關鍵詞:地面雷射掃描儀、地面光達、校正、系統性誤差
5. 實驗成果與分析
5.3 綜合比較分析
地面雷射掃描儀會因出廠年代不同、規格設計、
參數設定與使用方式等,而影響其掃描精度,各廠 牌地面雷射掃描儀的掃描精度仍有待進一步評估,
本研究實驗結果僅就受測試儀器之數據進行整理 分析。
由三款地面雷射掃描儀測試結果可以得知:
(1) 本研究提出之方法可以有效評估受測試儀器之 掃描精度,藉此判斷是否必須送回原廠檢校。
(2) 根據三款地面雷射掃描儀測試結果,加入系統 性誤差改正參數的確能有效吸收觀測量中含有 的誤差,對計算成果的 STD 與 RMSE 有正面影 響。
(3) 與「無附加參數」測試組合相比,三款地面雷 射掃描儀測試結果,不論是自率定模式、混合 模式,都是以「簡易參數」測試組合改善最為 顯著,初步可判定常數項與線性項改正參數已 足以描述地面雷射掃描儀的系統性誤差。
(4) 根據三款儀器測試結果,針對數學模式類似的 自率定模式、混合模式測試組合,混合模式的 STD 及 RMSE 雖然皆比自率定模式差,但差異 並不明顯,而參數解算成果卻有明顯不同,初 步推論是帶入的加常數與乘常數發揮了約制平 差計算的效果。
接續前兩項,「簡易參數」測試組合已足以描述
地面雷射掃描儀的系統性誤差,而帶入個別組件校 正得到的參數混合模式更能達到約制的效果,讓計 算成果更為合理。
6. 結論與建議
本研究為未來建立校正實驗室之先期研究,主 要目標為驗證將自率定法結合個別組件校正的混 合模式校正理論。
混合模式校正於引入雷射測距改正參數於室 內校正場的自率定校正方法時,根據三款地面雷射 掃描儀測試結果,加入系統性誤差改正參數的確能 有效吸收觀測量中含有的誤差,對計算成果的 STD 與 RMSE 有正面影響。透過 t-test 進行統計檢定,
林烜生、曾義星: 地面雷射掃描儀混合模式校正系統及系統性誤差分析 113 the terrestrial LiDAR accuracy, PhD Thesis, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, ROC.
(in Chinese)]
邱明全、曾耀賢、林燕山,2007。固定式基樁基線 量測不確定度模式分析及建立之研究-以黎明 基線場為例,地籍測量:中華民國地籍測量學 會會刊,26(4):50-68。[Chiou, M.C., Tseng, Y.H., and Lin, Y.S., 2007. Study on building and analyzing the model of uncertainty of measurement for Li-ming calibration site, Journal of Cadastral Survey, 26(4): 50-68. (in Chinese)]
曾義星、林見福、蔡漢龍、陳鶴欽、曾耀賢,2008。
地面光達系統誤差分析及校正。地籍測量:中 華民國地籍測量學會會刊,27(1):39-50。[Tseng, Y.H., Lin, C.F., Tsai, H.L., Chen, H.C., and Tseng, Y.H., 2008. The analysis of systematic errors and calibration of ground-based LIDAR, Journal of Cadastral Survey, 27(1): 39-50. (in Chinese)]
蔡漢龍,2007。地面光達幾何校正系統設計與實施,
國立成功大學測量及空間資訊學系碩士論文。
114 航測及遙測學刊 第二十六卷 第二期 民國 110 年 6 月
[Tsai, H.L., 2007. A design and its implementation of geometric calibration system for ground-based LiDARs, Master Thesis, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC. (in Chinese)]
賴志凱,2004。地面雷射掃瞄儀的精度分析與檢定,
國立成功大學測量及空間資訊學系碩士論文。
[Lai, C.K., 2004. Accuracy analysis and calibrationof ground-based laser scanners, Master Thesis, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC. (in Chinese)]
Bae, K.-H., and Lichti, D., 2007. On-site self-calibration using planar features for terrestrial laser scanners, Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36 (Part 3/W52):
14-19.
Chow, J.C., Lichti, D.D., and Teskey, W.F., 2010. Self-calibration of the Trimble (Mensi) GS 200 terrestrial laser scanner, Proceedings of the International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 38: 161-166.
Chow, J.C.K., Lichti, D.D., Glennie, C., and Hartzell, P., 2013. Improvements to and comparison of static terrestrial LiDAR self-calibration methods, Sensors, 13(6): 7224-7249.
Ge, X., 2016. Terrestrial laser scanning technology from calibration to registration with respect to deformation monitoring, PhD Thesis, Technische Universität München.
Ge, X., and Wunderlich, T., 2015. Target identification in terrestrial laser scanning, Survey Review, 47(341): 129-140.
ISO, 2012. ISO 17123-4:2012 Optics and optical instruments - Field procedures for testing geodetic
and surveying instruments - Part 4: Electro-optical distance meters (EDM measurements to reflectors).
Lerma, J.L., and García-San-Miguel, D., 2014. Self-calibration of terrestrial laser scanners: selection of the best geometric additional parameters, ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences, 2(5):219-226.
Lichti, D.D., 2007. Error modelling, calibration and analysis of an AM-CW terrestrial laser scanner system, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 61(5): 307-324.
Lichti, D.D., 2010a. A review of geometric models and self-calibration methods for terrestrial laser scanners, Boletim de Ciencias Geodesicas, 16(1):
3-19.
Lichti, D.D., 2010b. Terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration: Correlation sources and their mitigation, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65(1): 93-102.
Lichti, D.D., and Licht, M.G., 2006. Experiences with terrestrial laser scanner modelling and accuracy assessment, Proceedings of the International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 36(5): 155-160.
Lichti, D.D., Chow, J., and Lahamy, H., 2011.
Parameter de-correlation and model-identification in hybrid-style terrestrial laser scanner self-calibration, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 66(3): 317-326.
Schulz, T., 2008. Calibration of a terrestrial laser scanner for engineering geodesy, PhD Thesis, (Vol.
96): ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switerland.
林烜生、曾義星: 地面雷射掃描儀混合模式校正系統及系統性誤差分析 115
1Master, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University Received Date: Jan. 30, 2021
2Professor, Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University Revised Date: Mar. 17, 2021
* Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected] Accepted Date: Mar. 31, 2021