1 天主教聖馬爾定醫院-乳癌防治中心
http://www.stm.org.tw/breast/p6.htm
2 台灣癌症臨床研究發展基金會
http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/%7Etcfund/information/b_risk.htm
3. Dumitrescu RG, Cotarla I. Understanding breast cancer risk - where do we stand in 2005? J Cell Mol Med 2005 ; 9：208-221
4. Kelsey JL, Bernstein L. Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Annu Rev Public Health 1996 ; 17: 47–67
5. Sunpaweravong S, Sunpaweravong P. Recent developments in critical
genes in the molecular biology of breast cancer. Asian Journal of Surgery. 2005 ; 28：1-12
6. De Jong MM, Nolte IM, Meerman GJ, van der Graaf WT, Oosterwijk JC, Kleibeuker JH, Schaapveld M, de Vries EG. Genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 involved in breast cancer susceptibility. J Med Genet 2002；39 : 225-242
7. Zhong Q, Chen C, Li S, Chen Y, Wang CC, Xiao J, Chen PL, Sharp ZD, Lee WH. Association of BRCA1 with the hRad50-hMre11-p95 Complex and the DNA Damage Response. Science 1999 ; 285 :
747-750
Breast cancer genes and DNA repair.
8. Ashok R. Venkitaraman.
Science 1999；286：1100-1102
9. Cortez D, Wang Y, Qin J, Elledge SJ. Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of Brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-
strand breaks. Science. 1999 ; 286 : 1162-1166
10. Gasco M, Shami S, Crook T. The p53 pathway in breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Res 2002；4：23-40
11. Smith PD, Crossland S, Parker G, Osin P, Brooks L, Waller J, Philp E, Crompton MR, Gusterson BA, Allday MJ, Crook T. Novel p53
mutants selected in BRCA-associated tumours which dissociate transformation suppression from other wild-type p53 functions.
Oncogene 1999；18 : 2451-2459
12. Phillips KA, Nichol K, Ozcelik H, Knight J, Done SJ, Goodwin PJ, Andrulis IL. Frequency of p53 mutations in breast carcinomas from Ashkenazi Jewish carriers of BRCA1 mutations. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999；91:469-473
13. De Cremoux P, Salomon AV, Liva S, Dendale R, Bouchind’homme B, Martin E, Sastre-Garau X, Magdelenat H, Fourquet A, Soussi T.
p53 mutation as a genetic trait of typical medullary breast carcinoma.
J Natl Cancer Inst 1999；91: 641-643
14. Bao S, Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Fang Y, Richardson DA, Ali A, Chen SM, Abraham RT, Wang XF. ATR/ATM-mediated
phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress response. Nature 2001；411：969-974
15. Easton DF. The inherited component of cancer. Br. Med. Bull.
1994；50：527-535
16. Maehama T, Dixon JE. The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem. 1998；273:13375-13378
17. Mirza AM, Kohn AD, Roth RA, McMahon M. Oncogenic
transformation of cells by a conditionally active form of the protein kinase Akt/PKB. Cell Growth Differ 2000 ; 11: 279-292
18. Bose S, Wang SI, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R. Allelic loss of chromosome 10q23 is associated with tumor progression in breast carcinomas. Oncogene 1998；17: 123-127
19. Perren A, Weng LP, Boag AH, Ziebold U, Thakore K, Dahia PL, Komminoth P, Lees JA, Mulligan LM, Mutter GL, Eng C.
Immunohistochemical evidence of loss of PTEN expression in primary ductal adenocarcinomas of the breast. Am J Pathol 1999;
155: 1253-1260
20. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 100,411 women without breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 1997 ; 350 : 1047–1059
21. Gould MN, Cathers LE, Moore CJ . Human breast cell- medicated mutagenesis of mammalian cells by polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Cancer Res 1982；42 : 4619-4624,
22. Martin FL, Carmichael PL, Crofon-Sleigh C, Venitt S, Phillips DH, Grover PL. Genotoxicity of Human mammary lipid. Cancer Res 1996；56: 5342-5346
23. Jump DB, Clarke SD. Regulation of gene expression by dietary fat.
Annu Rev Nutr 1999；19：63–90
24. Potischman N, Weiss HA, Swanson CA, Coates RJ, Gammon MD, Malone KE, Brogan D, Stanford JL, Hoover RN, Brinton. LA diet during adolescence and risk of breast cancer among young women.
J Natl Cancer Inst；1998：90：226-33
25. Rose DP. Effects of dietary fatty acids on breast and prostate cancers:
evidence from in vitro experiments and animal studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997；66：1513-1522
26. Noguchi M, Taniya T, Kumaki T, Ohta N, Kitagawa H, Kinoshita K, Earashi M, Yagasaki R, Minami M, Kawahara F, Tsuyama H, Miwa K.
Dietary fat and breast cancer：a controversial issue. Breast Cancer 1997；4：67–75
27. Lee MM, Lin SS. Dietary fat and breast cancer. Annu. Rev. Nutr.
2000；20：221–248
28. Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Prospective studies of diet and breast cancer.
Cancer 1994；74：1085–1089
29. Rosner B, Gore R. Measurement error correction in nutritional epidemiology based on individual foods, with application to the
relation of diet to breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2001 ; 154 : 827-835 30. Razanamahefa L, Prouff S, Bardon S. Stimulatory effect of
arachidonic acid on T-47D human breast cancer cell growth is associated with enhancement of cyclin D1 mRNA expression. Nutr Cancer 2000 ; 38: 274–280
31. Reyes N, Reyes I, Tiwari R, Geliebter J. Effect of linoleic acid on proliferation and gene expression in the breast cancer cell line T47D.
Cancer Lett 2004；209：25–35
32. Rose DP, Hatala MA, Connolly JM, Rayburn J. Effect of diets containing different levels of linoleic acid on human breast cancer growth and lung metastasis in nude mice. Cancer Res 1993；53：
4686-4689
33. Hilakivi-Clarke L, Onojafe I, Raygada M, Cho E, Clarke R,
Lippman M. High-fat diet during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996；88：1821–1827
34. Hilakivi-Clarke L, Clarke R, Onojafe I, Raygada M, Cho E, Lippman M. A maternal diet high in n-6 polyunsaturated fats alters mammary gland development, puberty onset, and breast cancer risk among female rat offspring. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997；94 : 9372–9377 35. Rose DP, Connolly JM. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on
human breast cancer growth and metastasis in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993；85：1743-1746
36. Terry PD, Rohan TE, Wolk A. Intakes of fish and marine fatty acids and the risks of cancers of the breast and prostate and of other
hormone-related cancers : a review of the epidemiologic evidence.
Am J Clin Nutr 2003；77：532–534
37. Ip C. Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n–3
polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals. Am J Clin Nutr 1997；66：1523–1529 38. Fay MP, Freedman LS, Clifford CK, Midthune DN. Effect of
different types and amounts of fat on the development of mammary tumors in rodents : a review. Cancer Res 1997；57：3979–3988 39. Hardy S, Langelier Y, Prentki M.Oleate activates phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase and promotes proliferation and reduces apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, whereas palmitate has opposite effects. Cancer Res 2000；60：6353-6358
40. Willett W. Lessons from dietary studies in adventists and questions for the future. Am J Clin Nutr 2003；78：539–543
41. Caygill CPJ and Hill MJ. Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995；4：329-332
42. Barry M, Jasmine C, Ronald M.
Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated
fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptors αand β. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997；
94：4312–4317
43. Bosgraa S, Mennesb W, Seinen W. Proceedings in uncovering the
mechanism behind peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis
. Toxicology 2005；206：309–32344. Issemann I, Green S. Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 1990；347：
645-650
45. Berger J, Moller DE. The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Annu Rev Med 2002；53：409–435
46. Roberts RA, James NH, Hasmall SC, Holden PR, Lambe K,
Macdonald N, West D, Woodyatt NJ, Whitcome D. Apoptosis and proliferation in nongenotoxic carcinogenesis : species differences and role of PPARα.Toxicol Lett 2000；112, 49–57
47. Bishop-Bailey D, Wray J. Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors : a critical review on endogenous pathways for ligand generation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2003；71： 1–22 48. Crooks SW, Stockley RA. Leukotriene B4. Int J Biochem Cell Biol
1998；30：173-178
49. Tan NS, Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W. Multiple expression
control mechanisms of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their target genes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005；93：99–105 50. Peters JM, Hennuyer N, Staels B, Fruchart JC, Fievet C, Gonzalez FJ,
Auwerx J. Alterations in lipoprotein metabolism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2000；272：27307–27312
51. Ammerschlaeger M, Beigel J, Klein KU, Mueller SO.
Characterization of the species-specificity of peroxisome proliferators in rat and human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2004；78：229–240 52. Marsman DS, Goldsworthy TL, Popp JA. Contrasting hepatocyte
peroxisome proliferation, lipofuscin accumulation and cell turnover for the hepatocarcinogens Wy-14,643 and clofibric acid.
Carcinog 1992；13：1011–1017
53. 魏明鋒。乳癌病患之PPARα及ApoE基因的突變分析. 中國醫藥大 學醫學研究所碩士論文，92CMCH0534020
54. Fan, CY, Pan J, Usuda N, Yeldandi AV, Rao MS, Reddy JK.
Steatohepatitis, spontaneous peroxisome proliferation and liver tumors in mice lacking peroxisomal fatty acyl- CoA oxidase ： implications for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
natural ligand metabolism. J Biol Chem.1998；273：15639–15645 55. Suchanek KM, May FJ, Robinson JA, Lee WJ, Holman NA, Monteith
GR, Roberts-Thomson SJ. Peroxisome proliferators – activated receptor a in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Mol Carcinog 2002；34：165–171
56. Roberts-Thomson SJ, Snyderwine EG. Characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in normal rat mammary gland and 2-amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,
5-b]pyridine-induced mammary gland tumors from rats fed high and low fat diets. Toxicol Lett 2000；118：79-86
57. Marsman DS, Cattley RC, Conway JG, Popp JA. Relationship of hepatic peroxisome proliferation and replicative DNA synthesis to the hepatocarcinogenicity of the peroxisome proliferators di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio] - acetic acid (Wy-14,643) in rats. Cancer Res 1988；48：6739–6744
58. Roberts-Thomson SJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in tumorigenesis : targets of tumor promotion and treatment. Immunol Cell Biol 2000；78 : 436-41
59. Tanaka K, Smith PF, Stromberg PC, Eydelloth RS, Herold EG,
Grossman SJ, Frank JD, Hertzog PR, Soper KA, Keenan KP. Studies of early hepatocellular proliferation and peroxisomal proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with tumorigenic doses of clofibrate.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992；116：71–77
60. Anderson SP, Yoon L, Richard EB, Dunn CS, Cattley RC, Corton JC.
Delayed liver regeneration in peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-α-null mice. Hepatology 2002；36,：24-29
61. Lauber SN, Ali S, Gooderham NJ. The cooked food derived
carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine is a potent oestrogen : a mechanistic basis for its tissue-specific
carcinogenicity. Carcinog 2004；25：2509-2517.
62. Ohta T, Nakatsugi S, Watanabe K, Kawamori T, Ishikawa F, Morotomi M, Sugie S, Toda T, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K.
Inhibitory effects of Bifidobacterium-fermented soy milk on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine-induced rat
mammary carcinogenesis, with a partial contribution of its component isoflavones. Carcinog 2000 ; 21 : 937-941
63. Roberts RA. Evidence for cross talk between PPARα and p38 MAP Kinase. Toxicol Sci 2002；68：270–274
64. Gardner OS, Dewar BJ, Graves LM. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands : an example of non-genomic signaling. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 ; [Epub ahead of print]
65. Juge-Aubry CE, Hammar E, Siegrist-Kaiser C, Pernin A, Takeshita A, Chin WW, Burger AG, Meier CA. Regulation of the transcriptional activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a by
phosphorylation of a ligand-independent trans-activating domain.
J Biol Chem 1999 ; 274：10505–10510
66. Diradourian C, Girard J, Pegorier JP. Phosphorylation of PPARs : from molecular characterization to physiological relevance.
Biochimie 2005；87：33-38
67. Murakami M, Kudo I. Recent advances in molecular biology and physiology of the prostaglandin E2-biosynthetic pathway. Prog Lipid Res 2004；43：33–35
68. Shao J, Lee SB, Guo H, Evers BM, Sheng H. Prostaglandin E2
stimulates the growth of colon cancer cells via induction of amphiregulin. Cancer Res 2003；63：5218–5223
69. Alleva DG, Burger CJ, Elgert KD. Tumor-induced regulation of
suppressor macrophage nitric oxide and TNF-α production. Role of tumor-derived IL-10, TGF-β, and prostaglandin E2. J Immunol 1995；153: 1674-1686
70. Bosa CL, Richel DJ, Ritsema T, eppelenbosch MP, Versteeg HH.
Prostanoids and prostanoid receptors in signal transduction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004；36：1187–1205
71. Kennett SB, Roberts JD, Olden K. Requirement of protein kinase Cμ activation and calpain-mediated proteolysis for arachidonic acid- stimulated adhesion of MDA-MB-435 human mammary carcinoma cells to collagen type IV. J Biol Chem 2004；279：3300–3307 72. Mounia A., Wu Y, Nathalie H, Alain I. Arachidonic acid
differentially affects basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced sPLA2-IIA expression in alveolar macrophages through NF-κB and PPAR γ–
dependent pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2000；61：786–794
73. Lin Q, Ruuska SE, Shaw NS, Dong D, Noy N. Ligand selectivity of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Biochemistry.
1999；38：185-190.
74. Marc L, Leclercq G. Relevance of breast cancer cell lines as models for breast tumours: an update. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004；83:
249–289
75. Chujo H, Yamasaki M, Nou S, Koyanagi N, Tachibana H, Yamada K.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on growth factor-induced proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2003；202：
881-887
76. Pakala R, Pakala R, Sheng WL, Claude R. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid block serotonin-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999；19：2316-2322 77. Pelengaris S, Khan M, Evan G. c-myc：more than just a matter of life
and death. Nat Rev Cancer 2002；2：764-776
作者簡歷
作者姓名：葉仲宜
出生日期：民國 68 年 11 月 7 日 出 生 地：台灣省高雄縣
學 歷：中國醫藥大學營養學系
中國醫藥大學醫學研究所基礎組生化學科