結論

而比較先前萃取文獻，Miller 先將雞冠以乙醇、氫氧化鈉處理 48hr，

在加入胃蛋白酶/醋酸溶液處理 24hr，在經過鹽析、透析的方式處理

動物性低且單位成本高目前尚在研發階段,綜觀以上結果本法萃取方 法簡便及節省時間、人力及成本，且只需要兩天的時間故以經濟效應 來看是有其可行性。

第六章 參考文獻

凌沛學。2000。透明質酸。中國輕工業出版社。p 15-18。

張明聰。2002。加入 WTO 家禽產業因應策略與措施。中國畜牧雜誌 p 2 -18。

許富銀、鄭明鎮、與王盈錦。1998。膠原蛋白在醫學上的應用。生物 產業。9 : 21-26。

陳士軒。1996。透明質酸之製備與傷口癒合應用。陽明大學。碩士論

A. O. A. C. (Association of Official American Chemistis). 1984. Official Method of Analysis. Association of Official American chemistis.

14 : 447-454.

Asghar, A., and Henrickson, R. L. 1982. Chemical biochemical functi- onal and nutritional characteristics of collagen in food systems.

Advances in Food Research. 28 : 231-372.

Bailey, A. J., and Light, N. D. 1989. Connective tissue in meat and meat products. Elsevier Science . p 3-18 .148-169. 205-208.

Balazs, E. A ., and Band, P. 1984. Hyaluronic acid:it is structure and use.

Cosmetic Toil. 6 : 65-72.

Balazs, E. A., Laurent, T. C., and Jeanloz, R.W. 1986. Nomenclature of hyaluronic acid. Biochemistry J. 235 : 903.

Balazs, E. A., Watson, D., and Duff, I. F. 1967. Hyaluronic acid in syno- vial fluid:Molecular parameters of hyaluronic acid in normal and arthritic human fluids. Arthritis Rheum. 10 : 357-376.

Balazs, E. A.1990. Medical applications of hyaluronan and it’s derivati- ves. Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymers. p 293.

Bella, J. B., Brodsky, and Berman, H. M. 1995. Hydration structure of a collagen peptide. Structure. 3 : 893-906.

Bellon, G., Wegrowski, J., and Perreau, G. 1988. A Paralled between Two Technigues of Extraction of Connected Tissues. Macro- molecules Analtical Biochemistry J. 1 : 263-273.

Bertchez, S. F., Camber, O., and Tabatabay, C. 1993. Use of hyaluronic acid in ocular therapy. Biopharmaceutics of Ocular Drug. 105-120.

Bitter, T., and Muir, H. M. 1962. A modified uronic acid carbazole reaction. Biochemistry J. 4 : 330-334.

Bothner, H., and Wik, O. 1987. Rheology of hyaluronate.Acta Otolaryngl.

Bradford, M. M. 1976. Arapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantites of protein utilizing the principiple of protein-dye binding . Biochemistry J. 72 : 248-254.

Cheng, J. 1996. Molecular Biology and Clinic Disease of extracellular matrix. Beijjing medical university press. p 163.

Chong, B. F., and Nielsen, K. L. 2003. Amplifying the cellular reduction potential of Streptococcus Zooepidemicus. Biotechnology J. 100 : 33-41.

Deyl, Z., and Miksik, I. 2000. Advanced separation methods for collagen parent α-chains their polymers and fragments. Chromatogr J .739 : 3 -31.

Douglas, S., Kalman, M. H., Anita, V., Howard, S., and Eric, S. 2008.

Effect of a natural extract of chicken combs with a high content of hyaluronic acid (Hyal-JointR) on pain relief and quality of life in subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized - double - blindplacebo controlled trial. Nutrition. 7 : 3.

Edward, C. A., and O’Brien, W. D. 1980. Modified assay for determi- nation of hydroxproline in a tissue hydrolyzate. clinical chemistry J.

104 : 161-167.

Elson, L. A., and Morgan, W .T. J. 1933. A colorimetric method for the determination of glucosamine and chondrosamine. Biochemistry J.

27 : 1824-1828.

Hardingham, T. 2004 . Chemistry and biology of hyaluronan. Elsevier Scinence. p 3.

Heldermon, C., DeAngelis, P. L., and Weigel, P. H. 2001. Topological organization of the hyaluronan synthase fromStreptococcus pyog- enes. Biochemistry J. 276 : 2037-2046.

Isdale, A. H., Hordon, L. D.,and Bird, H. A. 1991. Intra-articular hyaluro- nate a dose range study in rheumatoid arthristis and osteoarthristis.

drug J. 2 : 93-98.

Jiao, X. Y., Kopp, J., and Tanczos, E. 1998. Cultured Keratinocytes sus- pended in fibrin glue to cover full thickness wound in athymic nude mice:a comparison of two brands of fibrin glue. Eur J Plast Surg.

21 : 72-77.

John, W.G. 1980. Collagen:The anatomy of a protein. biology J. 117 : 1 -53.

Jones, S. B. 1977. Ultrastrutural characteristics of beef muscle. Food Technol J. 5 : 82-85.

Kendall, F. E., Heidlberger, M., and Dawson, M. H. 1937. Aserologically inactive polysaccharide elaborated by mucoid strains of a hemolytic streptococcus. Biochemistry J. 118 : 61-69.

Kucharz, J. E. 1992. The Collagen: Biochemistry and Pathophysiology.

Springer-Verlag. 7-29.

Laurent, T. C. 1987. Biochemistry of hyaluronan. suppl. 442 : 7-24 . Laurent, T. C., and Fraser, J. R. 1992. Hyaluronan. FASEB J. 6 : 2397-

2404.

Leon, W. C., and Dixie, W. F. 1987. Structural and Contractile Proteins:

Extracellular Matrix. Methods in Enzymology. p 82.

Li, S. T. 1993. Collagen biotechnology and it is medical application Bio- med Eng. 5 : 646-657.

Li, Yingcui., Bryan, P. T., Caroline, N. D., Robert, A., and Kosher. 2007.

Hyaluronan in Limb Morphogenesis. Dev Biol. 305 : 411-420.

Lin, Y. K., and Liu, D. C. 2005. Effect of pepsin digestion at different temperatures and time on properties of telopeptide-poor collagen from bird feet. Food Chemistry. 94 : 621-625.

Li, Z. X., and Yuan, C. L. 2000. Preparation of refined hyaluronic acid.

Baoji College of Arts and Science. 17 : 9-26.

Macherey, N. 1990. thin layer chromatograohy.p 14-19.

Madsen, K. 1982. Intraocular pressure development in the rabbit eye after aqueous humour ezchange with different viscoelastic products:

Highlights from the XVIth Congress. European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeon.Nice.

Meyer, K. 1947. The biological significance of hyaluronic acid and hyal- uronidase. Physiol Rev. 27 : 333-59.

Miller, A. T. 1983. Collagen sausage casing. US 4388331. p 6-14.

Miller, E. J., and Rhodes, R. K. 1982. Preparation and characterization of the differenttypes of collagen. Methods in Enzymology. 82 : 33-64.

Miller, E. J., Epstein, E. H., and Piez, K. A. 1971. Identification of three genetically distinct collagens by cyanogen bromide cleavage of insoluble human skin and cartilage collagen. Biochemistry J. 42(6) :

Miyata, T., Taira, T., and Noishiki, Y. 1992. Collagen engineering for biomaterial use. Clin Mater. 9 : 139-148.

Morganti, P., Randazzo, S. D., and Cardillo, A. 1996.Role of insoluble and soluble collagen as skin moisturizer. Cosmetology J. 4 : 141-152.

Myllyharju, J., Kivirikko, K. I. 2004. Collagens, modifying enzymes and their mutations in humans, flies and worms. Trends Genet. 20 : 33-43.

Nagai, T., Worawattanamateekul, W., Suzuki, N., Nakamura, T., Fujiki, K., Nakao, M., and Yano, T. 2000. Isolation and characterization of collagen from rhizostomous jellyfish ( Rhopilema asamushi ). Food Chemistry. 70 : 205-208.

Nimni, M., Cheung, D., Strates, B. K., Odama, M., and Sheikh, K. 1988.

Bioprosthesis derived from cross-linked and chemically modified collagenous tissues. Biotechnology. 3 : 1-37.

Nimrod, A., Greenman, B., and Kanner, D. 1988. High molecular weight sodium hyaluronate. USP 4784990.

Olsen, D. R., Peltonen, A., and Jaakkola, S. 1989. Collagen gene expre- ssion by cultured human skin fibroblasts abundant steady-state levels of type Ⅵ procollagen message RNAs. Clin Invest J. 83 : 791-796.

Partridge, X., Yang, N. M., Clarke, Y., Okubo, K., Bessho, W., Sebald, S.

M., Howdle, K. M., and Shakesheff, R. O. 2002. 47 denoviral

BMP-2 Gene Transfer in Mesenchymal Stem Cells:InVitro and in Vivo Bone Formation on Biodegradable Polymer caffolds.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 292 : 144-152.

Pape, L. G., and Balazs, E.A. 1980. The use of sodium hyaluronate in human anterior segment surgery. Ophthalmology J. 87 : 699.

Pearson, A. M., Dutson, T. R., and Bailey, A. J. 1985. Collagen as a food.

Advance in meat research. 312-321.

Peterson, M. S., and Johnson, A. H. 1978. Encyclopaedia of food science.

AUI Publishing Company. p 153-160.

Price, J. F., and Schweight, B. S. 1971. The science of meat and meat Products. W. H. Freeman and Company. p 112-120.

Ramirez, A., Schwane, J. A., McFarland, C., and Starcher B. 1997.

The effect of ultrasound on collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation in vitro. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29 : 326-332.

Reed, R. K., Lijia, K., and Laurent, T. C. 1988. Hyaluronan in tha rat with special reference to the skin. Acta Physiol Scand. 134 : 405-411.

Schaub, M. C. 1963. The aging of collagen in the striated muscle.

Gerontologia. 8 : 16-35.

Scott, J. E. 1992. Supramolecular organization of extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans, in vitro and in the tissues. FASEB J. 6 : 2639-2645.

Scott, J. E. 1998. Secondary and tertiary structures of hyaluronan in aque- ous solution.Some biological consequences:Glycoforum. Science

of Hyaluronan. 8 : 16-35.

Sikorski, Z. E., Scott, D. N., and Buisson, D. H. 1984. The role of collag- en in the quality and processing of fish. Food Science and Nutrition. 20(4) : 301-343.

Woodhead-Galloway, J. 1980. Collagen:The Anatomy of a Protein.

London Edward Arnold . p 20-21.

Yamamoto, H. 1998. Antiaging and cosmetic effects of dietary hyaluro- nic acid. New Food. p 33-41.

Yoshihito, I., Hiroshi, K., Akitsugu, Y., Akira, K.,^. Hans, P. B., and Kazuhiro, N. 2006. Type I collagen in Hsp47-null cells is aggregated in endoplasmic reticulum and deficient in N-propeptide processing and fibrillogenesis. Molecular biology of the cell. 5 : 2346-2355.