4. 由於目前所研製 SEPIC 轉換器之效率約為 85%左右,未來可以朝 研製更高效率之升降壓型 DC/DC 轉換器努力。
5. 風力發電機之機械特性屬高度非線性系統,難以量化設計其控制 器,未來可以朝向利用智慧型控制技術如 Fuzzy、Neural-Network 等方式來實現 MPPT 控制器。
6. 風力發電機類型相當多元,本論文僅著重在永磁同步形式,未來 可以發展其他類型的風力發電機模擬系統。
7. 本論文為小功率系統,未來可以涵蓋較大功率系統的應用,因此 以轉換器並聯來提升容量方式亦為未來可以努力的目標之ㄧ。
8. 本論文僅探討昇降壓型式之轉換器,其它降壓、昇壓類型轉換器 於再生能源之應用,亦為後續可以探討的方向。
參考文獻
[1] 郭博堯, “京都議定書的爭議與妥協”, 2001.
http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/090/SD-R-090-024.htm
[2] M. Rogol, S. Doi, Anthony Wilkinson,“Sun ScreenInvestment Opportunities in SolarPower,”Solar power sector outlook, CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, 2004.
[3] ‘RenewableEnergy Madein Germany’, http://www.german-renewable-energy.com.
[4] “Energy and Power,”IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, Jubilee Issue, pp. 19-26, 2000.
[5] German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003
[6] 胡忠興, “太陽能發電系統之裝置與併聯技術”, 電機月刊第十二卷 第 二期,pp. 130-145,民國91年2月。
[7] 陳守誠, “太陽能及風力發電複合系統之研製”,國立台灣科技大學電機 工程研究所碩士學位論文,2002。
[8] 蘇華宗, “澎湖中屯風力發電介紹”, 電機技師第 93 期,pp. 39-48,民 國 91 年 6 月。
[9] F. Giraud and Z. M. Salameh, “Steady-State Performance of a Grid-connected Rooftop Hybrid Wind-Photovoltaic Power System with Battery Storage,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.1-7, 2001.
[10] M. H. Nehrir, B. J. LaMeres, G. Venkataramanan, V. Gerez, and L. A.
Alvarado, “Performance Evaluation of Stand-alone Wind/Photovoltaic Genera System,”IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Vol.1, pp.555-559, 1999.
[11] S. J. Park, B. B. Kang, J. P. Yoon, I. S. Cha, and J. Y. Lim, “A Study on the Stand-Alone Operating or Photovoltaic/Wind Power Hybrid Generation System,”IEEE PESC' 04, Vol. 3, pp.2095-2099, 2004.
[12] F. Valenciaga, P. F. Puleston, and P. E. Battaiotto, “Power Control of a Photovoltaic Array in a Hybrid Electric Generation System Using Sliding ModeTechniques,”Proceedings of IEE Control Theory and Applications, Vol. 148, pp. 448-455, 2001.
[13] A. A. Amooudi and L. Zhang, “Application of Radial Basis Function Networks for Solar-array Modeling and Maximum Power-point Prediction”
IEE Proc. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 147, No. 5, pp.310-316, 2000.
[14] V. Salas, M. J. Manzanas, A. Lazaro, A. Barrado, and E.Olias,“TheControl Strategies for Photovoltaic Regulators Applied to Stand-alone System,”IEEE
IECON'02, Vol. 4, pp. 3274-3279, 2002.
[15] H. S. H. Chang, K. K. Tse, S. Y. R. Hui, C. M. Mok, and M. T. Ho,“A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique for Solar Panels Using a SEPIC or Cuk Converter,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.717-724, 2003.
[16] J. H. Yoo, J. S. Gho, and G. H. Choe, “Analysis and Control of PWM Converter with V-I Output Characteristics of Solar Cell,”IEEE ISIE' 01, Vol.
2, pp. 1049-1054. 2001.
[17] L. L. Freris, “Wind Energy Conversion System,” Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
[18] M. G. Simoes, B. K. Bose, and R.J.Spiegel,“Fuzzy LogicBasedIntelligent ControlofaVariableSpeed CageMachineWind Generation System,”IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.87-95, 1997.
[19] H. Li, K. L. Shi, and P. G. McLaren, “Neural-Network-Based Sensorless Maximum Wind Energy Capture With Compensated Power Coefficient,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp.1548-1556, 2005.
[20] Q. Wang and L. Chang, “An Intelligent Maximum Power Extraction Algorithm for inverter-Based VariableSpeed Wind TurbineSystems,”IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp.1242-1248, 2004.
[21] J. Batten and R. Kollman, “效率優於反馳式拓樸的SEPIC電源方案,” http://www.eettaiwan.com/ARTP_8800376408_675763.HTM
[22] Y. Amran, F. Huliehel, and S. B. Yaakov, “A Unified SEPIC Compatible Average ModelofPWM Converter,”IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.
6, No. 4, pp.585-594, 1991.
[23] M. Veerachary, “Power Tracking for Nonlinear PV Sources with Coupled Inductor SEPIC Converter,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 41, No. 3 pp.1019-1029, 2005.
[24] W. H. Deng, B. Zhang, G.. P. Du, and Z.B.Hu,“Coupled InductorDesign with Small Voltage Spike of SEPIC Converter,” IEEE APEC' 05, Vol. 3, pp.1922-1926, 2005.
[25] R.D.Middlebrook,“Topicsin Multiple-loop Regulators and Current-mode Programming,”IEEE PESC' 85 pp.716-732. 1985.
[26] B. Bryant and M. K. Kazimierczuk, “Open-loop Power-stage Transfer Functions Relevant to Current-mode Control of Boost PWM Converter,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 52, No.10, pp.2158-2164, 2005.
[27] J. H. R. Enslin and D.B.Snyman,“Combined Low-cost, High-efficiency Inverter, Peak Power Tracker and Regulator for PV Applications,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 73-82, 1991.
[28] C. L. Hou, J. Wu, M.Zhang, J. M. Yang, and J. P. Li, ” Application of Adaptive Algorithm of Solar Cell Battery Charger, ” IEEE International Conference on Electric utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies, Vol. 2 pp810-813, 2004.
[29] N. Khaehintung, K Pramotung, and P. Sirisuk, “RISC Microcontroller Built-in Fuzzy Logiccontroller for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Solar-Powered forBattery Charger,”IEEE TENCON' 04, Vol. D pp.637-640, 2004.
[30] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, “Supervisor Control for a Stand-alone Hybrid Generation System Using Wind and Photovoltaic Energy,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.398-405, 2005.
[31] A. M. De Broe, S. Drouilhet, and V. Gevorgian, “A Peck PowerTrackerfor Small Wind Turbines in Battery Charging Applications,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp.1630-1635, 1999.
[32] 華志強、林忠榮, “太陽電池最大功率追蹤轉換器之研製”, 電力電子 期刊,30 期,1995。
[33] Siemens 75 Watt solar panel, http://www.bitterrootsolar.com/solar/sr75.htm [34] Z. Salameh, F. Dagher, and W. A. Lynch, “Step-down Maximum Power
Point Tracker for Photovoltaic System,” Solar Energy, Vol.46, No.1, pp.278-282, 1991.
[35] P.Midya,P.T.Kerin,R.J.Turnbull,R.Reppa,and J.Kimball,“Dynamic Maximum PowerPointTrackerforPhotovoltaicApplications,”IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol.2, pp.1710-1716, 1996.
[36] C. Hua, J. Lin, and C. shen, “Implementation of a DSP-Controlled PhotovoltaicSystem with Peak PowerTracking,”IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 45, No.1, pp.99-107, 1998.
[37] O. Wasynczuck, “Dynamic Behavior of a Class of Photovoltaic Power System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and System, Vol.102, No.9, pp.3031-3037, 1983.
[38] S. J. Chiang, K. T. Chang, and C. Y. Yen, “ResidentialPhotovoltaicEnergy StorageSystem,”IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp.
385-394, 1998.
[39] 江炫樟, “電力電子學”,全華科技圖書股份有限公司,2004。
[40] J. J. Jozwik and M. K. Kazimierczuk, “DualSepicPWM Switching-Mode DC/DC PowerConverter,”IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.64-70, 1989.
[41] R.W.Erickson,“FundamentalsofPowerElectronics,”Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
[42] S. B. Yaakov, D. Adar, and G. Rahav, “A SPICE Compatible Behavioral ModelofSEPIC Converter,”IEEE PESC’96, Vol. 2, pp.1668-1674, 1996.
[43] W. M. Moussa, “Modeling and PerformanceEvaluation ofaDC/DC SEPIC Converter,”IEEE APEC' 95, Vol. 2, pp.702-706 1995.
[44] D. Adar, G. Rahav, and S. B. Yaakov, “A unified BehavioralAverageModel of SEPIC Converters with Coupled Inductors,” IEEE PESC' 97, Vol. 1, pp.441-446, 1997.
[45] L. A. C. Lopes and Anne-Marie Lienhardt, “A Smplified Nnlinear Pwer Surce for Smulating PV Pnels,”IEEE PESC' 03, Vol.4, pp.1729-1734, 2003.
[46] M.Castilla,L.Garcĭa de Vicuńa,and J. M. Guerrero, J. Matas and J. Miret,
“Design of Voltage-Mode Hysteretic Controllers for Synchronous Buck Converters Supplying Microprocessor loads,” IEE Electric Power Applications, Vol.152, No. 5, pp.1171-1178, 2005.
[47] S. Arul Daniel and N. AmmasaiGounden, “A Novel Hybrid Isolated Generating System Based on PV Fed Inverter-asisted Wind-Driven Induction Generators,”IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol.19, No.2, pp.416-422, 2004.
[48] 陳建言, “垂直軸風力發電系統設計有效擷取風能葉片研究”, 私立明 道管理學院材料暨系統工程研究所碩士學位論文,2004。
[49] K. Tan and S. Islam, “Optimum Control Strategies in Energy Conversion of PMSG Wind Turbine System Without Mechanical Sensors,”IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19, No.2, pp.392-399, 2004.
[50] H. M. Kojabadi, L. Chang, and T. Boutot “Development of a Novel Wind Turbine Simulator for Wind Energy Conversion Systems Using an Inverter-Controlled Induction Motor,”IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 19, No.3, pp.547-552, 2004.
[51] F. Valenciaga, Pablo F. Puleston, and Pedro E. Battaiotto “Power Control of a Solar/Wind Generation System Without Wind Measurement: A Passivity/Sliding Mode Approach,”IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol.
18, No.4, pp.501-507, 2003.
[52] A. G. A. Khalil, H. G. Kim, D. C. Lee, and Jul-Ki Seok, “Maximum Output Power Control of Wind Generation System Considering Loss Minimization ofMachines,” in IEEE IECON' 04, Vol. 4, pp.1676-1681, 2004.
[53] T. Senjyu, S. Tamaki, N. Urasaki, K. Uezato, H. Higa, T. Funabashi, H.
Fujita, and H. Sekine, “Wind Velocity and Rotor Position Sensorless Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Wind generation System, ” IEEE PESC’04,Vol. 3, pp.2023-2028, 2004.
[54] A. Koyanagi, H. Kobayashi, Y. Suzuki, and R. Shimada, “Study on Maximum
Power Point Tranking of Wind Turbine Generator Using a Flywheel,” Power Conversion Conference, Vol. 1, pp.322-327, 2002.
[55] J. Yaoqin, Y. Zhongqing, and C. Binggang, “A new Maximum PowerPoint Tracking ControlSchemeforWind Generation,” Power System Technology Conference, Vol. 1, pp.144-148, 2002.
[56] R. G. de Almeida, J. A. P. Lopes, and J. A. Barreiros, “Improving Power System Dynamic Behavior Through Doubly Fed Induction Machines Controlled by Static Converter Using Fuzzy Control,”IEEE Trans. on Power System, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp.1942-1950, 2004.
[57] K. W. Ma and Y. S. Lee, “Technique forSensing Inductorand dcOutput Current of PWM dc-dcConverter,”IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.
9, No. 3, pp.346-354, 1994.
[58] F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, A. Di Napoli, O. Honorati, and E. Santini,
“Testing of New DC-DC Converter Topology for Integrated Wind-Photovoltaic Generating Systems,” IEEE Power Electronics and Applications, Vol. 8, pp.83-88, 1993.
[59] T. Yoshioka, H. Mizuta, T. Ohara, and M. Iwata, “TheDevelopmentofthe New TypeofVRLA Battery forSolarand Wind PowerGeneration Systems,” Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp.90-93, 2000.
[60] H. Dehbonei, C. V. Nayar, and L. Chang, “A New ModularHybrid Power System,”IEEE ISIE’03, Vol.2, pp.9-11, 2003.
[61] J. Svensson, “Simulation of Power Angle Controlled Voltage Source ConverterUsing aLinearQuadraticMethod in aWind Energy Application,” IEEE Conputers in Power Electronics, pp.157-162, 1996.
3 PWM
COMP S
S R
Q
COMP E/A
OSC.
5.1V REFERENCE REGULATOR
U.V.
LOCKOUT
Q
Q
T 15
10
9 8
3 4
5 6
7
16 1 12 14 11 13 2
6k 350m
0.5V
0.5mA +
-+
+
-+ VIN
SYNC
Rt Ct
(-)CUR SENSE (+)CUR SENSE
N.I.
INV.
COMP
SHUTDOWN CUR LIMIT
ADJUST GND B OUT A OUT
Vc Vref
附錄一 UC3846 內部電路圖
附錄二 PV 及 WTG 模擬器半橋電路之 PWM 控制電路
3 + 2
-OUT 6
566C
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
5K 10K 0.1uF
50K
2 1
39K
Vtri 47K
0.0033uF
10K +12V +12V
-12V
+12V
U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3 -10K
10K
10K
10K
10K
10K
10K VconA
10K VconB
100K
4009
3 2
4009
5 4
4009
7 6
4009
9 10
U5A
4001 2
3
U6A
4001 6
4
U7A
4001 9
10
U8A
4001 13
11 Stop/Strat
TA+
TA-TB+
TB-200K
200K 200K
200K +12V
+12V
+12V
+12V
12 8 5 1
3 + 2
-OUT 6
566C
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
5K 10K 0.1uF
50K
2 1
39K
Vtri 47K
0.0033uF
10K +12V +12V
-12V
+12V
U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 3 +
2
-OUT 6
566C
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
5K 10K 0.1uF
50K
2 1
39K
Vtri 47K
0.0033uF
10K +12V +12V
-12V
+12V
U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3 -10K
10K
10K
10K
10K
10K
10K VconA
10K VconB
100K
4009
3 2
4009
5 4
4009
7 6
4009
9 10
2 +
3
-U2
LM311
OUT 7 2 +
3 -10K
10K
10K
10K
10K
10K
10K VconA
10K VconB
100K
4009
3 2
4009
5 4
4009
7 6
4009
9 10
U5A
4001 2
3
U6A
4001 6
4
U7A
4001 9
10
U8A
4001 13
11 Stop/Strat
TA+
TA-TB+
TB-200K
200K 200K
200K +12V
+12V
+12V
+12V
12 8 5 1
`
TLP 250 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5
From PWM
12
12 0 110V
7812
7912
To MOSFET
104
104 104
470u 104
470u 470u
470u
10 Ohm
1K Ohm
`
TLP 250 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5
From PWM
12
12 0 110V
7812
7912
To MOSFET
104
104 104
470u 104
470u 470u
470u
10 Ohm
1K Ohm
`
TLP 250 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5
From PWM
12
12 0 110V
7812
7912
To MOSFET
104
104 104
470u 104
470u 470u
470u
10 Ohm
1K Ohm
`
TLP 250 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5
From PWM
12
12 0 110V
7812
7912
To MOSFET
104
104 104
470u 104
470u 470u
470u
10 Ohm
1K Ohm 1u
1u
1u
1u
附錄三 PV 及 WTG 模擬器光耦合隔離電源電路
附錄四 實作電路
隔離電源 模擬系統半橋電路
SEPIC轉換器 AD/DA