銅原子的原子量(63.5 g/mole),Δx 為熱端銅金屬墊層受到熱遷移現象的影響所 消耗的厚度。而Δx,我們可以經由下面的想法去計算出來:
以接點經過23 分鐘的迴銲測試為例,原本銅金屬墊層在接合前的厚度為 19.27± 0.14 μm,Cu/SnAg 介面上 Cu6Sn5 IMCs 為 1.78±0.15 μm,經過 23 分鐘的接合與 迴銲測試後,熱端銅金屬墊層的厚度剩下16.44±0.18 μm,而熱端 Cu6Sn5 IMCs 的厚度變為3.42±0.52 μm,因此我們在這邊做了一個假設 3:熱端銅金屬墊層在 迴銲測試的過程中所消耗的厚度,除了一部分在熱端 Cu/SnAg 介面繼續生成 Cu6Sn5 IMCs 之外,剩餘的部分全都因為溫度梯度的影響而形成熱遷移擴散通量 移動到冷端Cu/SnAg 介面上與錫原子反應生成 Cu6Sn5 IMCs。藉由這個假設,熱 端銅墊層在迴銲的過程中消耗的總厚度為 2.83±0.04 μm,扣除掉熱端 Cu/SnAg 介面上生成Cu6Sn5 IMCs 所需銅金屬墊層的厚度,就可以得知熱端銅金屬墊層受 到熱遷移現象的影響所消耗的厚度Δx,因此熱端 Cu/SnAg 介面在迴銲的過程中,
生成Cu6Sn5 IMCs 所需消耗的銅金屬墊層厚度可以經由表二,銅原子與錫原子反 應成Cu6Sn5 IMCs 介金屬化合物,彼此間的體積換算計算得知。經由換算後,可 以得到Δx = 2.23±0.38 μm,再代入公式(10),就可以得知其熱遷移擴散通量 J。然而,我們在此還需要做另一個假設 4:銅原子的熱遷移擴散通量在液態錫
擴散路徑,以(1)最快,(3)最慢,造成熱遷移的擴散通量不均勻,不易計算, 些,因此在計算熱遷移的通量上會有些許的誤差。將所得到的結果,57.97 kJ/mole,
與在固態錫銀銲錫下的22 kJ/mole 相比較,大了許多,表示銅原子在液態的錫銀 銲錫下更容易受到溫度梯度的影響而產生熱遷移現象。如此一來,在3D-IC 的封 裝測試方面,進行迴銲測試時,在微凸塊銲錫內部有可能會存在溫度梯度,導致 銅原子產生熱遷移現象,影響微凸塊銲錫兩端介面的冶金反應。
(ii) 鎳原子的Q*值
原子[26],雖然溫度不是在 260 ℃下,但因為鎳原子在液態錫銀銲錫的溶解度很
的厚度為 1.49±0.09 μm,鎳金屬墊層厚度為 3.44±0.07 μm,接下來,在接點冷
移現象[16],依此推斷,在液態的錫銀銲錫中應該也會發生,但是在本研究中,
錫原子作為major species,受到溫度梯度的影響,由冷端往熱端移動,並不會影 響兩端IMCs 成長的差異,而是作為 minor species 的銅、鎳原子,影響較大。
反應式
5 Cu + 6 Sn Æ Cu
6Sn
5反應前後的體積 變化(cm3/mole)
Cu Sn Cu6Sn5
42.65 80.59 117.74 表二 銅元素與錫元素反應生成Cu6Sn5 IMCs,彼此間的體積
反應式
3 Ni + 4 Sn Æ Ni
3Sn
4反應前後的體積 變化(cm3/mole)
Ni Sn Ni3Sn4
19.77 64.47 75.25 表三 鎳元素與錫元素反應生成Ni3Sn4 IMCs,彼此間的體積
Reflow time
(min)
圖4-2-14 銅原子的熱遷移通量對迴銲時間作圖
0 10 20 30 40 50
0 1 2
thermomigration flux (10
Reflow Time (min)
第五章 結論
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