z 本研究成功發展出微模型實驗系統，包括微模型
、
壓力控制系統、
CCD、
XY 移動平台、
試驗液體、
影像處理軟體等構件。(2)二相流置換機制之微模型實驗與分析
z 置換機制實驗中可清楚的觀察到 I1 型汲取發生的情形，亦可由實驗拍攝的圖片 中發現 R.Lenormand et al. (1983)所提出的 In 型置換機制的確是會發生於孔中 z 由實驗數據中可以發現，本實驗引用理論機制公式所推估之各種理論機制門檻
值，大致上與實驗所發生各種置換機制之毛細壓力一致 (3)三相流體對微模型實驗之Kr −S−P關係：
z 五組流體對Kr-S 實驗結果，發現汲取階段之相對滲透係數和飽和度近乎線性函 數關係，但是排退階段之相對滲透係數和飽和度則是非線性函數關係，這個結果 可由實驗過程的影像中看出是因為排退過程中非濕潤相分佈不均勻所致，另ㄧ方 面，汲取階段時非濕潤相分佈較為均勻，濕潤相的相對滲透係數相對有較佳之連 接性，由於濕潤相的相對滲透係數可被當作是微模型中濕潤相佔據孔頸單元數目 之函數，而濕潤相佔據孔頸單元數目和飽和度是線性關係，因此汲取階段之相對 滲透係數和飽和度近乎線性函數關係。
z 隨著濕潤性之增加，濕潤相殘留飽和度會降低，隨著界面張力之增加，濕潤相殘 留飽和度會增加，濕潤相殘留飽和度會依水~四氯乙烷、水~柴油，柴油~空氣，
四氯乙烷~空氣及水~空氣等流體對而增加。
(4) 三相流體共存時之Kr −S−P關係曲線：
z 在傳統上處理三相共存的問題，並不考量不同相的流體進入多孔介質的先後次 序，由本研究結果顯示Kr-S-P 關係受各相流體進入孔隙介質（微模型）先後順序 的影響。就 W-D-A(水-四氯乙烷-空氣)與 W-O-A(水-柴油-空氣)兩組實驗比較，由 實驗觀察得到，當排退過程結束時，四氯乙烷殘留在微模型中的殘留量大於柴油 的殘留量。
z 由實驗觀察的結果，當三相共存時，在固定的濕潤相飽和度下，非濕潤相柴油與 空氣飽和度間的比例，會影響濕潤相的相對滲透係數。此亦顯示以往模擬多相流 傳輸時多將三相共存的情形簡化為兩相來處理可能帶來誤差。
z 應用 Parker 經驗公式由三相 P-S 關係所得之三相Kr-S 關係經驗曲線，和實驗曲 線在趨勢上大致能互相符合，尤其是 W-O-A 流體對推估值與實驗比較結果最佳。
7-2 建議
1. 本實驗的微模型的孔頸尺寸是屬於粗砂孔隙，建議未來能縮小微模型的孔頸尺 寸，朝向細砂孔隙、粉土孔隙尺寸的微模型實驗。
2. 建議未來進ㄧ步以考慮孔頸排列方向性之邏輯判斷，開發孔頸尺度置換機制模 擬模式，以不同組流體對，分別作排退及汲取之 P-S 曲線模擬，當然模擬之初 始條件及邊界條件要能有擴充到與大型微模型實驗之裝置相同之條件。
3. 井間介入性示蹤劑試驗(PITT) 是利用已知濃度示蹤劑與 NAPL 間反應後濃度 減少量經逆向計算而間接估算得污染場址之非水相液殘留量，但ㄧ方面對其估 算量實際上無法與現地真值作比對， 另一方面亦因現地土壤孔隙介值之不可 透視， 故無法得知示蹤劑其反應過程之紀錄， 建議本研究若加大微模型板尺 寸至相當規模， 有機會能解決目前 PITT 技術發展上之瓶頸。
參考文獻
1. 呂元鈞，非水相液滲透係數-飽和度-毛細壓力關係之微模型試驗研究，國立 交通大學土木工程研究所碩士論文，(2002)。
2. 陳鴻輝，壓密導致孔隙率變化對保水曲線的影響，國立中央大學土木工程研 究所碩士碩文，(1990)。
3. 張良正、單信瑜、陳鴻輝、歐國隆，遲滯效應與尺度原則對非水相液於孔隙 介質中傳輸模擬之影響，中國土木水利工程學刊，Vol 13, No4,(2001)。
4. 張良正、蔡瑞彬、陳鴻輝，應用微模型於流體對間至換機制之研究，中國土 木水利工程學刊，Vol 18, No4,(2006)。
5. 陳鴻輝、張良正，以微模型實驗於三相毛細壓力飽和度滲透係數關係之研 究，第六屆地下水資源及水質保護研討會，逢甲大學，(2004)。
6. Abriola, L. M., and G. F. Pinder, A multiphase approaches to the modeling of porous media contamination by organic compounds, Water Resource Research, 21(1): 19-26, (1985).
7. Baker, L. E., Three-phase relative permeability correlations, Paper 17369, Society of Pet. Eng., (1988).
8. Bedient, P.B., H. S., Rifai, and C. J., Newell, Ground water contamination:
transport and remediation”, Englewood Cliffs/PTR Prentice Hall, (1994).
9. Calhoun, Jr., J.C., Lewis, and R.C., Newman, Experiments on the capillary properties of porous solids, Pet. Trans. AIME: 189-196, (1949).
10. Chang L.C., H. H. Chen, H.Y. Shan, and J.P. Tsai, Effect of connectivity and wettability on the relative permeability of NAPLs, Environmental geology, Published online: 26 February, (2008).
11. Chen, H. H., L. C. Chang, H.Y. Shan, Simulation of multiphase flow of
LNAPLs using experimental data of soil water characteristic curves, Proceeding of the fifth International Conference on coast environment incorporating oil spill studies, (2004).
12. Chen, H. H., , L. C. Chang, H.Y. Shan, Experimental Studies of NAPLs on Relationships of Permeability-Saturation and Capillary pressure-saturation, 6th International Conference on Hydro informatics, Singapore, (2004).
13. Corapcioglu, M.Y. and P. Fedirchuk, Glass bead micro model study of solute transport, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 36(1): 209-230, (1999).
14. Delshad, M. and G. A.,Pope, Comparison of the three-phase relative permeability models, Transport in Porous Media, 4(1): 59-83, (1989).
15. Demond, A. H. and P. V., Roberts, Effect of interfacial forces on two-phase capillary pressure-saturation relationships, Water Resource Research, 27(1):
423-437, (1991).
16. Demond, A. H. and P. V. Roberts, Estimation of two-phase relative permeability relationships for organic liquid contaminants, Water Resource Research, 29(4):
1081-1090, (1993).
17. Extrand, C. W. and Y. Kumagait, An Experimental Study of Contact Angle Hysteresis, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 191(3):378-383, (1997).
18. Guarnaccia, J. F., G. F. Pinder, and M. Fishman, NAPL, Simulator Documentation, Final Report, EPA Cooperative Agreement No. CR-820499, (1997).
19. Haines, W. B., Studies in the Physical Properties of Soil: The Hyeteresis Effect in Capillary Properties and the Models of Moisture, Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(3):97-116, (1930).
20. Hoa, H. T., R. Gaudu, and C. Thirriot, Influence of the hysteresis effect on transient flows in saturated-unsaturated porous media, Water Resource Research 13(4): 992-996, (1977).
21. Jia. C., K. Shing, and Y.C. Yortsos, Visualization and Simulation of Non-aqueous Phase Liquids Solubilization in pore networks, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 35(4): 363-387, (1999).
22. Kool, J. B., and J. C. Parker, Development and evaluation of closed-form expressions for hysteretic soil hydraulic properties, Water Resource Research, 23(2): 105-114, (1987).
23. Lenhard, R. J., and J. C. Parker, Measurement and Prediction of Saturation-Pressure Relationships in Three-Phase Porous Media Systems, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1(3): 407-424, (1987).
24. Lenhard, R. J., M. Oostrom, C. S. Simmons, and M.D. White, Investigation of density-dependent gas advection of trichloroethylene: Experiment and a model validation exercise, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 19(4): 47-67, (1995).
25. Lenormand, R., C. Zarcone and A. Sarr, Mechanism of the Displacement of One Fluid by Another in A Network of Capillary Ducts, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 135(2):337-353, (1983).
26. Leverett, M. C., Capillary behavior in porous solids, Trans. AIME, 142(1):
152-169, (1941).
27. Mercer, J. W., and R. M. Cohen, A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface models, characterization and remediation, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 6(4): 107-163, (1990).
28. Mualem,Y., A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of
unsaturated porous media, Water Resource Research., 12(3): 513-522, (1976).
29. Oren P.E. and W.V., Pinczewski, Fluid distribution and pore-scale displacement mechanisms in drainage three-phase flow, Transport in Porous Media, 20(1-2):
105-133, (1995).
30. Oostrom, M., and R. J. Lenhard, Comparison of relative permeability-saturation-pressure parametric models for infiltration and redistribution of a light Non aqueous-phase liquid in sandy porous media, Advances in Water Resources, 21(2): 145-157, (1998).
31. Parker, J. C. and R. J. Lenhard, A model for hysteretic constitutive relations governing multiphase flow: Saturation-pressure relations, Water Resource Research, 23(12): 2187-2196, (1987).
32. Parker, J. C. and R. J. Lenhard, A model for hysteretic constitutive relations governing multiphase flow: Permeability-Saturation relations, Water Resource Research, 23(12): 2197-2206, (1987).
33. Parker, J. C., R. J. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy, A parametric model for constitutive properties governing multiphase flow in porous media, Water Resource Research, 23(4): 618-624, (1987).
34. Patzek, T.W., Kristensen, J.D., Shape factor and hydraulic conductance in noncircular capillaries: Two phase creeping flow, Journal Colloid Interface Science, 236 (2): 305–317, (2001).
35. Patzek, T.W., Silin, D.B., Shape factor and hydraulic conductance in noncircular capillaries: I. One-phase creeping flow. Journal Colloid Interface Science, 236 (2): 295– 304, (2001).
36. Pinder, G. F., L. M. Abriola, On the simulation of Non-aqueous phase organic
compounds in the subsurface, Water Resource Research, 22(9): 109-119, (1986).
37. Soll, W.E. and J.L. Wilson, Micro model Studies of three-Fluid Porous Media Systems: Pore-Scale Process Relating to Capillary Pressure-Saturation Relationships, Water Resource Research, 29(9): 963-2974, ( 1993).
38. Stone, H. L., Estimation of three-phase relative permeability and residual oil data, Journal Can. Pet. Technology, 12(1): 53-61, (1973).
39. Wan J. and J. L. Wilson, Visualization of the role of the gas-water interface on the fate and transport of colloids in porous media, Water Resource Research, 30(1): 11-23, (1994).
40. Wardlaw, N. C., The effects of geometry, wettability, viscosity and interfacial tension on trapping in single pore-throat pairs, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology,16(3):21-27, (1982).
41. Wardlaw, N. C. and Y. Li, Fluid Topology, Pore Size and Aspect Ratio during Imbibition, Transport in Porous Media, 3(1): 17-34, (1988).
42. Lenormand, R., C. Zarcone and A. Sarr, Mechanism of the Displacement of One Fluid by Another in A Network of Capillary Ducts, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 135(2):337-353, (1983).
43. Lenormand, R. and C. Zarconearr, Role of Roughness and Edges during Imbibition in Square Capillaries, SPE of AIME, Annual Meeting, 1-17, (1984).
44. Li, Y. and N. C. Wardlaw, The Influence of Wettability and Critical Pore Throat Size Ratio on Snap-Off, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 109(2):
461-472, (1986).
45. Parker, J. C., Multiphase Flow and Transport in Porous Media, Reviews of Geophysics, 27(3): 311-328, (1989).
46. van Geel, P. J., and J. F. Sykes, Laboratory and Model Simulations of A LNAPL Spill in A Variably-Saturated Sand: Comparison of Laboratory and Model Results, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 17(3): 27-53, (1994).
47. van Genuchten, M. Th., A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Science Society of American Journal, 44(1): 892-898, (1980).
48. Wardlaw, N. C., Y. Li, and D. Forbes, Pore Throat Size Correlation from Capillary Pressure Curve, Transport in Porous Media, 2(1):597-614, (1987).
49. Williams, P.J. The Surface of the Earth, an introduction to geotechnical science, Longman Inc., New York, (1982).
附錄一 多相流數值模擬 NAPL Simulator 介紹
Dα: α相的延散係數[L2/T]，為一對稱的二階張量(Symmetric second-order tensor) Qα:源流或沉流[1/T]
若代表有機相流(NAPL-Phase Flow)控制方程式，則其中(ι,α) =(n,N)如式(4)