資料六：良渚文化 Source F: Liangzhu culture
良渚文化分佈在長江下游南部地區，亦即所謂「江南」。江南位處太湖地區，土地肥沃，著名城市包括杭州和蘇州。The Liangzhu culture is from the southern lower Yangzi river area, also known as Jiangnan. Jiangnan is part of the Lake Tai area and the land there is fertile. Famous cities here include Hangzhou and Suzhou.
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估計宮殿區的房子規模非常宏大。The estimated sizes of the houses in the palace area were extremely large.
資料七：良渚文化 - 宮殿區 Source G: Liangzhu culture - Palace Area
宮殿區是宮殿所在，也表示這裏是國家的行政中心，反映了當時很可能已有早 期國家的形態。
整個宮殿區高 5 米，是泥土築成的人工高地，凸顯了統治者的崇高地位。
According to archaeological excavations in Liangzhu, there is an area that may be the palace area. The palace area contained a palace and indicated that this place was the central government of the state. It shows that there was a very good chance the Yangshao culture already had the form of an early country. The entire palace area was 5m high. It used earth to create a manmade high point. This gave prominence to the lofty position of rulers at a high point.
玉琮：大型玉石雕琢而 成，外方內圓，是古代 通神的器物，顯示墓主 非富則貴。Cong: Large jade sculpted into being square on the outside and round on the inside.
In ancient times, it was a device for
communicating with the gods. It shows that the person buried in this grave was wealthy and respectable.
鉞：大型斧頭，但以玉作鉞，則是身份象徵。
Axe: Large axe, but since it was made with jade, it was clearly an identity symbol.
資料八：良渚文化 - 考古發現 Source H: Liangzhu culture - archaeological excavation
在良渚，考古學家在若干的墓穴內，發現大量的玉石陪葬品。由於玉石是珍貴 的石器，估計墓穴所埋葬的都是貴族。At Liangzhu, archaeologists discovered many jade funerary objects inside a number of tombs. As these jade items were all precious stone implements, they suspected that the tombs contained nobility.
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可能是代表某種兇 猛的神獸！Maybe it represents some kind of ferocious mythical animal!
資料九：良渚文化 - 獸面紋玉器 Source I: Liangzhu culture - jade items were carved with animal faces
考古學家在良渚遺址中發現很多玉器。一些大型玉器，刻有相同的獸面紋。
Archaeologists at the Liangzhu site discovered many jade items. Some large jade items were carved with similar animal faces.
圖片來源：王國平，《神人面獸的真像》，頁 41。
Image Source: Wang Guoping , Shenren mianshou de zhenxiang, p.41.
木柄（考古發掘時已經 腐朽）Wooden handle (when archaeologists dug it up it was already
rotten)
資料十：墓葬主人 Source J: The Tomb Occupant
其中一個墓葬（反山 12 號墓），陪葬品特別多，包括兩件獨一無二的玉器。The number 12 grave contained especially numerous funerary items. It included two unique jade artifacts.
古人相信，玉作為陪葬品，可以防止屍體腐壞。
這種東西叫做「玉琮」，在良渚墓中常見，不過 本墓的玉琮特別巨大，考古學家稱之為「玉琮 王」。Ancient Chinese believed that jade was a funerary object that could defend against corpse rot. This type of thing was called a cong. In
Liangzhu graves, it was always seen, but the cong of this grave was especially gigantic.
Archaeologists named it “King of cong”.
「鉞」是類似斧頭的兵器，不過 這一支鉞是用玉器製成，估計是 權杖 - 代表兵權的擁有。This was an axe. However, this axe was made of jade and was more like a scepter -- representing military power
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圖片一 Picture 1 圖片二 Picture 2
6. 你能看到一個頭戴羽毛觀帽的人，正在控制著神獸嗎？試在圖片二圈出答案。Can you see a person wearing a feather hat controlling a mythological animal? Circle your answer in picture 2.
具有這種本領，這個人應是良渚的大人物！ Since the tool has this ability, this person probably was a powerful figure in Liangzhu.
圖片：浙江衛視記錄片，《良渚：文明之源》
Image from Zhejiang satellite TV
資料十一：墓主真正身份 Source K: The Real Identity of the Tomb Occupant
這是用玉製成的 觀帽，上有許多管 子。考古學家相 信，這些管子，原 先可能插上鳥類 羽毛。This is a hat made with jade.
There are many tubes on top of it.
Archaeologists believe these tubes originally perhaps contained bird feathers.
既有能力制服兇猛的神 獸，又掌兵權，這位墓主，
估計就是良渚王。Since the culture had the ability to make clothes, control vicious mythological
animals, and wield military power, this tomb occupant was probably a ruler in Liangzhu.
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7. 在不同的墓內分別找到陶器，玉琮王和玉串，它們的主人最有可能屬於圖中哪個階層？請你配對。Which part of the hierarchy did the owners of the pottery, giant cong, and jade bracelet belong to? Please match.
資料十二：良渚文化的平民生活 Source L: Liangzhu culture: Lives of common people
除了良渚王及貴族外，一般平民的生活是怎樣的？Except for King Liangzhu and the nobles, how’s the lives of common people?
稻米種植需要大量的水，長江流域非常適合生產這種農作物。A lot of water is needed to grow rice. The Yangzi river valley is extremely suitable for producing rice.
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良渚文化的房子都是用樹枝、泥土和茅草建成，大概可以分為兩種：一是普通 的茅草屋；二是杆欄式的茅草屋。The houses of Liangzhu culture all were made from branches, earth, and thatch. They could be roughly divided into two types, one was the normal thatched-roof house, the second was the thatched-roof house on poles.
8. 想一想：為什麼良渚文化的房屋不像仰韶文化採用半穴居？Think: Why did the houses of the Liangzhu culture not use the “Half Cave” of the Yangshao culture?
南方氣侯土地潮濕，不適宜採用半穴居。In the Southern climate, it was humid and the Half Cave was not suitable.
普通茅草屋
Normal thatched-roof house
杆欄式的茅草屋 Thatched-roof house on poles
9. 請將以下資料及物品進行歸類，填上適當的英文代號。Please classify the below information and items. Write down their appropriate letters.
小結 Conclusion：
這顯示中國人種雖然是本土發源，但各地的文化發展，會因為地理和氣候的不 同而出現差異。This shows that even though Chinese people had local origins, different cultures developed in different locations. Geographical and climate differences produced cultural differences.
仰韶文化 Yangshao Culture B, E, G, I, J
良渚文化 Liangzhu Culture A, C, D, F, H
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10.人類文明源自大江大河，圖中綠色部分，顯示世界四大文明的起源點，請用 線配對四大文明的代表國家。Human civilization originates from large rivers. The green parts of the map shows the four great civilizations of the world and their
origins. Please use lines to match the four great civilizations and their representative countries.
A 古印度 Ancient India
B 中國 China
C 古埃及 Ancient Egypt
D 巴比倫 Babylon
課節六：(四) 香港地區的新石器時期考古發現及中華民族的演進 Hong Kong:
New Stone Age archaeological findings and the progress of the Chinese People
I. 香港地區的新石器時期考古發現 Hong Kong: New Stone Age