In this project, we located the responsibilities to be shared between producers and consumers, based on Lenzen et al. (2007) approach. The outcome of this study can serve as a basis for further tax incidence analysis in the aim to locate effectiveness of responsibility-based pricing policies to reduce environmental stress while securing economic development. Based on the Taiwan input-output accounts of 2006, as well as the wastewater emissions data of same year, we found that export-oriented
industries are currently taking a sizable share of the pollution burden for foreign consumers (export destination). If the water pollution cost is not reflected in the prices of exports, we end up subsidizing foreign consumers in terms of this externalty. It is imperative to institute pertinent policy so as not to undersell our products and resources thus consumed.
References
Alcamo, J., P.Döll, T. Henrichs, F.Kaspar, B. Lehner, T. Rösch and S. Siebert. (2003).
Development and testing of theWaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability. Hydrol. Sci. J., 48, 317-338.
Andrew, R., & Forgie, V. (2008). A three-perspective view of greenhouse gas emission responsibilities in New Zealand. Ecological Economics, 68(1–2), 201.
Chapagain, A.K. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008) The global component of freshwater demand and supply: An assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products, Water International 33(1):
19-32.
EUROSTAT. (2012). What do environmental accounts measure? Retrieved Dec. 20, 2012, from
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/environmental_accounts/int roduction
Fiala, N. (2008). Measuring sustainability: Why the ecological footprint is bad economics and bad environmental science. Ecological Economics, 67(4), 519-525.
Fischer-Kowalski, M., Swilling, M., von Weizsäcker, E. U., Ren, Y., Moriguchi, Y., Crane, W., et al. (2011). Decoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth, a report of the working group on decoupling to the international resource panel: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Franz, J., & Papyrakis, E. (2011). Online calculators of ecological footprint: Do they promote or dissuade sustainable behaviour? Sustainable Development, 19(6), 391-401.
Gallego, B., & Lenzen, M. (2005). A consistent input–output formulation of shared producer and consumer responsibility. Economic Systems Research, 17(4), 365-391.
GFN. (2012b). Global footprint network. from
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/
GFN. (2012a). National footprint accounts, 2006 edition. from http://www.footprintnetwork.org/gfn_sub.php?content=nrb
Grazi, F., van den Bergh, J., & Rietveld, P. (2007). Spatial welfare economics versus ecological footprint: Modeling agglomeration, externalities and trade.
Environmental and Resource Economics, 38(1), 135-153.
IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan.
Kundzewicz, Z. W., Mata, L. J., Arnell, N. W., Döll, P., Kabat, P., Jiménez, B., et al.
(2007). Freshwater resources and their management. In M. Parry, O. Canziani, J. Palutikof and P. van der Linden (Ed.), Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptat ion, and vulnerability. Contribution of working group ii to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp.
173-210). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Lenzen, M., Murray, J., Sack, F., & Wiedmann, T. (2007). Shared producer and consumer responsibility — theory and practice. Ecological Economics, 61(1), 27-42.
Lenzen, M., & Murray, J. (2010). Conceptualising environmental responsibility.
Ecological Economics, 70(2), 263.
Munasinghe, M. (2009). Sustainable development in practice: Sustainomics methodology and applications. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Munasinghe, M., Dasgupta, P., Southerton, D., Bows, A., & McMeekin, A. (2009).
Consumers, business and climate change. UK: Sustainable Consumption Insittute, University of Manchester.
Munasinghe, M. (2010). Can sustainable consumers and producers save the planet?
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14(1), 4-6.
Munksgaard, J., & Pedersen, K. A. (2001). CO2 accounts for open economies:
Producer or consumer responsibility? Energy Policy, 29(4), 327-334.
Rees, W. E. (1992). Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out. Environment and Urbanization, 4(2), 121-130.
Smulders, S. (2008). Green national accounting. In S. N. Durlauf & L. E. Blume (Eds.), The new palgrave dictionary of economics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tukker, A., Cohen, M. J., Hubacek, K., & Mont, O. (2010). Sustainable consumption and production. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 14(1), 1-3.
United Nations. (2002). Plan of implementation of the world summit on sustainable development. New York: United Nations.
United Nations, European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Bank, 2005, Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003, Studies in Methods, Series F, No.61, Rev.1, Glossary, United Nations, New York, para. 2.73.
UNEP (2010). ABC of SCP clarifying concepts on sustainable consumption and production. UN: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
UNSD. (2012a). System of environmental-economic accounting (SEEA). United Nations Statistics Department (UNSD). Retrieved Dec. 20, 2012, from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seea.asp
UNSD (2012b). System of environmental-economic accounting: Central framework.
by European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations, & World Bank. from
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/White_cover.pdf
Van Den Bergh, J., & Grazi, F. (2010). On the policy relevance of ecological footprints. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(13), 4843-4844.
Wackernagel, M., & Rees, W. E. (1998). Our ecological footprint : Reducing human impact on the earth. Gabriola Island, BC [u.a.]: New Society Publ.
Wackernagel, M., Schulz, N. B., Deumling, D., Linares, A. C., Jenkins, M., Kapos, V., et al. (2002). Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(14), 9266-9271.
Wiedmann, T. & Lenzen, M. (2006). Sharing responsibility along supply chains - a new life-cycle approach and software tool for triple-bottom-line accounting.
Paper presented at the The Corporate Responsibility Research Conference 2006.
Wood, D. J. (1991). Corporate social performance revisited. The Academy of Management Review, 16(4), 691-718.
計畫成果自評
The outputs of this project are currently under revision for submitting to journal publication as well as conference presentation.
可供推廣之研發成果資料表
□ 可申請專利 □ 可技術移轉 日期： 年 月 日
國科會補助計畫
計畫名稱：
計畫主持人：
計畫編號： 學門領域：
技術/創作名稱
(無)發明人/創作人
技術說明
中文：
（100~500 字）
英文：
可利用之產業 及 可開發之產品
技術特點
推廣及運用的價值
※ 1.每項研發成果請填寫一式二份，一份隨成果報告送繳本會，一份送 貴單位
研發成果推廣單位（如技術移轉中心）。
※ 2.本項研發成果若尚未申請專利，請勿揭露可申請專利之主要內容。
※
3.本表若不敷使用，請自行影印使用。1
國科會補助專題研究計畫出席國際學術會議心得報告
日期： 2014 年 1 月 20 日
一、參加會議經過與心得
In this conference, I presented the papers titled as “China’s Spatially Diverse Food Security under Imbalanced Population Expansion” at the session of “China's Economy” on the first day of the conference.
This paper is not a direct output from this project, but it is an outcome from previous year’s NSC funded project. This paper was accepted for presentation right before the conference which was held at the beginning of the current project.
The topics of papers presented at this conference were quite comprehensively covering all fields of economics and issues
involving economic development particularly of Singaporean as well as Asian economies. In addition to conventional topics in all
sub-fields of economics, themes covered in this conference are:
計畫編號 NSC 102－2410－H－004－016－
計畫名稱
會議名稱 Singapore Economic Review Conference 2013
發表題目 China’s Spatially Diverse Food Security under
Imbalanced Population Expansion
Environmental and Energy Economics, Development Economics, Economic & Policy Analysis, Behavioral Economics,
Neuroeconomics, Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution, just to name a few. The Singaporean government is very keen on economic development, and it is also encouraging scholars in Singapore to conduct research, be it theoretical, empirical or policy oriented, that would be useful and of advice to the economic problems facing
Singapore. One can see from the Singaporean history how economists have helped with the policy design and problem solving in the
development of the city state.
As a first-time participant in this convention, I learned a lot from this conference. It was very helpful for me to attend the conference and to get the up-to-date development in these fields. These
interesting presentations later attracted me to direct my research interest towards development economics with IOA and CGE modeling.
二、發表論文全文或摘要
In the governance process of China’s food security, quasi-government regulated distribution through inter-provincial contracts is a dominant approach not only to secure China’s food production but also to
stabilize its food price. As a result, a Chinese food policy, the
Provincial Governor’s Responsibility System (PGRS), which forces provincial governors to assume responsibility for the grain supply [Mi Daizi Shengzhang Zerenzhi], has been introduced in the mid-1990s and completely implemented by the 2000s. Since then, the stability of China’s food market has been largely contributed by the efforts of the Chinese provinces. However, China’s dramatically surging
urbanization has challenged this quasi-government regulated distribution, especially for this PGRS policy has discouraged local provinces from building nationwide infrastructure to share their surplus grain with other local provinces in need to feed increasing urbanization immigrants. While the Chinese government has
re-emphasized the PGRS to deal with this provincial food insecurity
problem, recent research however considers the adoption of further
market liberalization to the Chinese food market in order to better
3
manage China’s food security. Therefore, starting from a research question of whether reliance on market liberalization is better for coping with the current urbanization challenge to China’s food security, this paper argues that market liberalization should be considered to meet China’s spatially imbalanced development in different provinces. A multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is accordingly adopted for analysis. A major finding of this paper is that market liberalization is more appropriate for China to stabilize their food market.
三、建議
This is a very organized conference, involving a variety of fields in economics. In particular, the studies focused on economic
development of the national economies. Strategies for economic development were discussed with empirical investigations based on sound theories. This offers a good example for economics sciences to contribute to and to advise economic development policies. Japan and Singapore have had such a tradition established. It would be good to see in the near future in Taiwan that we can have such like
environment for economics researchers really advising economic policies with sound empirical analyses based on practical and
functional theories that are capable of explaining and offering insight and advice for the economic issues our society faces now and into the future.
四、攜回資料名稱及內容
Material brought back from the conference was the Conference Booklet. Proceedings and agenda of the conference are available electronically from the Singapore Economic Review Conference 2013 website:
http://editorialexpress.com/conference/SERC2013/program/SERC2013.html .
國科會補助專題研究計畫出席國際學術會議心得報告
日期： 2014 年 1 月 20 日
一、參加會議經過
In this conference, I presented two papers, one in oral and the other in poster, titles of which are as stated above. My oral presentation was scheduled into the session of “Global and local analyses of food
security” on the first day of the conference program. A snapshot of the poster presentation can be found at the end of this document.
In addition to the plenary sessions of keynote speeches, the conference also covered the following topics of parallel sessions:
(a) Global and local analyses of food security,
(b) Enabling policies for local and global food security,
計畫編號 NSC 102－2410－H－004－016－ 會議名稱 First International Conference on Global Food Security
發表題目
1. (Oral presentation) Grain self –sufficiency policy shift in China posing a real challenge to global food security: A multi-regional economy-wide impact assessment with the GTAP model
2. (Poster presentation) Will sea level rise threaten food security in Asia?: A multi-regional
economy-wide assessment with the GTAP model
2
(c) Sustainable intensification of food production systems, (d) Novel ways of feeding 9 billion,
(e) Learning from the past to understand the future, (f) Land sparing, land sharing and trade-offs,
(g) Agricultural production as feedstock for renewables, (h) Lost harvest and wasted food,
(i) Nutritional security, and
(j) Labelling, certifying and striving for quality and sustainability of food production.
As the major organizer of the conference was the Elsevier
Publishing Co., an author workshop was arranged to introduce about scientific publishing, as well as the dos and don’ts in scientific
research publication as Elservier advised. Ag. industries like
Monsanto, Unilever, Fertilizer Europe also set up exhibitions at this conference.
二、與會心得
This interdisciplinary conference on global food security invited state-of-the-art analysis, inspiring visions and innovative research methods arising from research. I learned a lot from this conference.
Food security involves economic, social, biophysical, technological and institutional aspects simultaneously. It is an issue that is affecting the current generation and will also run into the future, with all
countries’ food policies affecting each other due to the highly globalization in agricultural trade. The conference was nicely arranged with a balanced composition of disciplines that addressed food production and access, and the trade-offs between competing environmental, economic or social objectives and outcomes.
The keynote speakers included (a) Prof. Chris Barrett from Cornell University, USA, on “the global food security challenge: Constraints, consequences and opportunities ahead”; (b) Prof. Louise Fresco from University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, on “where we stand in understanding global food security”.
The AgMIP (Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project) teams also made presentations at this
conference. AgMIP is an international effort to link the dimensions of
climate, crop, and economic modeling with cutting-edge information
technology to produce improved crop and economic modeling and the next generation of climate impact projections for the agricultural sector (Rosenzweigh et al., 2012). The AgMIP aims to improve the characterization of world food security due to climate change and to enhance adaptation capacity in both developing and developed countries. AgMIP involves multiple disciplines and conducts trans-disciplinary analyses on the agricultural impacts of climate variability and change for which climate scenarios and agronomic and economic models are bundled for the purposes of a holistic analysis on the food security issue.
It was very helpful for me to attend the conference and to get the up-to-date development in these fields. These interesting
presentations later attracted me to direct my research interest towards food security policy assessment with CGE on the adaptation
dimension.
三、發表論文全文或摘要 1
stpaper:
Current studies on China’s food security are mainly based on the perspective of grain self-sufficiency that discusses whether China’s grain production and grain stock system can feed itself at the national level. As a result, the Chinese grain self-sufficiency policy of keeping a self-sufficiency rate above 95% tends to be regarded as a
benchmark to evaluate China’s food security status. For the world, this remarkably high rate of self-sufficiency in China has also helped significantly maintain the global food security. As consistently
attained with the Chinese government’s good efforts since the 1980s, this 95% grain self-sufficiency rate target therefore has been
perceived as untouched and presumed to be adhered to in the future, like in the past.
However, according to the World Bank’s projection for China’s grain demand by 2020, the total requirement to feed China will be 607.9 million tons, increasing from 502 million tons in 2010. As the Chinese grain production is projected to be as much as 568 million tons by 2020, the self-sufficiency rate will be reduced slightly to 93%.
Another projection by the United States Department of Agriculture
also presents a similar prospect which forecast an even lower rate of
4
89% in China’s grain self-sufficiency by 2020. Reasons for such a lower grain self-sufficiency rate in China could be attributed to its accelerated industrialization and urbanization which both damage and compete away cropland at a rate of 2% per annum.
Seeing the increasing food demand and shrinking cropland due to its rapid economic development and urbanization, China is currently changing its food policy by taking advantage of global agricultural trade liberalization to import foreign farm products on the one hand, and actively acquiring farmland overseas on the other hand, so as to bolster its food security. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a think-tank in Washington, DC, points out that between 2006 and 2009 China purchased up to 2.8 million hectares of farmland from poor countries in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and South America. Such size of the grabbed foreign
farmland is unprecedentedly large, as compared with other counties’
purchase packages. Putting a conservative figure for the land value, IFPRI calculated these Chinese deals to be worth 3.7 - 4.2
billion—almost as much as the biggest ever emergency package for agriculture announced in 2009 by the World Bank, and 1.5 times more than the American administration’s annual fund for food
security in 2009. The targets for China’s overseas land grabbing after the 2008 financial crisis have been further extended to developed countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and even the United States.
This practice of importing more food from the Chinese acquired farmland abroad will eventually shake China’s long-standing norm of the 95% grain self-sufficiency rate. In response to this developing and ongoing story of China’s policy shift in grain self-sufficiency, this paper aims to assess the global food security challenge resulting from China’s adjustment in the grain self-sufficiency policy. We use a multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model—the GTAP model, which describes in detail the global food
supply/demand system, inter-linked with other sectors of the world economies—to simulate for global food security prospects against the backdrop of various scenarios of undertakings for China’s grain
self-sufficiency prospects. The simulation results indicate that while
China is inclined to relax its long-standing adherence to the high
self-sufficiency rate through trade, the global food security would be
burdened with spiked prices—with the developing and least developed countries particularly bearing heavily the brunt of such elevated food costs. Our study also provides an in-depth
multi-sectoral economic assessment on the consequences of the various Chinese food security scenarios. Such understanding would be desirable and informative for formulating effective strategies to cope with the possible challenges posed to global food security.
Adaptation strategies are also assessed for countries whose food security are affected by a more foreign food dependent China.
2
ndpaper:
Climate change affects agricultural production and food security in complex ways. In this study we use a multi-regional, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model (GTAP as described in Hertel (1997)) and a satellite land use database compiled by Lee et al. (2009) to address the agro-ecological dissimilarities in land characteristics for agricultural production in a global and open economy context.
Assuming one-meter sea level rise induced by climate change, information of which is taken from the World Bank estimates
(Dasgupta et al., 2011), we investigate its regionally diverse impacts on the production of major land-based staples. Our results suggest that food security impact inflicted by sea level rise should be responded from policy agenda for both developing and developed countries, in particular, for net food importing developing economies.
Insights derived from our simulation results are summarized as follows. Among Asian countries, Viet Nam is most significantly affected country due to agricultural extent loss to sea level rise, as its major paddy rice is cultivated in the Mekong Delta flood zone. This affects countries near and far that depend on Vietnamese rice exports including Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, as well as countries in Middle East, North Africa, and Caribbean and Central America. Thai rice would only be able to supplement partially the shortfall due to the retreat of Vietnamese rice exports. The wheat sector in the Asian rice-growing countries would also be adversely affected, though not directly, due to land competition from the domestic demand to secure rice crop. Wheat- and grains-growing countries such as North
America, EU, Russia, Australia and New Zealand, and Argentina thus
6
reap the benefit of improved terms of trade in the occasion of sea level rise infliction on the Asian rice-growing regions. Although rice is relatively less traded across borders, agricultural land claimed by sea level rise, especially in lower-latitude Asian developing countries, would widen the gap between rice supply and demand of the
rice-consuming countries. This suggests an urgent need for establishing safety nets of food security in Asia. Particularly for agriculture of developing countries, sufficient efforts are also needed, in addition to poverty elimination, to brace for and to adapt to climate change, so as to secure their productivity and capacity of domestic food supply
四、建議
This is a very organized conference, involving a variety of disciplines of agriculture, ranging from soil sciences, agronomy, ag. chemistry, ag. business and economics, and governance, and even sociology regarding rights to food. This conference fostered a good
inter-disciplinary platform for researchers and experts to interact and brainstorm on the issues food security from each discipline’s
perspectives. It would be good that in Taiwan we can have such like platform for researchers of all agriculture-related disciplines for meetings and communication over the food security and other agriculture-based issues.
五、攜回資料名稱及內容
Material brought back from the conference was the Conference Booklet. Proceedings and agenda of the conference are available electronically from the Elsevier conference website:
http://www.globalfoodsecurityconference.com/ .
六、其他
Here is a snapshot of the poster I presented at this conference.
科技部補助計畫衍生研發成果推廣資料表
日期:2015/04/27
科技部補助計畫
計畫名稱: 邁向永續消費與永續生產: 以責任歸屬為基礎之環境政策的可計算一般均衡 分析
計畫主持人: 李慧琳
計畫編號: 102-2410-H-004-016- 學門領域: 農業與自然資源經濟學
無研發成果推廣資料
102 年度專題研究計畫研究成果彙整表
其他成果
In this project, we located the responsibilities to be shared between producers and consumers, based on Lenzen et al. (2007) approach. The outcome of this study can serve as a basis for further tax incidence analysis in the aim to locate effectiveness of responsibility-based pricing policies to reduce environmental stress while securing economic development. Based on the Taiwan input-output accounts of 2006, as well as the wastewater emissions data of same year, we found that export-oriented industries are currently taking a sizable share of the pollution burden for foreign consumers (export destination). If the water pollution cost is not reflected in the prices of exports, we end up subsidizing foreign consumers in terms of this externalty. It is imperative to institute pertinent policy so as not to undersell our products and resources thus consumed.
成果項目 量化 名稱或內容性質簡述