• 沒有找到結果。

加非離子型界面活性劑 BR-1、BR-2 及 Triton-X,對於蝕刻速率有提升,但 孔壁形貌會形成多孔矽;添加陰離子型界面活性劑 1 wt.% MA、強氧化劑 2.5

70 µm/hr、74 µm/hr 及 58 µm/hr。在孔壁粗糙度方面,發現僅有同時添加 2.5

Alcohol,穿孔時間最快約為 16.7 hr,且孔洞形貌有極佳的表面粗糙度。電化 學蝕刻之孔徑最小約為 21 µm,蝕刻孔洞之深寬比最大約為 17.7。

第六章 未來展望

能將此技術應用於太陽能電池之抗反射層製作,預期將有機會大幅提升太陽 能電池之轉換效率,以利太陽能電池的普及化。

參考文獻

1.

楊啟榮, "微機電系統原理與應用", 國立臺灣師範大學課程講義 (2005).

2.

楊 啟 榮 等 人 , " 微 機 電 系 統 技 術 與 應 用 ", 儀 器 科 技 研 究 中 心 , 第 四 章 (2007) .

3.

M. D. B. Charlton, H. W. Lau, and G. J. Parker, "High aspect ratio photo-assisted electro-chemical etching of silicon and its application for the fabrication of quantum wires and photonic band structures", IEE Colloquium on Microengineering Applications in Optoelectronics (1996) pp. 1-9.

4.

A. Satoh, "Formation of through-holes on silicon wafer by optical excitation electropolishing method", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 39 (2000) pp.

378-386.

5.

V. Lehmann and H. Föll, "Formation mechanism and properties of electrochemically etched trenches in n-type silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137 (1990) pp. 653-658.

6.

V. Lehmann and U. Grüning, "The limits of macropore array fabrication", Thin Solid Films, Vol. 297 (1997) pp. 13-17.

7.

V. Lehmann, "The physics of macropore formation in low-doped n-type silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140 (1993) pp. 2836-2843.

8.

V. Lehmann, "Porous silicon formation and other photo-electrochemical effects at silicon electrodes anodized in hydrofluoric acid", Applied Surface Science, Vol.

106 (1996) pp. 402-405.

9.

V. Lehmann, "Porous silicon-a new material for MEMS", Proc. of Micro Electro Mechanical System Workshop, California, USA (1996) pp. 1-6.

10.

http://www.ise.fhg.de/welcome-to-the-web-pages-of-the-fraunhofer-institute-for-s olar-energy-systems-in-freiburg-germany/view?set_language=en

11.

A. Uhir, "Electrolytic shaping of germanium and silicon", Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 35 (1956) pp. 333-347.

12.

V. Lehmann, R. Stengl, H. Reisinger, R. Detemple, and W. Theiss, "Optical shortpass filters based on macroporous silicon", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 78 (2001) pp. 589.

13.

S. Rowson, A. Chelnokov, and J. M. Lourtioz, "Two-dimensional photonic crystals in macroporous silicon: From mid-infrared (10 µm) to telecommunication wavelengths (1.3-1.5 µm)", Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 17 (1999) pp.

1989-1995.

14.

U. Grüninga, V. Lehmann, S. Ottow, and K. Busch, "Macroporous silicon with a complete two-dimensional photonic band gap centered at 5 µm", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 68 (1996) pp. 747.

15.

F. Müller, A. Birner, U. Gösele, V. Lehmann, S. Ottow, and H. Föll,"Structuring of macroporous silicon for applications as photonic crystals", Journal of Porous Material, Vol. 7 (2000) pp. 201.

16.

P. Roussel, V. Lysenko, B. Remaki, G. Delhomme, A. Dittmar, and D. Barbier,

"Thick oxidised porous silicon layers for the design of a biomedical thermal conductivity microsensor", Sensor and Actuators A, Vol. 74 (1999) pp. 100-103.

17.

M. B. Ali, R. Mlika, H. B. Ouada, R. M’ghaïeth, and H. Maâref, "Porous silicon as substrate for ion sensors", Sensor and Actuators A, Vol. 74 (1999) pp. 123-125.

18.

S. Bastide, A. Albu-Yaron, S. Strehlke, and C. Lévy-Clément, "Formation and characterization of porous silicon layers for application in multicrystalline silicon solar cells", Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 57 (1999) pp. 393-417.

19.

H. Ohji, S. Izuo, P. J. French, and K. Tsutsumi, "Pillar structures with a sub-micron space fabricated by macroporous-based micromachining", Sensor and Actuators A, Vol. 97-98 (2002) pp. 744-748.

20.

S. Izuo, H. Ohji, and P. J. French, "A novel electrochemical etching technique for n-type silicon", Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 97 (2002) pp. 720-724.

21.

G. Barillaro, A. Nannini, and M. Piotto, "Electrochemical etching in HF solution for silicon micromachining", Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 102 (2002) pp.

195-201.

22.

H. Ohji, P.J. French, and K. Tsutsumi, "Fabrication of mechanical in p-type silicon using electrochemical etching", Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 82 (2000) pp.

254-258.

23.

H. Ohji, P.J. Trimp, and P.J. French, "Fabrication of free standing structure using single step electrochemical etching in hydrofluoric acid", Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 73 (1999) pp. 95-100.

24.

A. Satoh, "Formation of through-holes on silicon wafer by optical excitation electropolishing method", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 39 (2000) pp.

378-386.

25.

K. J. Chao, S. C. Kao, C. M. Yang, M. S. Hseu, and T. G. Tsai, "Formation of high aspect ratio macropore array on p-type silicon", Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 3 (2002) pp. 489-492.

26.

K. Itoi, S. Kageyama, T. Suemasu, and T. Takizawa, "Conductive interconnections through thick Si substrates for 3D packaging", The fifteen IEEE international conference (2002) pp. 388-391.

27.

H.R. Robbins and B. Schwartz, "Chemical etching of silicon-I. The system HF, HNO3, H2O, and HC2C3O2", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 106 (1959) pp. 505-508.

28.

H.R. Robbins and B. Schwartz, "Chemical etching of silicon-II. The system HF, HNO3, H2O, and HC2C3O2", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 107 (1960) pp. 108-111.

29.

B. Schwartz and H. R. Robbins, "Chemical etching of silicon-III. A temperature study in the acid system", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 108 (1961) pp. 365-372.

30.

G. T. A. Kovacs, N. I. Maluf, and K. E. Petersen, "Bulk Micromachining of Silicon", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 86 (1998) pp. 1536-1551.

31.

M. Elwenspoek, "The form of etch rate minima in wet chemical anisotropic etching of silicon", Journal of Micromechanical and Microengineering, Vol. 6 (1996) pp. 405-409.

32.

B. Schwartz and H. R. Robbins, "Chemical etching of silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 123 (1976) pp. 1903-1909.

33.

A. F. Bogenschutz, W. Krusemark, K.H. Locherer, and W. Mussinger, "Activation energies in the chemical etching of semiconductors in HNO3-HF-CH3COOH", Journal of the Electrochemical Society: Solid State, Vol. 114 (1967) pp. 970-973.

34.

L. Walter, "Silicon microstructuring technology", Materials science and engineering, Vol. 17 (1996) pp. 7-17.

35.

D. B. Lee, "Anisotropic etching of silicon", Journal of Applied physics, Vol. 40 (1969) pp. 4569-4574.

36.

P. J. Hesketh, C. Ju, and S. Gowda, "Surface free energy model of silicon anisotropic etching", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 140 (1993) pp.

1080-1084.

37.

H. Seidel, L. Csepregi, A. Heuberger, and H. Baumgartel, "Anisotropic etching of crystalline silicon in alkaline solution-Part I. Orientation dependence and behavior of passivation layer", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137 (1990) pp. 3612-3626.

38.

H. Seidel, L. Csepregi, A. Heuberger, and H. Baumgartel, "Anisotropic etching of crystalline silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137 (1990) pp.

3626-3632.

39.

D. R. Ciarlo, "Corner compensation structures for (110) oriented silicon", IEEE Micro Robots and Teleoperators Workshop (1987) pp. 1-4.

40.

O. Powell and H B. Harrison, "Anisotropic etching of {100} and {110} planes in (100) silicon", Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 11 (2001) pp. 217-220.

41.

G. Ensell, "Alignment of mask patterns to crystal orientation", Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 53 (1996) pp. 345-348.

42.

M. Vangboy and Y. Bäcklund, "Precise mask alignment to the crystallographic orientation of silicon wafers using wet anisotropic etching", Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 6 (1996) pp. 279-284.

43.

鍾震桂 等人, "感應耦合電漿的矽非均性蝕刻技術", 第三屆奈米工程暨微系 統技術研討會, Vol. 3 (1999) pp. 83-87.

44.

R. B. Bosch Gmbh, U.S. patents No.4855017, U.S. patents No.4784720, and Germany Patent No. 4241045C1 (1994).

45.

M. Hynes, H. Ashraf, J. K. Bhardwaj, J. Hopkins, I. Johnston, and J. N. Shepherd,

"Recent advances in silicon etching for MEMS using the ASE process", Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 74 (1999) pp. 13-17.

46.

J. K. Bhardwaj and H. Ashraf, "Advanced silicon etching using high density plasmas", SPIE, Vol. 2639 (1995) pp. 225.

47.

楊啟榮 等人, "微系統類 LIGA 製程光刻技術", 科儀新知, Vol. 22 (2001) pp.

33-45.

48.

V. Lehmann and S. Ronnebeck, "The physics of macropore formation in low-doped p-type silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 146 (1999) pp. 2968-2975.

49.

R. L. Smith and S. D. Collins, "Porous silicon formation mechanisms", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 71 (1992) pp. 1-22.

50.

吳浩青 等人, "電化學動力學", 科技圖書股份有限公司 (2001) pp. 179-183.

51.

X. Badel, "Electrochemically etched pore arrays in silicon for X-ray imaging detectors", Ph.D Thesis, The Royal Institute of Technology (2005) pp. 5-21.

52.

M. I. J. Beale, J. D. Benjamin, M. J. Uren, N. G. Chew, and A. G. Cullis, "An experimental and theoretical study of the formation and microstructure of porous silicon", Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 73 (1985) pp. 622-636.

53.

M. I. J. Beale, N. G. Chew, M. J. Uren, A. G. Cullis, and J. D. Benjamin,

"Microstructure and formation mechanism of porous silicon", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 46 (1985) pp. 86-88.

54.

X. G. Zhang, S. D. Collins, and R. L. Smith, "Porous silicon formation and electropolishing of silicon by anodic polarization in HF solution", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 136 (1989) pp. 1561-1565.

55.

X. G. Zhang, "Mechanism of pore formation on n-type silicon", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 138 (1991) pp. 3750-3756.

56.

T. Unagami, "Formation mechanism of porous silicon layer by anodization in HF solution", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 127 (1980) pp. 476-483.

57.

R. L. Smith, S. F. Chuang, and S. D. Collins, "A theoretical model of the formation morphologies of porous silicon", Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol.

17 (1988) pp. 533-541.

58.

C. S. Solanki, R. R. Bilyalov, H. Bender, and J. Poortmans, "New approach for the formation and separation of a thin porous silicon layer", Physica Status Solidi,

59.

V. Y. Yerokhov, R. Hezel, M. Lipinski, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, and P.

Panek, "Cost-effective methods of texturing for silicon solar cells", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 72 (2002) pp. 291-298.

60.

K. Tsujino and M. Matsumura, "Formation of a low reflective surface on crystalline silicon solar cells by chemical treatment using Ag electrodes as the catalyst", Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells, Vol. 90 (2006) pp. 1527-1532.

61.

J. S. Yoo, I. O. Parm, U. Gangopadhyay, Kyunghae Kim, S. K. Dhungel, D.

Mangalaraj, and J. Yi, "Black silicon layer formation for application in solar cells", Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells, Vol. 90 (2006) pp. 3085-3093.

62.

B. C. Chakravarty, J. Tripathi, A. K. Sharma, R. Kumar, K. N. Sood, S. B.

Samanta, and S. N. Singh, "The growth kinetics and optical confinement studies of porous Si for application in terrestrial Si solar cells as antireflection coating", Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells, Vol. 91 (2007) pp. 701-706.

63.

U. Gangopadhyay, S.K. Dhungel, P. K. Basu, S. K. Dutta, H. Saha, and J. Yi, "

Comparative study of different approaches of multicrystalline silicon texturing for solar cell fabrication", Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells, Vol. 91 (2007) pp.

285-289.

64.

C. T. Wu, F. H. Ko, and C. H. Lin, "Self-organized tantalum oxide nanopyramidal arrays for antireflective structure", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90 (2007) pp.

171911.

65.

K. Nishioka, S. Horita, K. Ohdaira, and H. Matsumura, "Antireflection subwavelength structure of silicon surface formed by wet process using catalysis

of single nano-sized gold particle", Solar Energy Material and Solar Cells, Vol. 92 (2008) pp. 919-922.

66.

http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/APPEND/

67.

http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/APPEND/AM0AM1_5.xls

68.

M. A. Green, J. Zhao, A. Wang, and S. R. Wenham, "Very high efficiency silicon solar cells-science and technology", IEEE, Vol. 46 (1999) pp. 1940-1947.

69.

M. A. Green, "The future of crystalline silicon solar cells", Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 8 (2000) pp. 127-139.

70.

M. A. Green, "Crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells", Advance Materials, Vol. 13 (2001) pp. 1019-1022.

71.

M. A. Green, "Crystalline and thin-film silicon solar cells: state of the art and future potential", Solar Energy, Vol. 74 (2003) 181-192.

相關文件