第五章 綜合討論
第四節 結論
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第四節 結論
整體而言，本研究指出唯有當個體進行學習時，FRN 才能完全反映個 體對於回饋的預期程度。情緒對於FRN 所產生的調節作用亦指出唯有當個 體於作業中持續進行學習時才可被觀察到，倘若規則已被習得，此時情緒 對FRN 便不會產生調節作用，且情緒的喚起程度亦會影響情緒調節 FRN 的效果。本研究於情緒刺激的選取上雖有以IAPS 的常模作為選擇的參考，
但LPP 分析結果則指出受試者在正向情緒圖片下有較強的喚起程度。本研 究若能進一步的針對相同情緒圖片刺激收集受試者情緒喚起程度的主觀 資料，情緒喚起程度對FRN 的調節作用也許可獲得進一步的釐清。
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圖一：Gehring & Willoughby (2002)中正向回饋結果以及負向回饋結果分別誘 發的 FRN 腦波圖。
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圖十：實驗一情緒圖片呈現後腦波反應隨時間變化之拓撲圖(topography)。
圖十一：實驗一受試於正負向情緒圖片呈現後對作業在非預期與預期況下的 FRN 反應強度。圖(A)為電極記錄點 Fz、圖(B)為電極記錄點 FCz、圖(C)為 電極記錄點 Cz、圖(D)為電極記錄點 CPz、圖(E)為電極記錄點 Pz。FRN 以微伏特(µV)為單位，數值表示為平均值+標準誤(mean + S.E.M)。
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圖十九：實驗二情緒圖片呈現後腦波反應隨時間變化之拓撲圖(topography)。
圖二十：實驗二受試於正負向情緒圖片呈現後對作業在非預期與預期況下的 FRN 反應強度。圖(A)為電極記錄點 Fz、圖(B)為電極記錄點 FCz、圖(C)為 電極記錄點 Cz、圖(D)為電極記錄點 CPz、圖(E)為電極記錄點 Pz。FRN 以微伏特(µV)為單位，數值表示為平均值+標準誤(mean + S.E.M)。
圖二十一：實驗二受試在作業的非預期及預期狀況於記錄點 Fz、Cz 及 Pz 之 FRN 腦波圖。
圖二十二：實驗二情緒圖片呈現後於記錄點 Fz、Cz 及 Pz 的 FRN 腦波圖，正向情 緒圖片、中性情緒圖片及負向情緒圖片分別以紅色、綠色及藍色表 示。
圖二十三：實驗二前半段中(前 360 嘗試次)受試於正負向情緒圖片呈現後對作業 在非預期與預期況下的 FRN 反應強度。圖(A)為電極記錄點 Fz、圖(B) 為電極記錄點 FCz、圖(C)為電極記錄點 Cz、圖(D)為電極記錄點 CPz、
圖(E)為電極記錄點 Pz。FRN 以微伏特(µV)為單位，數值表示為平均值 +標準誤(mean + S.E.M)。
圖二十四：實驗二前半段中(前 360 嘗試次)受試在作業的非預期及預期狀況於記 錄點 Fz、Cz 及 Pz 之 FRN 腦波圖。
圖二十五：實驗二前半段中(前 360 嘗試次)情緒圖片呈現後於記錄點 Fz、Cz 及 Pz 的 FRN 腦波圖，正向情緒圖片、中性情緒圖片及負向情緒圖片分 別以紅色、綠色及藍色表示。
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N umber of Presses
0 100 200 300 400 500
Left Right
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N umber of Presses
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Left Presses Right Presses
Orders in 6 Blocks
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50 Left presses
Right presses
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Orders in 2 Blocks
First 1/3 Last 1/3
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50 Left presses
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First 1/3 Last 1/3
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圖七
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LPP amplitude ( V)
-4
Negative Pictures Neutral Pictures Positive Pictures
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圖十
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
-12
Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
-12
Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
-12
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First 1/3 Last 1/3
Number of Presses
0 10 20 30 40
Correct Responses Incorrect Responses
Orders in 6 Blocks
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First 1/3 Last 1/3
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Correct Responses Incorrect Responses
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First 1/3 Last /13
Number of Presses
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Correct Response Incorrect Response
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圖十六
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LPP amplitude ( V)
-3
Negative Pictures Neutral Pictures Positive Pictures
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected ExpectancyControl Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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(C) Expectancy
Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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Unexpected Control Expected
FRN amplitude (V)
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(Valence) Arousal SD
(Arousal) Pictures No. Valence SD
(Valence)Arousal SD
(Arousal) Pictures No. Valence SD
(Valence)Arousal SD (Arousal)
Positive Pictures
2070 8.17 1.46 4.51 2.74
Neutral Pictures
2190 4.83 1.28 2.41 1.80
Negative Pictures