III. Methodology
3.1 Co-citation Analysis
Co-citation analysis starts with relative articles that offer reliable and mutual influence (Ramos-Rodriguez and Ruiz-Navarro, 2004) and two advantages in this study. One, co-citation analysis provides a statistical and quantitative approach in investigating the literatures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The other, since co-citation analysis requires a large literature database, an extensive browsing through this territory is needed. Thus, a greater insight into the theory of planned behavior (TPB) can also be discovered from this approach (Acedo, et. al. 2006).
The ISI Web of Knowledge platform includes resources which provide over a century of back files in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. It provides a breadth and depth of coverage and search capabilities that allow people to increase the volume of relevant information, to enhance the connections possible via cited reference searching, and to discover long-term trends and patterns in a certain field.
ISI Web of Knowledge has more than one million users from 81 countries since 1900.
Its back files provide access to millions of additional source items and cited references — plus cited reference searching for the entire database, such as Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index(SSCI).
In 1971, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) undertook a systematic analysis of journal citation patterns across the whole of science and technology. The resultant sample was about 1 million citations of journals, books, reports, theses,
and so forth (Garfield, 1972). A common sequence of steps in document co-citation analysis was shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 ISI Web of Knowledge’s Interface
It begins with typing the keyword ‘The theory of planned behavior’ in the ISI Web of Knowledge, then coming out a list of more than two thousand documents.
The selection of documents was preceded, and the result of 77 documents was identified with the criterion of cited times at least 50 times before the day of nineteenth of March in 2008 (Fancisco et al., 2006). The journal impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The impact factor will help you evaluate a journal's relative importance, especially when you compare it to others in the same field.
Raw co-citation matrix was generated by Microsoft Excel as the following
steps. The first step is to find out the cited references within these 77 documents, following by using the self-build-in function in Microsoft Excel to calculate the co-citation matrix of all the 77 documents. Furthermore, two documents with no cited times were deleted from our core sets.
So,
the final result of the core set documents was 75 documents in total, and the raw matrix of co-citation frequencies was then obtained. All the selected documents were shown in table 1, 2, and 3. At the same time, 75 documents are cited times in table 4 that let people understand cited times of these documents per year and total times. Table 5 indicates impact factor in journal. Next, the correlation matrix was transformed in SPSS, following by the statistical approaches of factor analysis, multidimensional scaling (MDS), and cluster analysis. The process of the present paper is depicted in Figure 4; more details are described in the next section.Figure 4 Procedure
Retrieve co-citation counts for each pair of documents
Compile:
(1)Matrix of raw co-citations (2)Matrix of Pearson’s correlations
Perform the following analyses:
(1) Factor analysis to identify factors
(2) Cluster analysis to find and draw subgroups
(3) Multidimensional scaling to graphically map documents proximities
Explain the result
Identify documents highly cited by ISI database
Table 1 Core Set Documents I
No. Author Years Title Source
CitedTimes
1 Ajzen 1991 The theory of planned behavior Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2485
2 Godin et al. 1996 The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors American Journal of Health Promotion 441 3 Armitage et al. 2001 Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review British Journal of Social Psychology 395 4 Taylor et al. 1995 Understanding information technology usage - a test of competing models Information Systems Research 359
5 Venkatesh et al. 2000 A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies Management Science 319
6 Conner et al. 1998 Extending the theory of planned behavior: a review and avenues for further research Journal of Applied Social Psychology 254
7 Ajzen 2001 Nature and operation of attitudes Annual Review of Psychology 218
8 Venkatesh et al. 2003 User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view Mis Quarterly 211
9 Baranowski et al. 1998 Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions - how are we doing? How might we do better? American Journal of Preventive Medicine 196 10 Madden et al. 1992 A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 185 11 Albarracin et al. 2001 Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: a meta-analysis Psychological Bulletin 161 12 Sutton 1998 Predicting and explaining intentions and behavior: how well are we doing? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 157 13 Hausenblas et al. 1997 Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: a meta-analysis Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 155 14 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior Mis Quarterly 152
15 Beck et al. 1991 Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behavior Journal of Research In Personality 147
16 Terry et al. 1996 Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: a role for group identification Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 144
17 Ajzen et al. 1992 Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice Journal of Leisure Research 144
18 Terry et al. 1995 The theory of planned behavior - the effects of perceived behavioral-control and self-efficacy British Journal of Social Psychology 124 19 Bagozzi et al. 1995 A comparison of leading theories for the prediction of goal-directed behaviours British Journal of Social Psychology 122 20 Orbell et al. 1997 Implementation intentions and the theory of planned behavior Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 120
21 Sparks et al. 1992 Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior - assessing the role of identification with green consumerism Social Psychology Quarterly 120 22 Parker et al. 1995 Extending the theory of planned behavior - the role of personal norm British Journal of Social Psychology 109
23 Ajzen 2002 Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 106 24 Parker et al. 1992 Intention to commit driving violations - an application of the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Psychology 106 25 Dzewaltowski et
al
1990 Physical-activity participation - social cognitive theory versus the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 104
Table 2 Core Set Documents II
No. Author Years Title Source Cited
Times
26 White et al. 1994 Safer sex behavior - the role of attitudes, norms, and control factors Journal of Applied Social Psychology 102
27 Ajzen 2002 Residual effects of past on later behavior: habituation and reasoned action perspectives Personality and Social Psychology Review 89
28 Sheeran et al. 2000 Using implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening Health Psychology 89
29 Ajzen et al. 1991 Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs - an application of the theory of planned behavior Leisure Sciences 88 30 Godin et al. 1993 The pattern of influence of perceived behavioral-control upon exercising behavior - an application of ajzen theory of planned behavior Journal of Behavioral Medicine 87 31 Armitage et al. 1999 Distinguishing perceptions of control from self-efficacy: predicting consumption of a low-fat diet using the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 86 32 Doll et al. 1992 Accessibility and stability of predictors in the theory of planned behavior Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86
33 Courneya et al. 1995 Understanding readiness for regular physical-activity in older individuals - an application of the theory of planned behavior Health Psychology 85
34 Godin et al. 1992 Predictors of smoking-behavior - an application of ajzens theory of planned behavior British Journal of Addiction 84
35 Sheeran et al. 1999 Predicting intentions to use condoms: a meta-analysis and comparison of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 82
36 Baranowski et al. 1997 Theory as mediating variables: why aren't community interventions working as desired? Annals of Epidemiology 81
37 Kretzer et al. 1998 Behavioral interventions to improve infection control practices American Journal of Infection Control 77
38 Chan et al. 1993 Determinants of college womens intentions to tell their partners to use condoms Journal of Applied Social Psychology 77 39 Norman et al. 1995 The theory of planned behavior and exercise - an investigation into the role of prior behavior, behavioral intentions and attitude variability European Journal of Social Psychology 73
40 Kimiecik et al. 1992 Predicting vigorous physical-activity of corporate employees - comparing the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 72 41 Marshall et al. 2001 The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise Annals of Behavioral Medicine 71
42 Armitage et al. 2000 Social cognition models and health behaviour: a structured review Psychology and Health 70
43 Kashima et al. 1993 The theory of reasoned action and cooperative behavior - it takes 2 to use a condom British Journal of Social Psychology 70 44 Beale et al. 1991 Predicting mothers intentions to limit frequency of infants sugar intake - testing the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 69
45 Conner et al. 1999 Interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour: studying cannabis use British Journal of Social Psychology 68 46 Blue et al. 1995 The predictive capacity of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in exercise research - an integrated literature-review Research In Nursing and Health 68
47 Morrison et al. 1995 Determinants of condom use among high-risk heterosexual adults - a test of the theory of reasoned action Journal of Applied Social Psychology 65
48 Kaiser et al. 1999 Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour Journal of Environmental Psychology 64
49 Sparks et al. 1997 The dimensional structure of the perceived behavioral control construct Journal of Applied Social Psychology 63
50 Milne et al. 2000 Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: a meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory Journal of Applied Social Psychology 62
Table 3 Core Set Documents III
No. Author Years Title Source Cited
Times 51 Courneya et al. 1995 Cognitive mediators of the social-influence exercise adherence relationship - a test of the theory of planned behavior Journal of Behavioral Medicine 62 52 King et al. 2002 Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity - forging a transdisciplinary paradigm American Journal of Preventive Medicine 61 53 Sheeran et al. 1999 Augmenting the theory of planned behavior: roles for anticipated regret and descriptive norms Journal of Applied Social Psychology 61 54 Harrison et al. 1997 Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small business: theory and empirical tests Information Systems Research 60 55 Boldero et al. 1992 Intention, context, and safe sex - australian adolescents responses to aids Journal of Applied Social Psychology 60 56 Reinecke et al. 1996 Application of the theory of planned behavior to adolescents' condom use: a panel study Journal of Applied Social Psychology 58 57 Lewis et al. 2002 Psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior among adults and children American Journal of Preventive Medicine 57 58 Van Der Pligt 1998 Perceived risk and vulnerability as predictors of precautionary behaviour British Journal of Health Psychology 57 59 Parker et al. 1996 Modifying beliefs and attitudes to exceeding the speed limit: an intervention study based on the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 57 60 Venkatesh et al. 2000 A longitudinal field investigation of gender differences in individual technology adoption decision-making processes Organizational Behavior and Human Decision
Processes
56 61 Sparks et al. 1995 Assessing and structuring attitudes toward the use of gene technology in food-production - the role of perceived ethical obligation Basic and Applied Social Psychology 56
62 Dishman et al. 1994 The measurement conundrum in exercise adherence research Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise 56
63 Craig et al. 1996 Psychosocial correlates of physical activity among fifth and eighth graders Preventive Medicine 55
64 Raats et al. 1995 Including moral dimensions of choice within the structure of the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 54
65 Parker et al. 1992 Determinants of intention to commit driving violations Accident Analysis and Prevention 54
66 Theodorakis 1994 Planned behavior, attitude strength, role-identity, and the prediction of exercise behavior Sport Psychologist 53
67 Baranowski et al. 2003 Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity Research 52
68 Rai et al. 2002 Assessing the validity of is success models: an empirical test and theoretical analysis Information Systems Research 51
69 Morris et al. 2000 Age differences in technology adoption decisions: implications for a changing work force Personnel Psychology 51
70 Norman et al. 1999 The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation Health Psychology 51
71 Richard et al. 1996 Anticipated affect and behavioral choice Basic and Applied Social Psychology 51
72 Bock et al. 2005 Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate Mis Quarterly 50
73 Courneya et al. 1999 Utility of the theory of planned behavior for understanding exercise during breast cancer treatment Psycho-Oncology 50
74 Courneya et al. 1999 Understanding exercise motivation in colorectal cancer patients: a prospective study using the theory of planned behavior Rehabilitation Psychology 50
75 Schlegel et al. 1992 Problem drinking - a problem for the theory of reasoned action Journal of Applied Social Psychology 50
Table 4 Total Citations and Average Citations Per Year
No. Author Years 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Mean
1 Ajzen 1991 0 0 4 16 19 49 59 74 100 102 117 140 169 201 226 303 361 417 1282485 138.06
Average from Publication Year to 2008
Table 5 Journal Impact Factor
No. Author Years Source Impact Factor In 2006
1 Ajzen 1991 Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1.514
2 Godin et al. 1996 American Journal of Health Promotion 1.703
3 Armitage et al. 2001 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418
4 Taylor et al. 1995 Information Systems Research 2.537
5 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Management Science 1.687
6 Conner et al. 1998 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
7 Ajzen 2001 Annual Review of Psychology 11.706
8 Venkatesh et al. 2003 Mis Quarterly 4.731
9 Baranowski et al. 1998 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.497 10 Madden et al. 1992 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2.419
11 Albarracin et al. 2001 Psychological Bulletin 12.725
12 Sutton 1998 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
13 Hausenblas et al. 1997 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1.457
14 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Mis Quarterly 4.731
15 Beck et al. 1991 Journal of Research In Personality 1.912
16 Terry et al. 1996 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2.419
17 Ajzen et al. 1992 Journal of Leisure Research 0.457
18 Terry et al. 1995 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418
19 Bagozzi et al. 1995 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418
20 Orbell et al. 1997 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2.419
21 Sparks et al. 1992 Social Psychology Quarterly 1.298
22 Parker et al. 1995 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418
23 Ajzen 2002 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
24 Parker et al. 1992 Journal of Applied Psychology 2.851
25 Dzewaltowski et al. 1990 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1.457
26 White et al. 1994 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
27 Ajzen 2002 Personality and Social Psychology Review 3.348
28 Sheeran et al. 2000 Health Psychology 3.693
29 Ajzen et al. 1991 Leisure Sciences 0.667
30 Godin et al. 1993 Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1.348
31 Armitage et al. 1999 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
32 Doll et al. 1992 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4.223
33 Courneya et al. 1995 Health Psychology 3.693
34 Godin et al. 1992 British Journal of Addiction NA
35 Sheeran et al. 1999 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
36 Baranowski et al. 1997 Annals of Epidemiology 2.210
37 Kretzer et al. 1998 American Journal of Infection Control 2.489
38 Chan et al. 1993 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
39 Norman et al. 1995 European Journal of Social Psychology 1.287
40 Kimiecik et al. 1992 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1.457
41 Marshall et al. 2001 Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2.870
42 Armitage et al. 2000 Psychology and Health 1.636
43 Kashima et al. 1993 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418
44 Beale et al. 1991 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
45 Conner et al. 1999 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418
46 Blue et al. 1995 Research In Nursing and Health 1.337
47 Morrison et al. 1995 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
48 Kaiser et al. 1999 Journal of Environmental Psychology 1.319
49 Sparks et al. 1997 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
50 Milne et al. 2000 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
51 Courneya et al. 1995 Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1.348
52 King et al. 2002 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.497
53 Sheeran et al. 1999 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
54 Harrison et al. 1997 Information Systems Research 2.537
55 Boldero et al. 1992 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
56 Reinecke et al. 1996 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
57 Lewis et al. 2002 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.497
58 Van Der Pligt 1998 British Journal of Health Psychology 1.218
59 Parker et al. 1996 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
60 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1.514
61 Sparks et al. 1995 Basic and Applied Social Psychology 0.644
62 Dishman et al. 1994 Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise 2.909
63 Craig et al. 1996 Preventive Medicine 2.390
64 Raats et al. 1995 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566
65 Parker et al. 1992 Accident Analysis and Prevention 1.587
66 Theodorakis 1994 Sport Psychologist 0.887
67 Baranowski et al. 2003 Obesity Research 3.491
68 Rai et al. 2002 Information Systems Research 2.537
69 Morris et al. 2000 Personnel Psychology 2.392
70 Norman et al. 1999 Health Psychology 3.693
71 Richard et al. 1996 Basic and Applied Social Psychology 0.644
72 Bock et al. 2005 Mis Quarterly 4.731
73 Courneya et al. 1999 Psycho-Oncology 2.772
74 Courneya et al. 1999 Rehabilitation Psychology 0.851
75 Schlegel et al. 1992 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566