在這一節中,吾人利用電腦模擬探討所提以子空間為基礎的盲蔽 干擾消除接收機的效能。在模擬的環境中,包含一目標用戶訊號和 4 個相等傳送功率之 CDMA 干擾訊號,所有訊號之展頻碼皆為 16 的 Walsh code; 位元用來估計接收訊號相關矩陣。為了系統效 能 比 較 , 在 模 擬 結 果 中 也 包 括 了 用 線 性 限 制 最 小 變 異 (Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance, LCMV)準則的結果和盲蔽連續干擾消 除(Blind Successive Interference Cancellation, BSIC)技術。首先,吾人 探討當訊號干擾比(Signal-to-Interference Ratio, SIR)在-30 dB 時,輸入 訊雜比和 BER 之關係。因所提之架構僅作用於目標訊號,解展頻器 能有效地回復目標用戶的訊號,所提接收器之效能明顯地較 LCMV 和 BSIC 兩接收機佳(尤其訊雜比較高時),如圖 4-4 所示。然而,強 干擾將使 BSIC 接收機無法正確地估計目標用戶訊號的功率(振幅),
使得 BSIC 處理器無法正常運作。接著,吾人探討當訊雜比=12dB 時 之遠近效應,如圖 4-5 所示輸入 SIR 和 BER 之關係。所提接收器能 有效地濾除強干擾,進而增強系統對強干擾之強韌性。
s 100
N
=圖 4-4:SNR 和 BER 之關係圖。SIR=-30 dB, SF=16, Ns=100
圖 4-5:SIR 和 BER 之關係圖。SNR=12 dB, SF=16, Ns=100
第五章
結論
衛星通信系統目前已廣泛地被應用於通信系統中,而在訊號傳送 過程中必定會受到氣候等自然因素影響,而造成接收端訊號品質的下 降。而降雨衰減是其中重要影響因子,當訊號穿透對流層時,遭受到 雨、霧、雲和雪等的吸收與散射,部份能量被吸收或散射因而產生損 耗,這樣的現象在 Ka 頻段更為明顯。
為了改善此問題,傳統上的做法有功率自動增益、預留鏈路餘裕 等方法,但都有其缺點,前者會增加對其他系統或用戶的干擾,後者 則無法有效利用衛星有限能量。透過適應性調變及編碼的技術,根據 用戶接收端訊雜比決定使用調變階數及編碼率以達成最有效率傳輸 並 且 滿 足 用 戶 需 求 。 根 據 電 腦 模 擬 結 果 可 得 知 結 合 Power Efficientizing 及 Power Tightness 兩個方法的多用戶 AMC DS-CDMA 系 統 可 使 得 該 系 統 能 量 做 最 有 效 率 的 分 配 , 而 不 具 有 Power Efficientizing 及 Power Tightness 兩個方法的多用戶 AMC DS-CDMA 系統則無法有效利用系統能量使系統整體傳輸率達到最大,造成能量 的浪費。
此外透過盲蔽干擾抑制器有效地和緩強干擾所造成的系統效能
[1] Tri. T. Ha, Digital satellite communications, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1990.
[2] K. S. Pailson and C. J. Gibbins, “Rain models for the prediction of fade durations at millimeter wavelengths,” IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propagat., vol. 147, no. 6, pp. 431-436, Dec. 2000.
[3] Max M. J. L. van de Kamp, “Statistical analysis of rain fade slope,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagat., vol. 51, no.8, pp. 1750-1760, Aug. 2003.
[4] B. Nelson and W. L. Stutzman, “Fade slope on 10 to 30 GHz earth-space communication links- measurements and modeling,” IEE Proc. Microw.
Antennas Propagat., vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 353-357, Aug. 1996.
[5] A. S. Jazi, H. Ajaz and W. L. Stutzman, “Empirical models for rain fade time on Ku- and Ka-band satellite links,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 43, no.
12, pp. 1411-1415, Dec. 1995.
[6] S. N. Libieratos, G. Ginis and Cottis, “Availability and performance of satellite links suffering from interference by an adjacent satellite and rain fades,” IEE
Proc. Commun., vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 51-57, Feb. 1999.
[7] C. B. Cox and T. A. Coney, “Advanced communications technology satellite (ACTS) fade compensation protocol impact on very small-aperture terminal bit-error rate performance,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 2, pp.
173-179, Feb. 1999.
[8] T. Maseng and P. M. Bakken, “A stochastic dynamic model of rain attenuation,”
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 660-669, May 1995.
[9] 洪健藏, “微波或衛星通信頻段之防雨衰對策之研究”, 國防通信電子及資訊 季刊 第四期, Jan. 2004
[10] S. Catreux,V. Erceg, D. Gesbert, and Jr. R.W. Heath, “Adaptive modulation and MIMO coding for broadband wireless data networks,” Communications
Magazine IEEE , vol. 40, pp 108–115, June 2002
[11] M. Stojanovic, and V. Chan, “Adaptive power and rate control for satellite communications in Ka band,” Communications, 2002. ICC 2002. IEEE
International Conference on , vol. 5, pp. 2967-2972, May 2002.
[12] S. Chatterjee, W.A.C. Fernando, and M.K. Wasantha, “Adaptive modulation based MC-CDMA systems for 4G wireless consumer applications,” Consumer
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 49, Issue: 4, pp. 995-1003, Nov. 2003.
[13] M.A.K. Sumanasena, and B.G.. Evans, “Adaptive modulation and coding for satellite-UMTS,” Vehicular Technology Conference, vol.1, pp.116–120, 2001 [14] Z. Zhang; Y. Zhao, and Y. Ya, ” Adaptive modulation and power allocation for
multicarrier DS/CDMA,” Communications, Circuits and Systems and West Sino
Expositions, IEEE 2002 International Conference on , vol. 1, pp. 243-246, July
2002.[15] T. Lestable, M. Battelli, J.Brouet, L. Husson, J. Antoine, and A. Wautier, “Impact of adaptive modulation on MC-CDMA receiver in beyond 3G systems,”
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2003. PIMRC 2003. 14th IEEE Proceedings on , vol. 3 , pp.2973-2977, Sept. 2003
[16] J. Campello, “Practical bit loading for DMT,” IEEE ICC’99, vol. 2, pp. 801-805, Jun. 1999.
[17] J. Compello, “Discrete bit loading for multicarrier modulation systems,” PhD.
Dissertation, Stanford University, 1999.
[18] D. Samardzija, N. Mandayam, and I. Seskar, “Blind Successive Interference Cancellation for DS-CDMA Systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 5, pp.
276-290, May 2002.
[19] L. Sun and G. Hu, “A New Sign Algorithm for Interference Suppression in DS-CDMA Systems,” IEEE. Trans. Commun. Lett., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 233-235, July 2003.
[20] G.E. Bottomley, “CDMA Downlink Interference Suppression Using I/Q Projection,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 890-900, Sept.
2003.
[21] B.D. Van Veen and K.M. Buckley, “Beamforming: A Versatile Approach to Spatial Filtering,” IEEE ASSP Mag., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 4-24, April 1998.