川合禎次、谷田一三。2005。日本產水生昆蟲。日本東海大學出版會。
林務局. 1992. 台灣省近期防砂壩現況調查報告。
林傳茂. 1994. 防砂壩之水理特性研究。台灣大學農業工程學研究所 碩士論文。
林曜松、許嘉恩。1980。桶后溪石賓資源之生態研究。行政院農業委 員會79 年生態研究第 36 號。
張水龍、馮平。2005。河流不連續體概念及其在河流生態系統研究中 的發展現狀。水科學進展。16:758-762。
張世倉、李德旺、李訓煌。1999。攔砂壩對烏石坑溪生態影響及魚道 效用之評估。特有生物研究。1: 88-103。
張明雄與林曜松。1999。攔沙壩對水生生物多樣性的影響。
郭寶章、李素華。1994。桶后溪森林溪流生態及棲地規劃經營之研究。
林務局保育研究系列。83-10 號。
曾晴賢。2003。櫻花鉤吻鮭族群監測與生態調查(六)。內政部營建署 雪霸國家公園管理處委託研究報告。
黃永慶。2004。南仁山溪流粗顆粒有機物收支之研究。國立高雄師範 大學生物科學研究所碩士論文。
楊平世。1992。水棲昆蟲生態入門，台灣省教育廳發行。
楊平世、陳韻如、徐崇斌。2008。桶后溪水棲昆蟲群聚變動及羽化模 式之研究期中報告。計畫編號：NSC 95-2313-B-002-080- MY3 楊正釧。1997。台北縣烏來鄉桶后溪濱溪植群之研究。台灣林業科學
Alexandex, G. R., and E. A. Hansen. 1986. Sandbed load in a brook trout stream. North American Journal of Fish Management 6: 9-23.
Allan, J. D. 1995. Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters. Chapman and Hall, London. 388 pp.
Bass, D. 2003. A comparison of freshwater macroinvertebrate communities on small Caribbean islands. BioScience. 53:
1094-1100.
Brodersen, K. P., P. C. Dall, and C. Lindegaard. 1998. The fauna in the
upper stony littoral of Danish lakes: macroinvertebrates as trophic indicators. Freshwater Biology. 39: 577-592.
Clarke, K. R., and R. M. Warwick. 1994. Changes in Marine Communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation.
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, 144 pp.
Clarke, K. R., and R. N. Gorley. 2001. PRIMER v5: User Manual/Tutorial. PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, 91 pp.
Cummins, K. W. 1973. Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology. 18: 183-206.
Cummins, K. W. and M. J. Klug. 1979. Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 10:
147-172.
Cushing, B. 1995. “The River Continuum Concept: a Model to Explain the Distribution of Aquatic Species”, Trout Magazine, Spring 1995.
Diggins, T. P., and K. M. Stewart. 1998. Chironomid deformities, benthic community composition, and trace elements in the Buffalo River (New York) Area of Concern. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 17: 311-323.
Dudgeon, D. 1989. The Influence of Riparian Vegetation on the Functional Organization of Four Hong Kong Stream Communities.
Hydrobiologia. 179: 183-194.
Dudgeon, D. 2000. The Ecology of Tropical Asian Rivers and Streams in Relation to Biodiversity Conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 31: 239-263.
Wantzen, K. M., C. M. Yule, J. M. Mathooko, and C. M. Pringle.2008.
Organic Matter Processing in Tropical Streams. pp. 43-64 In:
Dudgeon, D. 2008. Tropical stream ecology. Academic Press. San Diego.
Dudgeon, D. 2008. Tropical stream ecology. Academic Press. San Diego, pp. 264-266.
Dudgeon, D. and K.K.Y. Wu. 1999. Leaf litter in a tropical stream: food or substrate for macroinvertebrates? Archiv für Hydrobiologie. 146:
65-82.
Gaston, K. J. 1990. Patterns in the geographical ranges of species.
Biological Review. 65:105-129.
Irons, J. G., M. W. Oswood, R. J. Stout & C.M. Pringle. 1994.
Latitudinal Patterns in Leaf Litter Breakdown: is Temperature Really Important. Freshwater Biology. 32: 401-411.
Johnson, S. L., and A. P. Covich. 1997. Scales of observation of riparian forests and distributions of suspended detritus in a prairie river.
Freshwater Biology. 37: 163-175.
Kaplan, L. A. and J. D. Newbold. 2003. The Role of Monomers in Stream Ecosystem Metabolism. pp. 97-119 In: S. E. Findlay, and R. L.
Sinsabaugh, eds. Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter. Academic Press, San Diego, C alifornia, USA.
Kedwards, T. J., S. J. Maund, and P. F. Chapman. 1999. Community level analysis of ecotoxicological field studies: I. Biological monitoring.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18: 149–157.
Kleinbaum, D. G., L. L. Kupper, K. E. Muller, and A. Nizam, eds. 1998.
Applied Regression Analysis and Multivarible Methods, 3rd Edition.
Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove, California, USA.
measurement. pp. 217-229 In: F. R. Hauer, and G. A. Lamberti, eds.
Method in Stream Ecology, 1st ed. Academic press, San Diego, California, USA.
Lenat, D. R. 1988. Water quality assessment of streams using a qualitative collection method for benthic macroinvertebrates. J. N.
Am. Benthol. Soc. 7: 222-233.
Lin, Y. S., S. S.,Taso and K. H. Chang. 1990. Population and distribution of the Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) in Chichiawan Stream. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 29(3, Supplement): 73-85.
Mason, J. C., and S. Machidori. 1976. Populaations of sympatric sculpins, Cottus alerticus and Cottus asper, in four adjacent salmon-producing coastal streams on Vanocouter Island, B.C.U.S. Fisheries Bulletin 74:131-141.
Merritt, R. W. and K. W. Cummins. 1996. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North American, 3rd. ed. Kendall and Hunt. Publ. Co.
Iowa, USA, 862 pp.
Michael, J. H. Jr. 1983. Contribution of cuttrout in headwater stream to the sea-run population. Califonia Fish and Game. 69:68-76.
Mihuc, T. B. 1997. The function trpohic role of lotic primary consumers:
generalist versus specialist strategies. Freshwater Biology. 37:
455-462.
Murphy, M. L., C. P. Hawkins, and N. H. Anderson. 1981. Effect of canopy modification and accumulated sediment on stream communities. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110: 469-478.
Rader, R.B. and J.V. Ward. 1988. Influence of Regulation on
Environmental Conditions and Macroinvertebrate Community in the Upper Colorado River. Regulated Rivers Research and Management.
2(5): 597-618
Rice, J. C. 2000. Evaluating fishery impacts using metrics of community structure. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 682-688.
Richards, C., and G. E. Host. 1993. Identification of predominant environmental factors structuring stream macroinvertebrate communities within a large agricultural catchment. Freshwater Biology. 29: 285-294.
Sabater, F., J. Armengol and S. Sabater. 1991. Physico-chemical disturbances associated with spatial and temporal variation in a Mediterranean river. Journal of the North American Benthological Society. 10: 2-13.
Scullion, J., C. A. Parish, N. Morgan, and R. W. Edwards. 1982.
Comparison of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna and substratum composition in riffles and pools in the impounded River Elan and the unregulated River Wye, mid-Wales. Freshwater Biology. 12:
579-595.
Shieh, S.-H., B. C. Kondratieff, and J. V. Ward. 1999. Longitudinal changes in benthic organic matter and macroinvertebrates in a polluted Colorado plains stream. Hydrobiologia 411: 191-209.
Stephan, U., and U. Wychera. 1996. Analysis of Flow Velocity Fluctuations in Different Macrophyte Banks in a Natural Open Channel, Proceedings of Symposium Ecohydraulics 2000. Quebec, Canada.
downstream from a large dam. Ecological Applications 11:711-730 Wagner, R., 1990. A laboratory study on the life cycle of Sericostoma
personatum (Kirby & Spence), and light-dark dependent food consumption. Hydrobiologia 208: 201–212.
Ward, W., and J. A. Stanford. 1995. The serial discontinuity concept:
extending the model to floodplain rivers. Regul. Rivers Res. Manage.
10:159–68.
Water, T. F. 1972. The drift of stream insects. Annual Review of Entomology. 17: 253-272.
Weilguni, H., and H. Humpesch. 1999. Long-term trends of physical, chemical and biological variables in the River Danube 1957-1995: a statistical approach. Aquatic Science. 61: 234-259.
Wiggins, G. B. 1996. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera.
2nd. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto, 457 pp.
Zar, J. H. 1998. Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
致謝
感謝指導教授楊平世教授在論文研究期間，無論研究內容與方 向，更甚於生活上的問題，都爽快乾脆的提供各方面指導與協助。並 感謝徐堉峰教授引薦我接受楊平世教授的共同指導，使我能加入楊平 世教授規劃的國科會位於桶后溪的水棲昆蟲研究計畫，進而能在資源 充足的狀況下進行研究。也由衷感謝梁世雄副教授、謝森和副教授與 黃國靖副教授百忙中仍抽空詳閱論文，且在短時間內巨細靡遺的修正 各項細節，提供明確的討論方向讓論文內容更加簡扼扎實。特別感謝 徐崇斌博士在研究過程中，針對研究方向、實驗設計、野外採集、鑑 定技術、統計分析甚至論文寫作等各階段給予詳實且耐心的指導，在 此致上最深的謝意。
感謝台大昆蟲保育實驗室各位成員，徐崇斌學長、陳韻如學姊、
李信德學長、吳家雄學長、黃熙智、李青珍學妹、于小雅學妹、陳君 玳學妹、謝瑞帆學弟等人協助野外採集，其中韻如學姐、熙智與青珍 學妹在樣本鑑定與收集研究上提供寶貴意見與幫助。感謝楊鈞密小姐 處理瑣碎的出差經費與論文相關支出。
感謝林務局烏來公作站與孝義派出所的各位成員與員警們，因為
各位的幫助使我在桶后溪的實驗能順利進行。
感謝蝴蝶保育實驗室各位成員，立偉學長、嘉龍學長、立豪學長、
旻璇、佳宏、俊凱、南益、家弘與實驗室的眾多學弟妹們，在碩士班 這兩年半期間與我分享各種學業、實驗、生活以及二次元娛樂的歡樂 經驗。
感謝相識將近10 年的死黨姿怡，還有大學時期以來的死黨文彬，
除了在生活與學業上陪我成長前進，文彬甚至多次參與野外採集，助 我面對各種困境。
最後感謝父母親的栽培、支持與期望，也感謝尹喬與力元兩位弟 妹的體諒、成熟與精神支持，讓我在家中遭逢巨變之時，仍能專心完 成學業與最後的論文衝刺。
將此論文獻給栽培我的父母。
表一、桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各樣站之各項環境變數 (mean ± S.D.)
Table 1. Environmental variables (mean ± S.D.) at six sampling sites around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
Environmental Variables B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
Stream width (m) 16.54 ±0.70
a112.92 ±0.99
b11.98 ±0.41
b22.53 ±1.77
c12.07 ±1.11
b7.86 ±0.50
d表二、桶后溪最上游攔砂壩上下游各月份之各項環境變數 (mean ± S.D.)
Table 2. Environmental variables (mean ± S.D.) in each month around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
Environmental
Variables Feb Mar May Jul
Stream width (m) 14.63 ±5.90 a1 13.37 ±4.92 a 13.91 ±5.16 a 14.02 ±4.23 a
1：Means followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by the Duncan’s multiple range test 2：Sampe size
表三、桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各樣站河內傳輸粗、細顆粒有機碎屑及粗／細顆粒有機碎屑比值 (mean ± S.D.)
Table 3. CPOM, FPOM & CPOM/FPOM ratio (mean ± S.D.) at six sampling sites around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
CPOM (g)
1：Means followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by the Duncan’s multiple range test 2：Sampe size
表四、桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各月河內傳輸粗、細顆粒有機碎屑及粗／細顆粒有機碎屑比 值 (mean ± S.D.)
Table 4. CPOM, FPOM & CPOM/FPOM ratio (mean ± S.D.) in each month around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
CPOM (g)
1：Means followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by the Duncan’s multiple range test 2：Sampe size
表五、以BIO-ENV 程序選出桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各組環境變數組合中與單日河內 傳輸粗／細顆粒有機碎屑比值樣站排序圖相似性最高之排序圖
Table 5. Spearman correlation between environmental variables and CPOM/FPOM ratio at six sample sites around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
POM ratio Best variables combination ρw*
CPOM Stream width 0.168
FPOM Flow velocity, Stream width, Depth, pH 0.221 CPOM / FPOM ratio Stream width 0.255 Stream width, Canopy 0.200 Stream width, Canopy, Water temperature 0.183 Stream width, Depth, Canopy, Water temperature 0.159
*：表環境變數排序圖與粗細顆粒有機碎屑比值樣站排序圖相似矩陣之相似性程度 相關係數
*：Means spearman correlation coefficients between environmental variables and CPOM/FPOM ratio
表六、桶后溪各採樣站所採集之水棲昆蟲分類群及其相對豐度百分比
Table 6. The name list of aquatic insect and the ratio of mean abundance collected at six sample sites around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong- Hou Stream
Taxon FFG* B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 total
Ephemeroptera
Heptageniidae-Sc* Sc 3.65 3.10 9.93 4.69 8.03 5.65 5.58 Heptageniidae-Cg Cg 1.00 1.51 0.08 3.15 0.26 4.73 2.01 Leptophlebiidae Cg 7.68 8.01 10.42 4.36 8.08 8.61 9.14 Ephemeridae Cg 0.69 0.32 0.94 0.20 0.42 0.23 0.49 Ephemerellidae Cg 5.52 4.06 7.10 3.26 4.46 2.06 5.13 Caenidae Cg 0.71 0.37 3.01 0.35 1.14 0.55 0.92 Baetidae-Cg Cg 19.20 18.76 19.85 25.87 33.24 14.00 23.18 Baetidae-Sc Sc 10.06 8.85 2.59 6.90 1.56 11.68 8.60 Oligoneuriidae Cg -- 0.01 -- -- -- 0.02 0.01
Plecoptera
Perlidae Pr 2.05 1.64 1.36 2.10 2.11 2.38 2.24 Nemouridae Sh 0.60 0.39 0.07 1.14 0.28 0.41 0.66 Leuctridae Sh 0.51 0.28 0.46 1.21 0.86 0.67 0.63 Peltoperlidae Sh 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.03 0.08 0.09 Styloperlidae Sh -- -- -- 0.01 -- -- 0.00
Trichoptera
Stenopsychidae Cf 4.45 4.03 1.52 3.77 6.79 2.32 3.34 Philopotamidae Cf 0.04 0.47 0.01 0.19 0.16 1.43 0.51 Hydropsychidae Cf 2.74 2.49 0.18 1.58 0.72 2.20 2.04 Hydrobiosidae Pr 0.09 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.12 Rhyacophilidae Pr 0.46 0.14 0.03 0.08 0.19 0.63 0.29 Leptoceridae-Cg Cg 0.00 0.03 0.25 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.06 Leptoceridae-Pr Pr 0.02 -- -- -- -- -- 0.00 Hydroptilidae-Pi Sh -- -- 0.16 0.03 0.02 -- 0.06 Glossosomatidae Sc -- 0.02 -- -- -- -- 0.00
續表六
Table 6 continued
Taxon FFG B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 total
Psychomyiidae-Cg Cg 0.48 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.13 -- 0.43 Psychomyiidae-Sc Sc -- -- 0.01 -- -- -- 0.00 Polycentropoididae Pr 0.08 0.04 0.10 0.03 -- 0.11 0.08 Calamoceratidae Sh -- 0.02 0.01 -- -- -- 0.01
Corydalidae Pr 0.22 0.21 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.40 0.29
Coleoptera
Psephenidae Sc 1.37 0.33 0.25 0.59 0.79 1.46 0.77 Elmidae Sc 0.87 0.91 1.41 1.20 1.03 0.66 0.68
Dytiscidae Pr -- -- -- 0.07 -- -- 0.01
Hydrophilidae Pr 0.16 0.11 0.04 0.39 0.12 0.30 0.28
Hydraenidae Pr -- -- -- -- -- 0.04 0.01
Scirtidae Cg 0.10 0.15 -- 0.16 0.13 0.23 0.12
Lepidoptera
Acentropinae Pr 0.03 0.04 -- -- -- -- 0.01
Diptera
Chironomidae-Cg Cg 19.79 26.73 26.52 18.81 13.78 14.56 14.90 Chironomidae-Cf Cf 2.38 1.90 1.22 2.41 2.86 5.36 3.13 Chironomidae-Pr Pr 7.25 6.99 7.38 7.24 6.41 4.06 5.81 Athericidae Pr 0.35 0.55 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.36 0.55
Empididae Pr -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Simuliidae Cf 0.38 0.79 0.22 2.16 0.47 4.79 0.55 Tipulidae-Sh Sh -- -- -- -- -- 0.05 0.01
續表六
Table 6 continued
Taxon FFG B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 total
Tipulidae-Pr Pr 0.06 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.07 0.10 Tipulidae-Cg Cg 2.46 1.05 0.69 0.98 1.77 0.20 1.21
Psychodidae Cg -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Blepharoceridae Sc 0.02 0.02 -- -- 0.02 1.31 0.28 Ceratopogonidae Pr 0.22 0.27 0.48 0.19 0.08 0.08 0.18
Culicidae Cf -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Syrphidae Cg -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Nymphomyiidae Sc 2.99 3.46 1.12 4.02 2.28 6.33 3.87
Canacidae Cg -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Hydrachnellae Pa 0.79 0.99 0.64 0.64 0.57 0.57 0.92
共採集得47 科 55 種分類群
* FFG 代表功能攝食群 (functional feeding group)；Sh：碎食者 (shredders)；Sc：刮食者 (scrapers, grazers)；
Cg：拾集採食者 (gathering-collectors)；Cf：濾食採食者 (filtering-collectors)；Pr：捕食者 (predators) A total of 55 functional groups in 48 families were collected
* According to Cummins and Merritt, the functional feeding groups (FFG) comprised shredders (Sh), scrapers (Sc), gathering-collectors (Cg), filtering-collectors (Cf) and predators (Pr)
表七、桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各樣站之功能攝食群平均豐度組成百分比 (mean ± S.D.) Table 7. The ratio (mean ± S.D.) of abundances of functional feeding groups at six sampling sites around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
Site Shredders Scrapers Gathering -collectors
Filtering
-collectors Predators B1 1.29 ±1.47 a1 18.97 ±11.93 a 57.62 ±6.72ab 10.06 ±3.28a 12.06 ±8.76 a
1：Means followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by the Duncan’s multiple range test
2：Sampe size
表八、桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各月份之功能攝食群平均豐度組成百分比 (mean ± S.D.) Table 8. The ratio (mean ± S.D.) of abundances of functional feeding groups in each month around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
month Shredders Scrapers Gathering- collectors
Filtering
-collectors Predators Feb 1.37 ±1.09ab1 20.43 ±11.57a 64.12 ±15.74a 6.34 ±5.85a 7.74 ±1.94a
1：Means followed by the same letter are not significantly (p<0.05) different by the Duncan’s multiple range test
2：Sampe size
表九、桶後溪最上游攔砂壩上下游、樣站及月份間兩兩配對檢視其水棲昆蟲豐度組 成百分比相似性變方分析所得R 值及其顯著水準 (p)
Table 9. The R- and p-value of paired for ratio of mean abundance of functional feeding groups between dam, sampling sites and months around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong- Hou Stream with Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) procedure.
Pairwise test Sample statistic (R) Significance level (p)
site Global
-0.027 0.586*Bold types were the significant differences.
表十、桶後溪最上游攔砂壩上下游、樣站及月份間兩兩配對檢視功能攝食群群聚結構相似 性變方分析所得R 值 (R) 及其顯著水準 (p)
Table 10. The R- and p-value of paired community similarity for each functional feeding group between dam, sampling sites and months around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong- Hou Stream with ANOSIM procedure.
Shredders Scrapers Gathering -collectors
Filtering
-collectors Predators Pairwise test
month Global 0.19 <0.01 0.40
<0.01 0.54 <0.01 0.36 <0.01 0.58 <0.01Feb vs Mar 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.07
0.44
0.010.26
0.03 -0.07 0.71*Bold types were the significant differences.
表十一、以BIO-ENV 程序選出桶后溪最上游攔砂壩各組環境變數組合中與功能攝食群 豐度百分比組成樣站排序圖相似性最高之排序圖
Table 11. Spearman correlation between matrices of environmental variables and the compositions of functional feeding groups at six sampling sites around the most up-stream check dam in the Tong-Hou Stream
No. of variable
in combination Best variables combination ρw*
1 Water temperature 0.205
2 Flow velocity, Stream depth 0.233
3 Flow velocity, Canopy, pH 0.232
4 Flow velocity, Stream depth, Canopy, Conductivity 0.264
5 Flow velocity, Stream depth, Canopy, Conductivity,
CPOM/FPOM ratio 0.267
6 Flow velocity, Stream depth, Canopy, Water temperature,
Conductivity, CPOM/FPOM ratio 0.258 7 Flow velocity, Discharge, Stream depth, Canopy,
Water temperature, Conductivity, CPOM/FPOM ratio 0.24
*：表環境變數排序圖與水棲昆蟲分類群群聚結構樣站排序圖相似矩陣之相似性程度相關係數
*：Means spearman correlation coefficients between environmental variables and community structure