1. McCaig LF, Ly N. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2000 Emergency Department Summary. Adv Data. 2001;
326:1-27.
2. Borczuk P. Predictors of intracranial injury in patients with mild head injury. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:731-736.
3. Thurman DJ, Alverson C,Dunn KA. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: A public health perspective.J Head Trauma Rehabil 14(6):602,1999.
4. Finkelstein E et al. The Incidence and Economic Burden of Injuries in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
5. Jagoda AS, Cantrill SV, Wears RL .Clinical Policy: Neuroimaging and Decisionmaking in Adult Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Setting.Ann Emerg Med .August 2002;40:231-249.
6. Nagy KK, Joseph KT, Krosner SM, et al. The utility of head computed tomography after minimal head injury. J Trauma.
1999;46:268-270.
7. Stein SC, Ross SE. Mild head injury: a plea for routine early CT scanning. J Trauma. 1992;33:11-13.
8. Hofman PAM, Nelemans P, Kemerink GJ, et al. Value of radiological diagnosis of skull fracture in the management of mild head injury:
meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:416-422.
9. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med.
2000;343:100-105.
10. Miller EC, Derlet RW, Kinser D. Minor head trauma: is computed tomography always necessary? Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:290-294.
11. Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctor 6th Edition 1997.chapter 6:205-213.
12. Teasdate G, Jennett B: Assessment of coma and impaired conciousness: Lance,1974.
13. Servadei F, Teasdale G, Merry G, Neurotraumatology Committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies: Defining acute mild head injury in adults: A proposal based on prognostic factors,
diagnosis, and management. J Neurotrauma 18(7):657,2001.
14. Thomas DK, Christopher AL :Head injury. In Tintinalli JE,et al (eds):Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide.6th ed.
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1157-1569.
15. Iverson GL, Lovell MR, Smith S, Franzen MD: Prevalence of abnormal CT scans following mild head injury. Brain Inj 14(12):1057,2000.
16. Livingston DH, Loder PA, Koziol J, et al. The use of CT scanning to triage patients requiring admission following minimal head injury. J Trauma. 1991;31:483-489.
17. Shackford SA, Wald SL, Ross SE, et al. The clinical utility of computed tomographic scanning and neurologic examination in the management of patients with minor head injuries. J Trauma.
1992;33:385-394.
18. Saunders CE, Cota R, Barton CA. Reliability of home observation for victims of mild closed head injury. Ann Emerg Med.
1986;15:160-163.
19. Levitt MA, Sutton M, Goldman J, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients suffering minor head trauma. Am J Emerg
Med.1994;12:172-174.
20. Krause JF et al. Epidemiology of brain injury.In Narayan RK, Wilberger WK, Povlishock JT. (eds): Neurotrauma, McGraw-Hill 1995 ,p13.
21. Williams DH, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM. Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery.1990;27:422-428.
22. Lee ST, Liu TN, Wong CW, et al. Relative risk of deterioration after mild closed head injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;135:136-140.
23. Dietrich AM, Bowman MJ, Ginn-Pease ME, Kosnik E, King DR.Pediatric head injuries: can clinical factors reliably predict an abnormality on computed tomography? Ann Emerg Med.
1993;22:1535–1540.
24. Ramundo ML, McNight T, Kempf J, Satkowiak L. Clinical predictors of computed tomographic abnormalities following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:1–4.
25. Madden C, Witzke DB, Sanders AB, et al. High-yield selection criteria for cranial computed tomography after acute trauma. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2:248-253.
26. Miller EC, Derlet RW, Kinser D. Minor head trauma: is computed tomography always necessary? Ann Emerg Med. 1996;27:290-294.
27. National center for health statistics.National hospital ambulatory medical care survey 1992.Hyattsville: National center for health statistics 1994.
28. Steven Mandel et al. Minor Head Trauma Assessment, management, and Rehabilitation 1993. chapter1:1-4, chapter7,8:107-141.
29. 劉建雄，邱文達，林烈生，洪慶章：外傷指數及外傷嚴重度指數 應用於國內外傷病患之初報：兩所醫院外科急診 1000 病例分析。
中華醫學雜誌。1991，48(4)：297-304。
30. Kraus JF：The epidemiology relevance of the medical literature published from 1960-1978.J Neurosurg.1980,53:803-810.
31. Annegers JF, Grabow JD et al: The incidence , cause, and secular trends of head trauma in Olmestedt country,
Minnesota,1935-1974.Neurology 1980, 30: 912-919.
32. Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctor. 6th Edition 1997.Chapter 6. 205-213.
33. Min-Huei Hsu et al. Predicting cranial computed tomography results of head injury patients using an artificial neural network AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2003;:868.
34. Victor G. MD, MPH; Thomas, Karen E. MPH; Sattin, Richard W.MD et al .The CDC Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance System:
Characteristics of Persons Aged 65 Years and Older Hospitalized With a TBIJ Head Trauma Rehabil Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 215–228c 2005 Coronado.
35. Kosakevitch-Ricbourg L et al. Mild brain injuries: definition, classifications and prognosis. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2006 Sep;107(4):201-5. French
36. Pickett W, Ardern C, Brison RJ. et al CMAJ. A population-based study of potential brain injuries requiring emergency care. 2001 Aug 7;165(3):288-92.
37. Martin RC 2nd, Spain DA, Richardson JD. et al. Do facial fractures protect the brain or are they a marker for severe head injury? Am Surg. 2002 May;68(5):477-81.
38. Dunham CM, Coates S, Cooper C. Compelling evidence for
discretionary brain computed tomographic imaging in those patients with mild cognitive impairment after blunt trauma. J
Trauma.1996;41:679-686.
39. Vilke GM, Chan TC, Guss DA. Use of a complete neurological examination to screen for significant intracranial abnormalities in minor head injury. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:159-163.
40. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandeheen K,et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with mild head injury. Lancet. 2001;357:213-219.
41. Marion Smits, Diederik W, Gijs G, et al.External Validation of the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria for CT scanning in Patients With Minor Head Injury.
JAMA.2005;294:1519-1525.
42. William RM, Jerome RH, Mel Herbert, et al. Developing a decision instrument to guide computed tomographic imaging of blunt head injury patients .J Trauma.2005; 59:954-959.
43. Forsstrom JJ, Dalton KJ. Artificial neural networks for decision support in clinical medicine. Ann Med.1995;27:509-517.
44. Yu-Chuan Li, Li Liu, Wen-Ta Chiu, et al.Neural network modeling for surgical decisions on traumatic brain injury patients.International J of Med Inform.57(2000)1-9.
45. Min-Huei Hsu, Yu-Chuan Li,wen-Ta Chiu,et al. Predicting cranial computed tomography results of head injury patients using an artificial neural network AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2003:868.
46. Madhumita Sinha, Christopher SK, Maria LR. Artificial Neural Network predicts CT scan abnormalities in pediatric patients with closed head injury. J Trauma.2001;50:308-312.
47. Joel D, Phil SS, Fiona L, et al. A Meta-Analysis of Clinical
Correlates that Predict Significant Intracranial Injury in Adults with Minor Head Trauma. J of Neurotrauma. 2004;21(7):877-885.
48. Mark HZ, Gregory C. Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) Plots: A Fundamental Evaluation Tool in Clinical
Medicine .CLINICAL CHEMISTRY.1993;39(4):561-577.
49. Swets JA. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 1988;18:229-235.
50. Sargent DJ: Comparison of artificial neural networks with other statistical approaches. Cancer (supplement) 2001,91(8):636-642.
51. Behzad E, Kazem M, Hassan EA et al. Comparison of artificial neural networks and logistic regression models for prediction of
mortality in head trauma based on initial clinical data. BMC med Inf and Decision making. 2005:5:3:1-8.
52. Tu JV. Advantages and disadvantages of using artificial neural
networks versus logistic regression for predicting medical outcomes.
J Clinical Epidemiologic .1996;49:1225-1231.
53. Selker HP, Griffith JL, Patil S et al. A comparison of performance of mathematical predictive methods for medical diagnosis:identifying acute ischema among emergency department patients. J Investig Med.1995;43:468-476.