldwin, M., & Liao, S. (1997). The effect of multidimensional exercises on balance, mobility, and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults. Physical Therapy, 77(1), 46-57.
Tinetti, M. E., Doucette, J. T., & Claus, E. B. (1995). The Contribution of Predisposing and Situational Risk-Factors to Serious Fall Injuries. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43(11), 1207-1213.
Tsang, W. W. N., & Hui-Chan, C. W. Y. (2004). Effect of 4-and 8-wk intensive Tai Chi training on balance control in the elderly. Medicine and Science in sports and Exercise, 36(4), 648-657.
Winter, D. A. (1995). Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait
& Posture, 3(4), 193-214.
Winter, D. A. (1991). Biomechanics and motor control of human gait: normal, elderly and pathological.
Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., Frank, J. S., & Walt, S. E. (1990). Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Physical Therapy, 70(6), 340-347.
Wolf, S. L., Barnhart, H. X., Kutner, N. G., McNeely, E., Coogler, C., & Xu, T. (1996).
Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(5), 489-497.
Wong, A. M. K., Chou, S. W., Huang, S. C., Lan, C., Chen, H. C., Hong, W. H., Pei, Y. C.
(2011). Does different exercise have the same effect of health promotion for the elderly?
Comparison of training-specific effect of Tai Chi and swimming on motor control.
Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 53(2), 133-137.
Woollacott, M. H., & Tang, P. F. (1997). Balance control during walking in the older adult:
research and its implications. Physical Therapy, 77(6), 646-660.