台灣因具備發展設計業的先天環境優勢(例如:充沛理工人才、科學園區以 及政府相關補助政策),以及專業晶圓製造、封裝和測試等完整產業供應鏈的就 近支援,大幅降低產品生產週期與成本,而造就目前台灣特有的虛擬整合商業模 式,然而虛擬整合商業模式的獲利率未必優於垂直整合商業模式,在本研究發 現,影響兩者獲利差異在於景氣循環因素,亦即在景氣過熱時,因為晶圓代工廠 的產能絕大多數被 IDM 廠商佔有,故設計業與代工廠的談判空間縮小,難以搶 到產能,因此虛擬整合商業模式的獲利狀況在景氣過熱情況下並不如 IDM。
綜合而言,兩種商業模式的組合各有其優缺點,首先,以虛擬整合商業模式 而言,設計業者與專業晶圓代工廠配合模式,使得設計業者可以專注於產品設 計、研發,而先進製程技術的開發則交由專業晶圓廠進行。設計業規模小,因此 在營運上較有彈性,也能因應市場環境的變化,且因具備成本控制優勢,故 ROS 表現優異。然而其面對以下威脅:
一、專業晶圓代工廠的產能無法完全掌控:因為專業晶圓代工廠的產能絕大多數 被 IDM 廠商佔有,且隨著 IDM 之 ROE、ROA 與 ROS 表現不佳下,IDM 逐 漸將獲利較低的製程外包給代工廠。因此隨著 IDM 訂單釋出給專業晶圓代 工廠的趨勢愈來愈明顯下,勢必會擠壓部分 Fabless 公司訂單。而使得當景 氣過熱時,設計業者較難爭取到專業晶圓代工廠的產能;
二、產品技術差異化不高:台灣設計業多數以資訊應用產品為主力,由於資訊應 用 IC 的市場和技術均已趨於成熟,因此即使設計業者具有成本控制優勢,
但因各家設計業者的產品技術差異程度不高,彼此容易陷入競價行為,而導 致營收獲利下降趨勢;
三、代工與設計之專業分工合作高獲利模式,吸引模仿者及強力競爭者(如 IBM)
進入,使得原先全球獨特之代工與設計分工合作及發展設計業的先天環境優 勢因而逐漸消失中。
反觀 IDM 商業模式而言,由於 IDM 公司擁有專屬晶圓廠(Feb),並包辦設計 開發、生產、銷售自有品牌 IC 等業務,故較能控制生產與產品的發展,然而其 亦面對以下威脅:
一、DRAM 應用市場成長受限:台灣 IDM 廠商的主要產品以 DRAM 為主,而 DRAM 的主要應用市場以個人電腦以及其相關領域為主,約佔 DRAM 需求 量八成以上,因此,DRAM 的產品價格以及成長空間受限於個人電腦產業 的發展;
二、規模經濟:DRAM 產品規格統一,因此,量產而自動帶入規模經濟降低成 本,是廠商能否具有競爭優勢的重點。因此一旦景氣低迷,IDM 公司雖然 擁有自己的產能,但因產量少、單位成本高且需背負龐大的折舊壓力下,其 獲利狀況不如虛擬整合模式下之專業晶圓代工廠,因為尚有設計業者的訂 單,故能維持生產線的基本運作。
雖然我國以完整的產業價值鏈與先進優異的製造實力遙遙領先,但是先進技 術規格與標準制訂仍由美國半導體大廠主導。未來期能在創新能力上有更大的突 破,使得此獨特的產業結構能發會更大的成效。展望未來,全球半導體產業專業 分工已是大勢所趨,業者勢必繼續朝向高附加價值產品研發,以持續拉大後進者 的差距。並且順應 IC 產業專業分工趨勢,透過委外代工以降低製造成本與投資 風險。孰能有效進一步整合全球互補性資源才能創造競合策略獨特之優勢。
附錄一:選取的樣本
第一群(虛擬 IDM 的商業模式) 第二群(IDM 的商業模式)
設計業(25 家) 6130 亞全 (共 8 家)
2379 瑞昱 6138 茂達 2337 旺宏 2388 威盛 R009 驛訊電子 2342 茂矽 2401 凌陽 R119 聯陽半導體 2344 華邦電子 2436 偉詮電 R127 盛群 5326 漢磊 2454 聯發科 5346 力晶 2458 義隆 專業晶圓代工(2 家) 5347 世界先進 3006 晶豪 2303 聯電 2408 南亞科技 5302 太欣 2330 台積電 5387 茂德 5314 民生
5351 鈺創 封裝與測試 (10 家) 5393 揚智 2311 日月光 5404 智原 2325 矽品 5468 台晶 2329 華泰 5471 松翰科技 2369 菱生 5473 矽成 2441 超豐 5487 通泰 2449 京元電 5499 聯詠 5336 華特 6103 合邦 5344 立衛 6104 創惟科技 5455 訊利電 6129 普誠 5466 泰林
註 1:廠商分類根據 2002 半導體工業年鑑--工研院 (IT IS 廠商名冊中有上市上櫃者) 註 2:廠商名稱前的數字乃廠商的股票代號。
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