計畫行為理論主要趨勢之研究-使用文獻共引分析方法

國立交通大學

經營管理研究所

碩 士 論 文

Trends of The Theory of Planned Behavior：

Using Co-Citation Analysis

計畫行為理論主要趨勢之研究

-使用文獻共引分析方法

研 究 生: 楊顓芙

指導教授: 楊 千 教授

Trends of The Theory of Planned Behavior：

Using Co-Citation Analysis

計畫行為理論主要趨勢之研究

-使用文獻共引分析方法

國 立 交 通 大 學

經營管理研究所

碩 士 論 文

Submitted to Institute of Business and Management College of Management

National Chiao Tung University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Master

of

Business Administration

June 2008

Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

計畫行為理論主要趨勢之研究-使用文獻共引分析方法

研究生：楊顓芙 指導教授：楊千博士 國立交通大學經營管理研究所碩士班

中文摘要

計畫行為理論（The theory of planned behavior ,TPB）主要探討影響人類行 為是意圖，而影響意圖的有態度（Attitude）、主觀規範(Subjective Norm)與知 覺行為控制(Perceived behavior control)，透過這理論可以了解影響行為的因 素，不只在心理學與社會學方面討論與使用，教育、健康醫學、電腦學科、管 理等廣為流傳。2008年三月調查ISI資料庫中此理論被引用次數高達1,308篇， Ajzen 在1991年發表的論文引用次數高達2,442次，進而想了解此理論的現有發 展趨勢與未來動向。藉由文獻共引文分析，運用SPSS軟體的資料縮減、階層集 群分析與多元尺度分析，這三種不同面向討論與匯總，找出不同領域的關鍵文 章與繪製圖表了解文章彼此相關程度與差異。發現計畫行為理論被引用五十次 以上的文章中，主要有三個趨勢：（1）基礎理論的探究與構念的驗證，進而 導入疾病預防與健康問題，如使用保險套行為探討、癌症健康行為、吸煙與大 麻行為等；（2）科技發展延伸此理論，探討人們是否接受新的技術或運用此 技術的能力，整合技術接受模式（The technology acceptance model (TAM)）、 資訊系統（IS）與知識分享（KS）等；（3）加入中介變數探討如體能運動（PA）。 研究發現在2000年後，計畫行為理論延伸與整合其他理論，探討著人類在二十 一世紀中最重要的兩個議題：科技變化迅速之影響、健康與運動之生活。

Trends of The Theory of Planned Behavior：Using Co-Citation Analysis

Student：Chuan-Fu Yang Advisor：Dr. Chyan Yang Institute of Business and Management

National Chiao Tung Usniversity

Abstract

This paper reviews and analyzes the theory of planned behavior (TPB). As an

empirical analysis, the aim of the present paper is to provide insights into further

extensions, to identify the main trends, and to show the evolution in the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Co-citation analysis and multivariate methods using SPSS were conducted to produce the correlation matrix and further analysis.

Three main trends are shown to coexist within the theory of planned behavior (TPB): (1) extension or verification of existing body of knowledge or intellective structure of the theory of planned behavior (TPB); (2) introduction or incorporation of technological related applications or models such as technology acceptance model (TAM), information system (IS), and knowledge sharing (KS); (3) introduction of mediators or mediating variables that incorporate environmental or situational factors to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), such as physical activity

(PA).Theories and implication were also derived.

Keywords: the theory of planned behavior, the theory of reasoned action, Ajzen, co-citation analysis.

誌謝

Contents

II. Literature Review... 4

2.1 The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) ... 4

2.2 The Co-citation Method... 7

III. Methodology... 9

3.1 Co-citation Analysis ... 9

3.2 Statistic Methods ... 17

IV. Results ... 20

4.1 The Co-citation Analysis... 20

4.2 Factor Analysis ... 23

4.3 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)... 27

4.4 Cluster Analysis... 30

4.5 Discussion ... 32

V. Conclusion ... 40

5.1 Key Findings and Insights ... 40

5.2 Implications... 41

List of Figures

Figure 1 The Model of Theory of Reasoned Action ... 5

Figure 2 The Model of Theory of Planned Behavior ... 6

Figure 3 ISI Web of Knowledge’s Interface... 10

Figure 4 Procedure ... 11

Figure 5 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)... 28

Figure 6 Multidimensional Scaling (Details right of picture)... 29

Figure 7 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ... 31

List of Tables

Table 1 Core Set Documents I... 12

Table 2 Core Set Documents II ... 13

Table 3 Core Set Documents III ... 14

Table 4 Total Citations and Average Citations Per Year ... 15

Table 5 Journal Impact Factor ... 16

Table 6 Co-citation Matrix ... 21

Table 7 Pearson’s Correlation Matrix ... 22

Table 8 Total Variance Explained ... 23

Table 9 Rotated Factor Matrix ... 24

Table 10 Comparison between Cluster and Factor in Journal .... 37

Table 11 TPB Trends I (Before 2000 A.D.) ... 38

Table 12 TPB Trends II (After 2000 A.D.)... 39

I. Introduction

To explain the complexity of human social behaviors is a challenging task for many researchers. Wicker (1969) examined the relationship between attitudes and behaviors, and concluded that attitude did not accurately predict behavior. Since then, social psychologists have tried many ways to improve the predictive power of attitudes. The most widely used models are the theories of reasoned action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1981, 1991). The theory of reasoned action (TRA) suggests that two determinants of behavioral intention are attitudes toward a certain behavior and subjective norms. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) extends the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to include an additional factor of perceived behavioral control, which influences both intentions and behaviors. Thus, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) deals with the three antecedents of intentions- attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. According to the theory of planned

behavior, people act in accordance with their intentions and perceived behavior

control.

Since Ajzen fully developed the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in 1991, there are over 2400 articles citing his works and discuss them in the past 17 years (ISI Web of Knowledge , March 19,2008). More and More disciplines are integrating his theory and apply it to other fields, such as management science, medical science, education, computer science, etc.

Bibliometrics, the mathematical and statistical analysis of patterns appearing in the published documents, can be used to detect homogenous areas in research networks (Acedo et. al., 2006). One method is called the co-citation analysis, a widely used and powerful approach to study the structure of scientific disciplines and trends. Co-citation analysis records the times that any particular pair of documents have been cited together, so it can be interpreted as a measure for similarity of content of the two documents. Citation times used by co-citation analysis can reflect the value of a document and relationship between these articles. Therefore the more times that the documents are cited, the greater influence they have on the discipline (Culnan, 1987; Tahai and Meyer, 1999). By using this approach in terms of data analytical and graphic display techniques to identify groups of authors, topics, or methods, we can produce empirical maps of prominent

documents in various areas and understand how these groups interrelate(White and

Griffith,1981; McCain, 1990, and White and McCain, 1998).

The aim of this study is to explore core the theory of planned behavior (TPB) documents by employing co-citation analysis. For this purpose, core documents are selected from a prestigious database, ISI Web of Knowledge, by setting a high criterion of cited times, at least fifty citations. The purpose of this study is to: (1) identify the main trends in the theory of planned behavior (TPB); (2) identify networks of documents belonging to the same school or field; and (3) show the evolution of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), especially regarding how it has affected other fields.

The remaining part of this study contains four main sections. In the following section, the study begins with a review of literatures, including the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the co-citation analysis; the second section contains a description of the methodology employed, the co-citation technique and statistical methods; the third section presents and discusses the results of the empirical study; and finally, the fourth section presents a summary and discussion of the conclusions to be drawn from this study.

II. Literature Review

2.1 The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) indicates that one’s intentions influence obvious behavior, while intention in turn is influenced by one personal factor and social influence. The personal factor is termed attitude toward the behavior, indicating the individual’s positive or negative evaluation of performing the behavior. The second determinant of intention is termed subjective norm, indicating a person’s perception of the social pressures on him to perform or not perform the behavior. Generally speaking, people will intend to perform a behavior when they evaluate it positively and when they believe that important others think they should perform it.

In figure 1, we can see that any attitude is a function of beliefs. When dealing with attitude toward a behavior, most salient beliefs link the behavior to positively or negatively valued outcomes. Subjective norms are also assumed to be a function of beliefs, but beliefs of a different kind, namely the person's beliefs that specific individuals or groups think he should or should not perform the behavior (Ajzen, 1981).

Attitude toward the Behavior Intention Behavior Subjective Norm

Figure 1 The Model of Theory of Reasoned Action

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a well-researched model which is widely used in predicting and explaining human behavior across a variety of settings (Ajzen, 1991). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is an extension of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), however, the difference is in its addition of perceived behavioral control, an antecedent variable affecting both intentions and behavior. A major contribution of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was the notion that intention mediates between attitude and behavior, and that intention predicts behavior more accurately than does attitude (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1977). Thus, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) postulates three conceptually independent determinants of intention. Figure 2 depicts the theory in the form of a structural diagram.

The first predictor is attitude toward the behavior, which reflects feelings of favorableness or unfavorableness towards performing a behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991; Taylor and Todd, 1995). The second is subjective norm, reflecting one’s perceptions that significant referents (parents, spouse, friends, etc.) desire the

individual to perform or not perform a behavior (Ajzen, 1981; Taylor and Todd, 1995b). Any person or group served as a reference group could exert a key influence on an individual’s beliefs, attitudes, and choices, because an individual may conform to his/her referent groups. The last antecedent of intention is perceived behavioral control, defined as the perceived ease of difficulty of carrying out the behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991). It reflects the person’s past experience, anticipated obstacles, and resources, such as having the opportunity, time, money, and skill required to perform the behavior (Ajzen, 1985, 1991). As a general rule, the more favorable the attitude and subjective norm with respect to a behavior, and the greater the perceived behavioral control, the stronger should be an individual’s intention to perform the behavior under consideration.

Figure 2 The Model of Theory of Planned Behavior

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has shown strong predictive validity for a wide range of behavioral intentions and behaviors, including condom use (Albarracin

Attitude toward the Behavior Perceived Behavioral Control Subjective

et al., 2001; Sheeran and Taylor, 1999, etc.), exercise (Hausenblas et al., 1997; Terry and Hogg, 1996; Blue, 1995, etc.), smoking cessation (Norman and Conner, 1999), ethical obligation (Sparks et al., 1995), and leisure (Richard et al., 1996). Even though the theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been applied in such variety fields, these studies have found support for the theory. Support for the theory in general is summarized in a meta-analysis (Armitage and conner, 2000; Sutton et al.,

1998; Hausenblas et al., 1997; Marshall and Biddle, 2001, etc.) and review of

literatures (Armitage and Conner et al., 2001;Ajzen, 2001; Albarracin et al., 2001;

Baranowski et al., 2003; Bock et al., 2005, etc.). However, many studies still

concern for the sufficiency of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and try to improve its predictive power on intentions or behavior by adding variables such as self-efficiency (Sparks, 1997 et al.; White, 1994 et al.; Conner et al., 1998; Godin and Kok, 1996, etc.), locus of control (Ajzen, 1991, 2002, etc.), self-identity (Conner, 1998; Armitage and Conner, 1999, etc.) , etc. In general, even when the improvements were found, but the enhancement of predictive power remains minor. This would suggest the theory’s adequacy and applicability to particular domains.

2.2 The Co-citation Method

Explicit references within a certain scientific publications can be used as measures of these external impacts on these scientific environments. If an academic publication receives relatively high quantities citations, it would have a significant scientific impact which can bring broad visibility and scientific recognition (Tijssen et al., 2002). Therefore, an approach by counting the number of times two

documents or authors are cited jointly in the same work, the co-citation method is the one of the most common and objective structuring method. This approach is based on the premise that the more often two documents are cited together, the closer is the relationship between them by addressing the same broad questions (Acedo et. al., 2006). Its aim is to recognize the influential documents, to analyze the connection between them (Tijssen et al., 2002), and to identify closed related groups which is considered to be the same research domain. Co-citation counts can be analyzed and processed by statistical method such as factor analysis, multidimensional scaling (MDS), and cluster analysis to produce maps displaying the relative distances between documents.

III. Methodology

3.1 Co-citation Analysis

Co-citation analysis starts with relative articles that offer reliable and mutual influence (Ramos-Rodriguez and Ruiz-Navarro, 2004) and two advantages in this study. One, co-citation analysis provides a statistical and quantitative approach in investigating the literatures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The other, since co-citation analysis requires a large literature database, an extensive browsing through this territory is needed. Thus, a greater insight into the theory of planned behavior (TPB) can also be discovered from this approach (Acedo, et. al. 2006).

The ISI Web of Knowledge platform includes resources which provide over a century of back files in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. It provides a breadth and depth of coverage and search capabilities that allow people to increase the volume of relevant information, to enhance the connections possible via cited reference searching, and to discover long-term trends and patterns in a certain field.

ISI Web of Knowledge has more than one million users from 81 countries since 1900.

Its back files provide access to millions of additional source items and cited references — plus cited reference searching for the entire database, such as Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index(SSCI).

In 1971, the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) undertook a systematic analysis of journal citation patterns across the whole of science and technology. The resultant sample was about 1 million citations of journals, books, reports, theses,

and so forth (Garfield, 1972). A common sequence of steps in document co-citation analysis was shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 ISI Web of Knowledge’s Interface

It begins with typing the keyword ‘The theory of planned behavior’ in the ISI Web of Knowledge, then coming out a list of more than two thousand documents. The selection of documents was preceded, and the result of 77 documents was identified with the criterion of cited times at least 50 times before the day of nineteenth of March in 2008 (Fancisco et al., 2006). The journal impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year. The impact factor will help you evaluate a journal's relative importance, especially when you compare it to others in the same field.

steps. The first step is to find out the cited references within these 77 documents, following by using the self-build-in function in Microsoft Excel to calculate the co-citation matrix of all the 77 documents. Furthermore, two documents with no

cited times were deleted from our core sets. So, the final result of the core set

documents was 75 documents in total, and the raw matrix of co-citation frequencies was then obtained. All the selected documents were shown in table 1, 2, and 3. At the same time, 75 documents are cited times in table 4 that let people understand cited times of these documents per year and total times. Table 5 indicates impact factor in journal. Next, the correlation matrix was transformed in SPSS, following by the statistical approaches of factor analysis, multidimensional scaling (MDS), and cluster analysis. The process of the present paper is depicted in Figure 4; more

details are described in the next section.

Figure 4 Procedure

Retrieve co-citation counts for each pair of documents

Compile:

(1)Matrix of raw co-citations (2)Matrix of Pearson’s correlations

Perform the following analyses: (1) Factor analysis to identify factors

(2) Cluster analysis to find and draw subgroups

(3) Multidimensional scaling to graphically map documents proximities

Explain the result

Table 1 Core Set Documents I

No. Author Years Title Source Cited

Times 1 Ajzen 1991 The theory of planned behavior Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2485 2 Godin et al. 1996 The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors American Journal of Health Promotion 441 3 Armitage et al. 2001 Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: a meta-analytic review British Journal of Social Psychology 395 4 Taylor et al. 1995 Understanding information technology usage - a test of competing models Information Systems Research 359

5 Venkatesh et al. 2000 A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies Management Science 319 6 Conner et al. 1998 Extending the theory of planned behavior: a review and avenues for further research Journal of Applied Social Psychology 254

7 Ajzen 2001 Nature and operation of attitudes Annual Review of Psychology 218 8 Venkatesh et al. 2003 User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view Mis Quarterly 211 9 Baranowski et al. 1998 Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions - how are we doing? How might we do better? American Journal of Preventive Medicine 196 10 Madden et al. 1992 A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 185 11 Albarracin et al. 2001 Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: a meta-analysis Psychological Bulletin 161 12 Sutton 1998 Predicting and explaining intentions and behavior: how well are we doing? Journal of Applied Social Psychology 157 13 Hausenblas et al. 1997 Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: a meta-analysis Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 155 14 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior Mis Quarterly 152 15 Beck et al. 1991 Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behavior Journal of Research In Personality 147 16 Terry et al. 1996 Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: a role for group identification Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 144 17 Ajzen et al. 1992 Application of the theory of planned behavior to leisure choice Journal of Leisure Research 144 18 Terry et al. 1995 The theory of planned behavior - the effects of perceived behavioral-control and self-efficacy British Journal of Social Psychology 124 19 Bagozzi et al. 1995 A comparison of leading theories for the prediction of goal-directed behaviours British Journal of Social Psychology 122 20 Orbell et al. 1997 Implementation intentions and the theory of planned behavior Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 120

21 Sparks et al. 1992 Self-identity and the theory of planned behavior - assessing the role of identification with green consumerism Social Psychology Quarterly 120 22 Parker et al. 1995 Extending the theory of planned behavior - the role of personal norm British Journal of Social Psychology 109

23 Ajzen 2002 Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 106 24 Parker et al. 1992 Intention to commit driving violations - an application of the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Psychology 106 25 Dzewaltowski et

al

Table 2 Core Set Documents II

No. Author Years Title Source Cited

Times

26 White et al. 1994 Safer sex behavior - the role of attitudes, norms, and control factors Journal of Applied Social Psychology 102 27 Ajzen 2002 Residual effects of past on later behavior: habituation and reasoned action perspectives Personality and Social Psychology Review 89

28 Sheeran et al. 2000 Using implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening Health Psychology 89 29 Ajzen et al. 1991 Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs - an application of the theory of planned behavior Leisure Sciences 88

30 Godin et al. 1993 The pattern of influence of perceived behavioral-control upon exercising behavior - an application of ajzen theory of planned behavior Journal of Behavioral Medicine 87 31 Armitage et al. 1999 Distinguishing perceptions of control from self-efficacy: predicting consumption of a low-fat diet using the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 86 32 Doll et al. 1992 Accessibility and stability of predictors in the theory of planned behavior Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86

33 Courneya et al. 1995 Understanding readiness for regular physical-activity in older individuals - an application of the theory of planned behavior Health Psychology 85 34 Godin et al. 1992 Predictors of smoking-behavior - an application of ajzens theory of planned behavior British Journal of Addiction 84 35 Sheeran et al. 1999 Predicting intentions to use condoms: a meta-analysis and comparison of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 82

36 Baranowski et al. 1997 Theory as mediating variables: why aren't community interventions working as desired? Annals of Epidemiology 81 37 Kretzer et al. 1998 Behavioral interventions to improve infection control practices American Journal of Infection Control 77

38 Chan et al. 1993 Determinants of college womens intentions to tell their partners to use condoms Journal of Applied Social Psychology 77 39 Norman et al. 1995 The theory of planned behavior and exercise - an investigation into the role of prior behavior, behavioral intentions and attitude variability European Journal of Social Psychology 73

40 Kimiecik et al. 1992 Predicting vigorous physical-activity of corporate employees - comparing the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 72 41 Marshall et al. 2001 The transtheoretical model of behavior change: a meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise Annals of Behavioral Medicine 71 42 Armitage et al. 2000 Social cognition models and health behaviour: a structured review Psychology and Health 70 43 Kashima et al. 1993 The theory of reasoned action and cooperative behavior - it takes 2 to use a condom British Journal of Social Psychology 70 44 Beale et al. 1991 Predicting mothers intentions to limit frequency of infants sugar intake - testing the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 69

45 Conner et al. 1999 Interaction effects in the theory of planned behaviour: studying cannabis use British Journal of Social Psychology 68 46 Blue et al. 1995 The predictive capacity of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in exercise research - an integrated literature-review Research In Nursing and Health 68

47 Morrison et al. 1995 Determinants of condom use among high-risk heterosexual adults - a test of the theory of reasoned action Journal of Applied Social Psychology 65 48 Kaiser et al. 1999 Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour Journal of Environmental Psychology 64

49 Sparks et al. 1997 The dimensional structure of the perceived behavioral control construct Journal of Applied Social Psychology 63 50 Milne et al. 2000 Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: a meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory Journal of Applied Social Psychology 62

Table 3 Core Set DocumentsIII

No. Author Years Title Source Cited

Times 51 Courneya et al. 1995 Cognitive mediators of the social-influence exercise adherence relationship - a test of the theory of planned behavior Journal of Behavioral Medicine 62 52 King et al. 2002 Theoretical approaches to the promotion of physical activity - forging a transdisciplinary paradigm American Journal of Preventive Medicine 61 53 Sheeran et al. 1999 Augmenting the theory of planned behavior: roles for anticipated regret and descriptive norms Journal of Applied Social Psychology 61 54 Harrison et al. 1997 Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small business: theory and empirical tests Information Systems Research 60 55 Boldero et al. 1992 Intention, context, and safe sex - australian adolescents responses to aids Journal of Applied Social Psychology 60 56 Reinecke et al. 1996 Application of the theory of planned behavior to adolescents' condom use: a panel study Journal of Applied Social Psychology 58 57 Lewis et al. 2002 Psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior among adults and children American Journal of Preventive Medicine 57 58 Van Der Pligt 1998 Perceived risk and vulnerability as predictors of precautionary behaviour British Journal of Health Psychology 57 59 Parker et al. 1996 Modifying beliefs and attitudes to exceeding the speed limit: an intervention study based on the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 57 60 Venkatesh et al. 2000 A longitudinal field investigation of gender differences in individual technology adoption decision-making processes Organizational Behavior and Human Decision

Processes

56 61 Sparks et al. 1995 Assessing and structuring attitudes toward the use of gene technology in food-production - the role of perceived ethical obligation Basic and Applied Social Psychology 56 62 Dishman et al. 1994 The measurement conundrum in exercise adherence research Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise 56 63 Craig et al. 1996 Psychosocial correlates of physical activity among fifth and eighth graders Preventive Medicine 55 64 Raats et al. 1995 Including moral dimensions of choice within the structure of the theory of planned behavior Journal of Applied Social Psychology 54 65 Parker et al. 1992 Determinants of intention to commit driving violations Accident Analysis and Prevention 54

66 Theodorakis 1994 Planned behavior, attitude strength, role-identity, and the prediction of exercise behavior Sport Psychologist 53 67 Baranowski et al. 2003 Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts? Obesity Research 52

68 Rai et al. 2002 Assessing the validity of is success models: an empirical test and theoretical analysis Information Systems Research 51 69 Morris et al. 2000 Age differences in technology adoption decisions: implications for a changing work force Personnel Psychology 51 70 Norman et al. 1999 The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation Health Psychology 51

71 Richard et al. 1996 Anticipated affect and behavioral choice Basic and Applied Social Psychology 51 72 Bock et al. 2005 Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate Mis Quarterly 50

73 Courneya et al. 1999 Utility of the theory of planned behavior for understanding exercise during breast cancer treatment Psycho-Oncology 50 74 Courneya et al. 1999 Understanding exercise motivation in colorectal cancer patients: a prospective study using the theory of planned behavior Rehabilitation Psychology 50

Table 4 Total Citations and Average Citations Per Year

No. Author Years 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Mean

1 Ajzen 1991 0 0 4 16 19 49 59 74 100 102 117 140 169 201 226 303 361 417 1282485 138.06 2 Godin et al. 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 29 27 40 41 45 48 58 60 65 13 441 33.92 3 Armitage et al. 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 36 53 75 81 109 31 395 56.43 4 Taylor et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 10 8 15 15 19 42 31 55 68 68 20 359 25.64 5 Venkatesh et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 17 46 28 53 68 81 23 319 35.44 6 Conner et al. 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 14 23 21 31 27 43 34 43 11 254 23.09 7 Ajzen 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 25 27 40 41 62 10 218 27.25 8 Venkatesh et al. 2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 31 64 95 19 211 35.17 9 Baranowski et al. 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12 9 22 20 23 38 30 27 13 196 17.82 10 Madden et al. 1992 0 0 1 6 5 13 17 6 19 15 12 7 16 10 13 11 13 18 3 185 10.88 11 Albarracin et al. 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 16 18 25 37 40 14 161 20.12 12 Sutton 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 10 12 16 21 16 24 19 31 7 157 14.27 13 Hausenblas et al. 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 10 9 18 10 20 22 24 27 3 155 12.92 14 Venkatesh et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 23 18 27 31 37 6 152 16.89 15 Beck et al. 1991 0 0 0 3 3 10 8 5 12 13 8 8 9 11 11 15 11 17 3 147 8.17 16 Terry et al. 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 7 9 13 13 13 13 22 17 19 8 144 11.08 17 Ajzen et al. 1992 0 0 0 0 5 7 12 5 9 10 10 9 18 10 21 14 12 16 0 144 8.47 18 Terry et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 12 10 13 11 11 11 11 10 17 9 4 124 8.86 19 Bagozzi et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 8 12 9 12 10 12 16 13 8 17 3 122 9.38 20 Orbell et al. 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 11 13 11 18 11 17 17 9 3 120 10 21 Sparks et al. 1992 0 0 0 0 2 8 8 2 9 17 6 9 11 10 6 8 9 13 2 120 7.5 22 Parker et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 9 12 8 6 9 13 7 11 12 15 1 109 7.79 23 Ajzen 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 18 30 29 7 106 15.14 24 Parker et al. 1992 0 0 0 1 3 7 10 3 9 4 7 3 7 9 10 14 5 13 1 106 6.24 25 Dzewaltowski et al. 1990 0 0 5 8 7 4 8 5 3 9 8 11 10 2 6 10 7 1 0 104 5.47 26 White et al. 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 11 13 14 9 7 10 6 7 6 8 1 102 7.29 27 Ajzen 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 8 18 20 23 8 89 12.71 28 Sheeran et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 14 12 17 18 18 4 89 9.89 29 Ajzen et al. 1991 0 0 1 2 1 5 0 4 7 2 4 6 7 7 2 12 16 10 2 88 4.89 30 Godin et al. 1993 0 0 0 2 1 5 7 8 7 10 5 10 10 5 6 3 4 2 2 87 5.44 31 Armitage et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 13 10 6 12 9 15 8 5 86 8.6 32 Doll et al. 1992 0 0 0 0 3 5 5 5 8 8 6 5 10 6 8 6 5 10 6 86 5.06 33 Courneya et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 6 8 13 7 10 6 8 13 7 10 85 6.07 34 Godin et al. 1992 0 0 0 2 0 2 9 8 12 9 3 3 3 2 5 12 6 7 1 84 4.94 35 Sheeran et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 7 15 0 2 7 7 15 82 8.2 36 Baranowski et al. 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 9 7 7 7 10 13 8 7 5 81 6.83 37 Kretzer et al. 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 7 10 11 8 10 11 10 2 77 7 38 Chan et al. 1993 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 8 11 3 10 15 7 4 3 10 15 7 4 77 5.13 39 Norman et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 7 5 9 6 9 7 5 9 6 9 73 5.21 40 Kimiecik et al. 1992 0 0 0 4 4 4 7 2 4 5 3 7 11 2 6 5 4 4 0 72 4.24 41 Marshall et al. 2001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 1 10 71 8.88 42 Armitage et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 12 0 0 2 7 12 70 7.78 43 Kashima et al. 1993 0 0 0 0 2 6 7 8 6 8 7 7 1 6 2 3 5 1 1 70 4.38 44 Beale et al. 1991 1 1 1 5 1 8 13 6 3 4 4 4 5 2 3 3 3 3 0 69 3.83 45 Conner et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 9 0 0 9 8 9 68 6.8 46 Blue et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 7 4 7 11 8 7 4 7 11 8 68 4.86 47 Morrison et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 7 7 8 11 6 7 4 1 4 0 3 65 4.64 48 Kaiser et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 4 8 10 6 9 8 12 3 64 6.5 49 Sparks et al. 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 9 10 6 4 4 9 10 6 4 63 5.25 50 Milne et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 4 8 7 11 13 9 3 62 6.89 51 Courneya et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 7 6 11 3 6 6 7 10 1 62 4.43 52 King et al. 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 9 15 13 10 1 61 8.71 53 Sheeran et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 11 5 10 9 14 4 61 6.78 54 Harrison et al. 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 6 8 8 9 13 6 3 60 5 55 Boldero et al. 1992 0 0 0 0 4 4 9 5 6 4 5 4 6 1 3 4 4 1 0 60 3.53 56 Reinecke et al. 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 8 8 8 5 5 6 2 5 3 0 58 4.46 57 Lewis et al. 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 12 15 15 7 57 8.14

58 Van Der Pligt 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 7 6 10 5 7 8 5 1 57 5.18

59 Parker et al. 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 5 5 4 8 5 8 4 6 1 57 4.38 60 Venkatesh et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 4 5 10 16 12 1 56 6.22 61 Sparks et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 5 4 3 5 8 5 2 7 6 6 0 56 4 62 Dishman et al. 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 4 8 8 9 6 4 6 4 1 0 56 3.73 63 Craig et al. 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 3 14 4 6 6 9 2 1 55 4.23 64 Raats et al. 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 7 7 7 5 6 2 5 3 5 2 54 3.86 65 Parker et al. 1992 0 0 0 1 2 5 3 6 3 0 1 2 2 3 5 6 5 10 0 54 3.18 66 Theodorakis 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 4 6 3 4 5 6 4 7 6 2 0 53 3.53 67 Baranowski et al. 2003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 9 12 16 13 52 8.67 68 Rai et al. 2002 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 9 14 16 4 51 7.29 69 Morris et al. 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 8 3 5 12 13 0 51 5.67 70 Norman et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 2 2 5 11 8 13 0 51 5.1 71 Richard et al. 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 2 3 2 8 6 10 3 9 0 51 3.92 72 Bock et al. 2005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 30 6 50 12.5 73 Courneya et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 3 6 11 6 8 3 50 5 74 Courneya et al. 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 8 3 10 7 4 8 2 50 5 75 Schlegel et al. 1992 0 0 0 1 0 6 4 4 11 4 1 5 3 3 1 1 1 4 1 50 2.94

Table 5 Journal Impact Factor

No. Author Years Source Impact Factor In 2006 1 Ajzen 1991 Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1.514 2 Godin et al. 1996 American Journal of Health Promotion 1.703 3 Armitage et al. 2001 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418 4 Taylor et al. 1995 Information Systems Research 2.537 5 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Management Science 1.687 6 Conner et al. 1998 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 7 Ajzen 2001 Annual Review of Psychology 11.706 8 Venkatesh et al. 2003 Mis Quarterly 4.731 9 Baranowski et al. 1998 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.497 10 Madden et al. 1992 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2.419 11 Albarracin et al. 2001 Psychological Bulletin 12.725 12 Sutton 1998 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 13 Hausenblas et al. 1997 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1.457 14 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Mis Quarterly 4.731 15 Beck et al. 1991 Journal of Research In Personality 1.912 16 Terry et al. 1996 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2.419 17 Ajzen et al. 1992 Journal of Leisure Research 0.457 18 Terry et al. 1995 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418 19 Bagozzi et al. 1995 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418 20 Orbell et al. 1997 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2.419 21 Sparks et al. 1992 Social Psychology Quarterly 1.298 22 Parker et al. 1995 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418 23 Ajzen 2002 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 24 Parker et al. 1992 Journal of Applied Psychology 2.851 25 Dzewaltowski et al. 1990 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1.457 26 White et al. 1994 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 27 Ajzen 2002 Personality and Social Psychology Review 3.348 28 Sheeran et al. 2000 Health Psychology 3.693 29 Ajzen et al. 1991 Leisure Sciences 0.667 30 Godin et al. 1993 Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1.348 31 Armitage et al. 1999 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 32 Doll et al. 1992 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4.223 33 Courneya et al. 1995 Health Psychology 3.693 34 Godin et al. 1992 British Journal of Addiction NA 35 Sheeran et al. 1999 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 36 Baranowski et al. 1997 Annals of Epidemiology 2.210 37 Kretzer et al. 1998 American Journal of Infection Control 2.489 38 Chan et al. 1993 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 39 Norman et al. 1995 European Journal of Social Psychology 1.287 40 Kimiecik et al. 1992 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1.457 41 Marshall et al. 2001 Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2.870 42 Armitage et al. 2000 Psychology and Health 1.636 43 Kashima et al. 1993 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418 44 Beale et al. 1991 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 45 Conner et al. 1999 British Journal of Social Psychology 1.418 46 Blue et al. 1995 Research In Nursing and Health 1.337 47 Morrison et al. 1995 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 48 Kaiser et al. 1999 Journal of Environmental Psychology 1.319 49 Sparks et al. 1997 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 50 Milne et al. 2000 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 51 Courneya et al. 1995 Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1.348 52 King et al. 2002 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.497 53 Sheeran et al. 1999 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 54 Harrison et al. 1997 Information Systems Research 2.537 55 Boldero et al. 1992 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 56 Reinecke et al. 1996 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 57 Lewis et al. 2002 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 3.497 58 Van Der Pligt 1998 British Journal of Health Psychology 1.218 59 Parker et al. 1996 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 60 Venkatesh et al. 2000 Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1.514 61 Sparks et al. 1995 Basic and Applied Social Psychology 0.644 62 Dishman et al. 1994 Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise 2.909 63 Craig et al. 1996 Preventive Medicine 2.390 64 Raats et al. 1995 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566 65 Parker et al. 1992 Accident Analysis and Prevention 1.587 66 Theodorakis 1994 Sport Psychologist 0.887 67 Baranowski et al. 2003 Obesity Research 3.491 68 Rai et al. 2002 Information Systems Research 2.537 69 Morris et al. 2000 Personnel Psychology 2.392 70 Norman et al. 1999 Health Psychology 3.693 71 Richard et al. 1996 Basic and Applied Social Psychology 0.644 72 Bock et al. 2005 Mis Quarterly 4.731 73 Courneya et al. 1999 Psycho-Oncology 2.772 74 Courneya et al. 1999 Rehabilitation Psychology 0.851 75 Schlegel et al. 1992 Journal of Applied Social Psychology 0.566

3.2 Statistic Methods

Principal components analysis, the basic premise of principal components analysis (PCA), is the linear relation between any two variables that is best summarized by a regression line. In other words, the variable that represents the regression line as a point cloud contains essential information about both variables. The two variables are thus combined into a single factor. This mechanism can be used to reduce pairs of variables to single dimensions in order to simplify the graphic display of the author included in the matrix. This process initially includes as many factors as are needed for an optimal representation of the set of variables; the actual number of factors is determined by their internal variance. The most widely used slopping procedure to determine how many factors to include is to calculate the eigenvalue of each factor. The group of all factors with an eigenvalue greater than 1 accounts for most of the total variance Factor analysis, a statistical data reduction method, is used to analyze interrelationships among a large number of variables and to explain these variables in terms of their common underlying factors. The observed variables are modeled as linear combinations of the factors and error terms. This involves finding a way to condense the information contained in a number of original variables into a smaller set of factors with a minimum loss of information (Johnson and Wichern, 2007; Kutner et al., 2005).

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) uncovers underlying dimensions based on a series of similarity or distance judgments by subjects. That is, multidimensional scaling (MDS) may be thought as a way of representing subjective attributes in

objective scales. The central multidimensional scaling (MDS) output takes the form of a set of perceptual maps in which the axes are the underlying dimensions and the points are the products, candidates, opinions, or other objects of comparison. The objective of multidimensional scaling (MDS) is to array points in multidimensional space such that the distances separating points physically on the scatter plots reflect as closely as possible the subjective distances obtained by surveying subjects. That is, multidimensional scaling (MDS) shows graphically how different objects of comparison do or do not cluster. multidimensional scaling (MDS) is mainly used to compare objects when the dimensions of comparison are not known and may differ from objective dimensions which are observable beforehand by the researcher (Johnson and Wichern, 2007; Kutner et al., 2005).

In spite of being designed for judging data, multidimensional scaling (MDS) can be used to analyze any correlation matrix, treating correlation as a type of similarity measure. That is, the higher the correlation of two variables, the closer they will be located in the map created by multidimensional scaling (MDS). Though it is possible to use multidimensional scaling (MDS) with objective distance data and with quantitative variables in general when dimensions are objective and measurable. Nonetheless, because multidimensional scaling (MDS) does not require assumptions of linearity, metricity, or multivariate normality, sometimes it is preferred over factor analysis for these reasons even for objective data. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is popular in marketing research for brand comparisons, and in psychology research for studying the dimensionality of

personal traits. Other uses include analysis of particular academic disciplines using citation data (Small, 1999) and any application involving ratings, rankings, differences in perceptions, or voting. Sireci & Geisinger (1992), for instance, used multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis sequentially to analyze the content of test items, first obtaining similarity ratings of items from a panel of experts, then employing multidimensional scaling (MDS) on this distance data, and then using the multidimensional scaling (MDS) stimulus coordinates as the input data for hierarchical cluster analysis.

Cluster analysis seeks to identify relatively homogeneous subgroups of data in a population. Data formed within this members should be highly internally homogenous (members are similar to one another) and highly externally heterogeneous (members are not like members of other clusters). Cluster seeks to identify a set of groups which both minimize within-group variation and maximize between-group variation. Hierarchical clustering allows users to select a definition of distance, select a linking method for forming clusters, and then determine how many clusters best suit the data. Hierarchical clustering generates representation of clusters in icicle plots and dendrogram that furthest neighbor. In this complete linkage method, the distance between two clusters is the distance between their two furthest member points. This method works well when the plotted clusters form distinct clumps (Johnson and Wichern, 2007; Kutner et al., 2005).

IV. Results

4.1 The Co-citation Analysis

The starting point of the present analysis to identify main trends within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is the co-citation matrix. All the figures in this squared matrix represent the number of papers which have cited from the rows and the column (core documents), shown in table 6. By using the co-citation matrix, we can obtain Pearson’s correlation matrix, shown in table 7. Figures in the correlation matrix indicate the similarity between each pair of core documents. The larger the quotients are, the more similar and closer these two documents are. There are two reasons to adopt correlation matrix instead of co-citation matrix (Moya et. al., 1998; Rowlands, 1999). First, after data are standardized, the scale effects caused by the number of citations made of different documents can be eliminated. Second, the number of zero in the co-citation matrix can be reduced, so can the following problems in the statistical methods. The present study adopted three statistical multivariate methods (factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis) to reduce the number of dimensions. Our goal is to obtain groups of documents that define subfields and define trends or approaches within the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Furthermore, a two-dimensional graphic representation could be easily interpreted.

Table 6 Co-citation Matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 1 326 292 131 75 211 93 49 34 111 77 111 104 38 97 65 98 90 94 71 89 80 69 51 46 75 59 50 64 67 64 51 43 54 55 4 1 52 61 42 6 40 46 59 56 41 29 17 54 13 31 3 54 30 26 45 7 7 26 28 23 10 18 34 10 32 9 5 22 36 32 3 36 30 37 2 134 3 1 94 17 0 9 19 19 54 52 3 22 27 18 43 32 35 34 44 21 11 18 32 17 18 14 24 41 14 25 17 35 4 2 11 25 8 3 24 9 14 25 29 6 2 17 5 18 3 25 1 4 16 0 4 17 2 8 2 9 15 1 18 4 0 1 18 16 0 10 10 13 3 10 4 93 43 4 6 14 27 60 43 2 16 28 15 29 28 18 20 29 32 16 9 21 36 22 18 9 29 12 14 12 35 2 0 4 22 9 7 16 4 6 31 13 2 5 15 4 10 2 32 1 0 5 0 0 13 3 6 0 2 10 3 12 4 0 2 12 17 0 2 7 5 4 139 16 8 76 0 6 5 7 2 70 5 2 4 6 6 2 1 0 7 2 0 2 5 0 0 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 31 0 2 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 16 21 0 0 8 0 0 0 5 7 4 91 0 1 4 2 2 78 2 1 1 5 5 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 14 22 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 20 4 5 14 11 64 32 6 24 30 15 39 42 22 30 29 15 14 13 26 26 13 15 18 37 11 8 8 15 3 1 9 29 9 3 17 5 11 32 14 8 3 21 1 7 0 27 5 2 10 1 2 14 7 7 0 6 12 3 12 1 1 4 9 14 0 4 4 9 7 7 1 8 9 18 10 2 4 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 8 2 0 2 9 6 9 1 4 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 3 0 1 4 1 1 3 3 3 4 0 5 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 5 6 0 0 2 1 8 0 2 2 2 2 43 2 0 0 4 2 1 0 0 2 2 0 1 6 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 14 0 0 7 0 0 0 9 0 0 4 13 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 22 0 0 2 1 7 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 7 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 0 8 8 1 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 10 5 9 7 0 23 5 23 14 19 8 11 5 3 10 9 14 3 3 11 9 5 16 4 12 5 0 0 14 7 15 0 1 11 15 2 5 5 2 5 0 2 0 0 1 8 8 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 0 8 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 11 11 10 12 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 1 3 12 0 0 4 6 3 4 2 4 6 1 0 21 0 0 4 2 2 1 3 1 2 4 4 6 1 4 4 2 0 4 1 3 3 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 1 12 18 2 3 9 9 18 11 15 9 11 7 4 4 8 11 11 4 6 8 5 2 1 20 1 0 3 9 4 1 8 2 3 12 8 2 1 8 0 2 0 12 2 1 6 1 1 6 3 2 0 2 4 2 5 0 0 1 4 3 0 0 3 2 13 2 5 9 19 20 20 9 3 7 10 2 22 5 10 6 13 16 16 5 24 3 10 0 0 5 23 22 3 5 2 3 7 29 3 0 5 1 17 0 6 1 0 2 0 0 2 1 2 7 16 3 2 11 3 0 1 7 3 0 10 9 2 14 3 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 19 0 0 4 0 0 0 15 11 22 12 13 4 28 28 5 21 5 12 9 0 10 16 6 8 1 9 2 0 0 6 13 6 0 1 5 18 15 2 1 1 6 1 1 0 10 2 7 9 0 0 5 3 15 0 1 18 3 11 0 0 0 4 11 0 0 0 14 16 4 15 9 2 22 11 3 2 2 29 7 0 4 5 11 3 3 6 4 0 0 3 10 3 0 2 1 5 21 4 2 2 7 0 5 0 11 0 1 5 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 8 1 8 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 5 17 14 13 2 10 9 2 13 12 7 2 2 26 20 5 11 11 7 0 0 0 8 10 19 0 2 7 15 5 9 1 0 6 0 8 1 4 2 6 9 0 0 1 2 2 6 4 5 1 11 0 0 1 2 3 0 4 3 6 18 26 13 18 21 13 4 16 38 7 2 16 14 31 4 9 9 6 2 0 15 18 12 0 3 7 18 14 9 8 1 28 0 4 0 9 1 4 8 0 1 4 3 2 0 4 8 1 9 0 1 2 3 6 0 4 3 8 19 13 14 18 0 10 9 11 13 3 10 18 16 11 6 7 5 0 0 3 29 8 0 6 4 8 14 8 3 2 9 0 10 0 10 1 4 7 0 1 4 2 6 0 6 6 1 12 0 0 3 2 6 0 3 3 8 20 5 8 3 2 5 11 5 37 3 5 7 5 2 3 5 0 0 3 8 4 1 8 5 5 3 4 4 1 9 5 3 0 2 1 2 4 0 1 4 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 3 21 24 1 14 8 19 2 0 6 16 13 6 3 11 4 0 0 8 11 6 0 2 4 20 11 4 2 1 13 0 3 0 5 0 5 7 0 0 5 0 16 0 1 17 0 16 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 10 22 3 28 6 17 5 2 8 16 7 7 3 9 5 0 0 8 17 5 0 1 2 6 17 6 1 2 8 0 2 0 20 0 4 7 0 0 20 0 11 0 2 17 9 11 0 0 0 4 21 0 0 0 6 23 2 1 6 10 4 5 0 13 1 5 0 8 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 3 2 0 9 3 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 4 0 2 4 0 24 3 7 2 0 8 14 2 4 3 8 0 0 0 4 9 4 0 1 2 10 3 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 3 1 7 3 0 0 15 1 6 0 1 2 19 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 25 7 1 2 8 24 8 1 14 6 2 0 0 6 10 34 0 5 1 7 3 12 2 0 7 1 4 0 3 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 3 3 4 4 0 14 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 2 1 26 3 1 10 11 17 6 3 8 6 0 0 23 9 10 0 1 17 18 12 3 17 1 18 1 2 0 13 1 8 17 0 1 4 2 5 0 1 10 0 9 0 0 1 3 3 0 1 2 9 27 5 5 2 5 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 2 1 10 2 0 1 3 0 5 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 2 6 2 0 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 4 0 0 2 1 28 4 2 3 2 1 2 5 0 0 1 4 3 1 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 1 0 29 11 6 3 5 3 2 0 0 4 6 13 1 0 3 4 4 3 1 2 6 0 6 0 11 0 2 5 0 0 3 1 1 3 0 3 2 7 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 2 30 7 6 9 20 3 0 0 11 24 26 0 2 6 12 8 11 4 0 4 0 6 0 6 1 5 5 0 0 2 1 5 3 5 5 0 16 0 0 1 5 6 0 2 2 10 31 2 8 5 4 0 0 7 7 5 0 5 1 7 9 8 3 3 20 0 3 0 9 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 3 0 4 6 0 5 0 1 0 4 4 0 3 4 5 32 1 4 3 0 0 9 12 6 0 2 7 9 5 3 3 0 5 0 1 0 5 1 5 7 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 3 2 4 0 0 0 3 33 2 5 0 0 2 8 12 3 4 0 2 1 16 1 0 1 0 11 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 4 3 2 0 8 2 0 0 4 2 0 4 3 1 34 1 0 0 9 7 5 0 2 8 11 7 2 4 0 2 1 5 0 4 0 5 5 0 0 3 1 2 0 1 3 0 8 0 0 0 11 5 0 0 1 15 35 0 0 5 6 1 1 3 4 4 9 3 4 1 4 5 2 0 13 0 0 6 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 36 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 5 9 0 1 8 15 2 5 15 0 14 0 1 0 1 1 10 11 0 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 0 4 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 5 39 12 1 3 4 3 12 7 3 0 5 1 3 0 9 1 3 4 1 0 5 0 5 0 3 6 1 9 1 0 1 5 8 0 3 1 7 40 0 1 3 7 4 11 3 0 5 0 5 0 2 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 2 0 19 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 2 4 41 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 3 0 3 2 0 1 1 3 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 43 6 3 1 11 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 18 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 44 4 3 1 0 10 0 4 0 1 1 4 5 0 1 3 3 2 0 2 4 0 5 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 8 45 3 1 2 7 1 2 0 20 0 1 5 0 1 3 2 4 0 0 7 1 6 0 0 1 5 8 0 0 2 5 46 4 0 5 0 9 0 3 0 1 4 0 0 3 1 1 3 8 2 0 7 0 0 1 4 2 0 6 4 1 47 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 6 13 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 3 2 0 1 0 6 48 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 49 1 1 0 6 2 2 5 0 0 3 2 8 0 2 10 0 3 0 1 2 2 3 0 1 3 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 51 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 2 0 6 1 0 0 4 1 0 2 2 2 52 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 4 0 0 5 1 3 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 6 16 0 1 2 1 54 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 10 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 56 0 1 2 0 3 0 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 5 57 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 59 0 2 0 1 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 15 1 1 1 0 0 0 61 0 1 18 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 62 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 1 1 64 0 8 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 65 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 66 0 0 0 2 4 0 3 1 5 67 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 68 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 0 0 0 70 5 0 2 3 1 71 0 0 1 4 72 0 0 0 73 23 0 74 0 75

Table 7 Pearson’s Correlation Matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 1 1.00 2 0.86 1.00 3 0.88 0.98 1.00 4 0.07 0.45 0.45 1.00 5 0.10 0.23 0.25 0.93 1.00 6 0.89 0.97 0.97 0.42 0.24 1.00 7 0.84 0.96 0.95 0.53 0.34 0.93 1.00 8 0.11 0.22 0.23 0.90 0.87 0.23 0.31 1.00 9 0.04 0.58 0.58 0.29 0.13 0.53 0.59 0.12 1.00 10 0.60 0.87 0.85 0.47 0.28 0.84 0.85 0.25 0.52 1.00 11 0.77 0.94 0.94 0.52 0.31 0.91 0.95 0.31 0.58 0.86 1.00 12 0.89 0.95 0.97 0.40 0.23 0.97 0.91 0.21 0.52 0.77 0.90 1.00 13 0.75 0.91 0.90 0.37 0.17 0.89 0.86 0.15 0.57 0.81 0.84 0.88 1.00 14 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.94 0.98 0.19 0.29 0.92 0.09 0.21 0.26 0.18 0.12 1.00 15 0.56 0.84 0.82 0.41 0.23 0.82 0.80 0.21 0.43 0.90 0.77 0.77 0.73 0.16 1.00 16 0.75 0.90 0.88 0.35 0.16 0.92 0.82 0.16 0.45 0.79 0.80 0.88 0.80 0.12 0.84 1.00 17 0.55 0.86 0.83 0.43 0.23 0.82 0.83 0.21 0.54 0.95 0.82 0.75 0.83 0.17 0.89 0.77 1.00 18 0.75 0.88 0.86 0.35 0.17 0.90 0.79 0.15 0.43 0.82 0.79 0.84 0.83 0.14 0.82 0.92 0.81 1.00 19 0.78 0.92 0.90 0.41 0.21 0.93 0.86 0.21 0.50 0.86 0.83 0.90 0.88 0.17 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.91 1.00 20 0.70 0.88 0.90 0.39 0.20 0.88 0.84 0.19 0.50 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.82 0.16 0.74 0.80 0.77 0.82 0.84 1.00 21 0.66 0.86 0.85 0.37 0.16 0.87 0.78 0.15 0.43 0.88 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.11 0.94 0.89 0.86 0.89 0.90 0.78 1.00 22 0.68 0.84 0.84 0.30 0.11 0.87 0.77 0.09 0.39 0.80 0.74 0.82 0.76 0.06 0.89 0.88 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.76 0.92 1.00 23 0.82 0.95 0.95 0.48 0.31 0.92 0.95 0.30 0.57 0.82 0.95 0.92 0.86 0.26 0.75 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.84 0.79 0.76 1.00 24 0.45 0.75 0.69 0.32 0.16 0.73 0.71 0.12 0.34 0.79 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.10 0.89 0.73 0.79 0.73 0.78 0.64 0.84 0.86 0.64 1.00 25 0.42 0.69 0.67 0.24 0.08 0.67 0.61 0.06 0.43 0.73 0.62 0.64 0.81 0.04 0.68 0.66 0.82 0.74 0.77 0.64 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.61 1.00 26 0.61 0.81 0.79 0.31 0.13 0.82 0.72 0.11 0.34 0.81 0.74 0.77 0.73 0.08 0.83 0.87 0.79 0.91 0.85 0.75 0.89 0.82 0.77 0.69 0.67 1.00 27 0.83 0.93 0.95 0.49 0.31 0.94 0.95 0.28 0.51 0.78 0.89 0.94 0.84 0.26 0.75 0.86 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.81 0.79 0.79 0.92 0.68 0.57 0.73 1.00 28 0.60 0.84 0.82 0.37 0.18 0.82 0.82 0.17 0.48 0.72 0.82 0.83 0.76 0.13 0.64 0.69 0.67 0.71 0.77 0.94 0.66 0.67 0.80 0.56 0.55 0.64 0.80 1.00 29 0.66 0.88 0.85 0.40 0.18 0.86 0.85 0.16 0.51 0.91 0.83 0.82 0.85 0.13 0.87 0.83 0.95 0.85 0.90 0.79 0.85 0.82 0.84 0.78 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.70 1.00 30 0.48 0.76 0.76 0.30 0.12 0.76 0.69 0.10 0.42 0.87 0.67 0.69 0.80 0.07 0.84 0.76 0.89 0.82 0.86 0.71 0.85 0.80 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.76 0.65 0.59 0.86 1.00 31 0.81 0.90 0.88 0.31 0.13 0.92 0.80 0.12 0.45 0.75 0.79 0.91 0.86 0.09 0.75 0.91 0.75 0.95 0.89 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.64 0.71 0.87 0.85 0.71 0.82 0.74 1.00 32 0.73 0.87 0.85 0.46 0.31 0.86 0.86 0.28 0.46 0.95 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.24 0.90 0.81 0.90 0.85 0.90 0.81 0.86 0.80 0.82 0.79 0.70 0.82 0.80 0.73 0.89 0.83 0.77 1.00 33 0.58 0.81 0.79 0.29 0.11 0.78 0.73 0.10 0.58 0.73 0.76 0.76 0.95 0.07 0.67 0.70 0.80 0.76 0.80 0.72 0.69 0.68 0.75 0.56 0.86 0.65 0.70 0.65 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.71 1.00 34 0.53 0.83 0.79 0.36 0.16 0.81 0.77 0.14 0.43 0.89 0.76 0.74 0.76 0.10 0.91 0.80 0.89 0.81 0.86 0.76 0.89 0.83 0.74 0.81 0.73 0.84 0.71 0.65 0.85 0.87 0.75 0.88 0.72 1.00 35 0.82 0.91 0.93 0.33 0.15 0.91 0.88 0.13 0.49 0.71 0.90 0.91 0.84 0.10 0.68 0.82 0.70 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.73 0.77 0.89 0.60 0.57 0.73 0.88 0.79 0.75 0.63 0.84 0.78 0.72 0.71 1.00 36 0.10 0.15 0.18 0.03 (0.01) 0.15 0.15 (0.01)0.61 0.09 0.14 0.20 0.24(0.02) 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.04 0.11 0.09 0.20 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.16 0.08 0.21 0.07 0.15 1.00 37 0.60 0.52 0.65 0.19 0.09 0.53 0.46 0.09 0.31 0.44 0.48 0.63 0.56 0.08 0.41 0.51 0.40 0.54 0.51 0.56 0.51 0.53 0.50 0.33 0.37 0.51 0.50 0.47 0.43 0.42 0.61 0.48 0.50 0.45 0.57 0.18 1.00 38 0.36 0.75 0.72 0.38 0.20 0.72 0.68 0.19 0.37 0.87 0.73 0.65 0.65 0.15 0.82 0.76 0.83 0.83 0.79 0.72 0.82 0.69 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.87 0.60 0.56 0.80 0.78 0.72 0.85 0.63 0.84 0.61 0.04 0.36 1.00 39 0.71 0.87 0.84 0.31 0.14 0.88 0.78 0.13 0.44 0.82 0.76 0.84 0.85 0.09 0.83 0.85 0.84 0.87 0.95 0.79 0.87 0.87 0.77 0.77 0.81 0.80 0.82 0.69 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.84 0.75 0.11 0.48 0.71 1.00 40 0.31 0.62 0.55 0.23 0.09 0.58 0.54 0.08 0.37 0.69 0.53 0.52 0.71 0.04 0.64 0.56 0.79 0.67 0.70 0.54 0.64 0.56 0.53 0.58 0.94 0.58 0.49 0.45 0.76 0.85 0.59 0.64 0.78 0.71 0.48 0.01 0.24 0.66 0.73 1.00 41 0.42 0.57 0.53 0.17 0.05 0.52 0.59 0.05 0.70 0.37 0.55 0.62 0.59 0.02 0.31 0.46 0.40 0.39 0.46 0.48 0.35 0.37 0.58 0.29 0.37 0.30 0.60 0.54 0.42 0.30 0.49 0.39 0.54 0.32 0.59 0.62 0.32 0.22 0.43 0.26 1.00 42 0.84 0.96 0.95 0.38 0.18 0.93 0.88 0.17 0.59 0.80 0.87 0.95 0.91 0.14 0.74 0.83 0.77 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.81 0.81 0.89 0.65 0.66 0.76 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.73 0.88 0.80 0.81 0.76 0.90 0.23 0.66 0.65 0.83 0.56 0.62 1.00 43 0.32 0.75 0.73 0.38 0.18 0.72 0.71 0.16 0.41 0.88 0.76 0.66 0.64 0.12 0.80 0.74 0.81 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.78 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.61 0.80 0.62 0.62 0.79 0.74 0.67 0.86 0.59 0.83 0.63 0.06 0.38 0.93 0.69 0.59 0.27 0.67 1.00 44 0.48 0.78 0.76 0.40 0.22 0.77 0.72 0.20 0.39 0.93 0.73 0.69 0.70 0.16 0.90 0.81 0.88 0.83 0.83 0.73 0.90 0.81 0.72 0.78 0.71 0.86 0.67 0.59 0.86 0.84 0.76 0.87 0.66 0.89 0.62 0.06 0.42 0.91 0.79 0.69 0.24 0.69 0.85 1.00 45 0.77 0.89 0.88 0.33 0.14 0.93 0.83 0.13 0.40 0.75 0.79 0.90 0.80 0.11 0.81 0.94 0.73 0.86 0.89 0.77 0.88 0.89 0.83 0.74 0.62 0.84 0.89 0.70 0.81 0.73 0.88 0.79 0.67 0.76 0.83 0.13 0.50 0.66 0.88 0.51 0.46 0.84 0.64 0.72 1.00 46 0.65 0.81 0.79 0.27 0.11 0.79 0.71 0.09 0.56 0.70 0.72 0.77 0.95 0.08 0.65 0.72 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.73 0.70 0.69 0.74 0.57 0.85 0.68 0.70 0.65 0.79 0.79 0.81 0.71 0.96 0.70 0.76 0.11 0.55 0.62 0.83 0.75 0.51 0.82 0.58 0.64 0.69 1.00 47 0.26 0.67 0.64 0.29 0.12 0.62 0.59 0.10 0.33 0.76 0.65 0.60 0.58 0.07 0.66 0.69 0.68 0.73 0.66 0.64 0.69 0.60 0.64 0.52 0.55 0.81 0.54 0.54 0.66 0.64 0.66 0.74 0.53 0.73 0.59 0.05 0.44 0.89 0.61 0.52 0.22 0.59 0.87 0.79 0.58 0.54 1.00 48 0.65 0.93 0.90 0.48 0.26 0.90 0.93 0.25 0.54 0.86 0.90 0.86 0.80 0.19 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.81 0.86 0.79 0.83 0.78 0.91 0.73 0.58 0.78 0.88 0.78 0.85 0.69 0.77 0.85 0.67 0.80 0.80 0.13 0.43 0.73 0.77 0.51 0.48 0.82 0.75 0.76 0.83 0.64 0.65 1.00 49 0.63 0.85 0.82 0.40 0.23 0.86 0.77 0.23 0.39 0.82 0.78 0.81 0.77 0.18 0.81 0.88 0.77 0.95 0.86 0.77 0.86 0.80 0.83 0.67 0.67 0.92 0.78 0.68 0.82 0.75 0.91 0.80 0.68 0.78 0.74 0.10 0.49 0.83 0.80 0.59 0.33 0.78 0.75 0.85 0.82 0.68 0.75 0.80 1.00 50 0.47 0.79 0.81 0.38 0.19 0.76 0.79 0.18 0.47 0.71 0.87 0.78 0.71 0.14 0.60 0.65 0.63 0.64 0.67 0.79 0.63 0.62 0.82 0.50 0.46 0.57 0.73 0.84 0.67 0.54 0.66 0.69 0.63 0.61 0.80 0.12 0.48 0.57 0.59 0.39 0.49 0.79 0.63 0.58 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.76 0.61 1.00 51 0.62 0.82 0.82 0.28 0.11 0.80 0.76 0.10 0.57 0.76 0.76 0.78 0.93 0.06 0.69 0.72 0.80 0.77 0.80 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.76 0.60 0.82 0.65 0.73 0.68 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.73 0.94 0.72 0.74 0.24 0.52 0.61 0.84 0.71 0.58 0.83 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.92 0.51 0.70 0.65 0.62 1.00 52 0.15 0.25 0.27 0.09 0.02 0.28 0.28 0.01 0.71 0.21 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.00 0.18 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.27 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.16 0.23 0.20 0.33 0.20 0.28 0.73 0.24 0.12 0.18 0.11 0.74 0.35 0.16 0.16 0.19 0.24 0.10 0.23 0.14 0.24 0.34 1.00 53 0.76 0.89 0.90 0.30 0.12 0.92 0.84 0.11 0.42 0.73 0.82 0.90 0.80 0.08 0.78 0.90 0.72 0.85 0.86 0.79 0.84 0.87 0.85 0.73 0.58 0.77 0.89 0.72 0.78 0.69 0.85 0.77 0.67 0.73 0.85 0.13 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.49 0.50 0.83 0.62 0.67 0.96 0.69 0.57 0.83 0.78 0.69 0.70 0.21 1.00 54 0.21 0.49 0.50 0.92 0.89 0.48 0.58 0.86 0.32 0.55 0.56 0.45 0.41 0.86 0.47 0.40 0.50 0.41 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.34 0.54 0.37 0.30 0.36 0.52 0.40 0.44 0.36 0.35 0.56 0.33 0.40 0.36 0.04 0.21 0.45 0.38 0.28 0.18 0.42 0.42 0.47 0.36 0.32 0.34 0.50 0.46 0.40 0.32 0.10 0.34 1.00 55 0.18 0.58 0.56 0.29 0.12 0.56 0.54 0.11 0.27 0.80 0.56 0.47 0.47 0.07 0.73 0.57 0.72 0.61 0.61 0.56 0.68 0.60 0.53 0.64 0.48 0.73 0.46 0.45 0.66 0.66 0.49 0.78 0.42 0.77 0.48 0.01 0.32 0.83 0.57 0.51 0.12 0.49 0.92 0.81 0.51 0.43 0.84 0.60 0.62 0.43 0.44 0.09 0.48 0.33 1.00 56 0.53 0.80 0.81 0.35 0.17 0.80 0.74 0.15 0.40 0.90 0.79 0.74 0.72 0.12 0.84 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.86 0.79 0.75 0.75 0.65 0.89 0.70 0.65 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.89 0.64 0.86 0.72 0.08 0.51 0.92 0.77 0.60 0.29 0.75 0.94 0.89 0.75 0.65 0.89 0.78 0.83 0.64 0.67 0.17 0.74 0.43 0.87 1.00 57(0.10) 0.19 0.18 0.09 0.03 0.14 0.18 0.03 0.70 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.21 0.01 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.15 0.08 0.11 0.05 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.12 0.19 0.10 0.10 0.93 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.60 0.19 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.17 0.07 0.14 0.23 0.85 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.09 1.00 58 0.47 0.78 0.85 0.38 0.19 0.77 0.73 0.18 0.46 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.71 0.15 0.70 0.72 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.83 0.74 0.72 0.75 0.57 0.52 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.68 0.62 0.73 0.72 0.62 0.73 0.73 0.15 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.40 0.37 0.83 0.69 0.66 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.77 0.72 0.74 0.66 0.23 0.70 0.42 0.53 0.72 0.13 1.00 59 0.65 0.78 0.78 0.25 0.09 0.80 0.70 0.08 0.36 0.65 0.66 0.79 0.70 0.05 0.77 0.77 0.66 0.74 0.79 0.72 0.80 0.92 0.70 0.81 0.52 0.68 0.74 0.65 0.69 0.69 0.75 0.70 0.61 0.69 0.73 0.11 0.52 0.57 0.77 0.43 0.41 0.77 0.54 0.63 0.81 0.63 0.46 0.70 0.66 0.58 0.61 0.20 0.85 0.29 0.48 0.65 0.06 0.63 1.00 60 0.18 0.36 0.39 0.94 0.92 0.36 0.47 0.85 0.19 0.40 0.45 0.36 0.29 0.93 0.34 0.29 0.34 0.30 0.36 0.32 0.30 0.23 0.43 0.24 0.17 0.25 0.45 0.30 0.31 0.22 0.26 0.43 0.20 0.26 0.27 0.01 0.18 0.31 0.26 0.16 0.11 0.31 0.29 0.33 0.28 0.20 0.22 0.39 0.36 0.29 0.21 0.04 0.25 0.90 0.20 0.28 0.04 0.31 0.19 1.00 61 0.39 0.63 0.60 0.22 0.07 0.65 0.55 0.06 0.27 0.66 0.53 0.57 0.52 0.03 0.83 0.74 0.66 0.69 0.68 0.55 0.85 0.81 0.54 0.74 0.53 0.67 0.56 0.43 0.64 0.69 0.63 0.66 0.48 0.69 0.52 0.05 0.31 0.61 0.69 0.47 0.20 0.55 0.56 0.74 0.70 0.50 0.49 0.60 0.66 0.42 0.50 0.10 0.63 0.26 0.53 0.64 0.04 0.46 0.67 0.16 1.00 62 0.08 0.49 0.50 0.23 0.10 0.44 0.48 0.09 0.61 0.53 0.49 0.41 0.65 0.06 0.43 0.34 0.62 0.41 0.47 0.40 0.38 0.32 0.45 0.36 0.62 0.31 0.40 0.38 0.60 0.53 0.38 0.46 0.74 0.45 0.37 0.49 0.21 0.41 0.49 0.63 0.59 0.47 0.40 0.44 0.30 0.65 0.31 0.43 0.33 0.38 0.73 0.51 0.31 0.27 0.30 0.40 0.56 0.34 0.25 0.15 0.22 1.00 63 0.41 0.69 0.70 0.24 0.08 0.67 0.60 0.07 0.55 0.64 0.63 0.65 0.89 0.05 0.57 0.59 0.70 0.69 0.72 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.62 0.48 0.80 0.56 0.61 0.55 0.71 0.72 0.70 0.61 0.90 0.61 0.59 0.35 0.42 0.56 0.77 0.70 0.53 0.70 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.90 0.48 0.55 0.59 0.48 0.89 0.38 0.55 0.28 0.38 0.56 0.34 0.55 0.50 0.16 0.43 0.77 1.00 64 0.54 0.74 0.72 0.27 0.12 0.77 0.66 0.09 0.34 0.72 0.63 0.69 0.65 0.07 0.86 0.83 0.71 0.80 0.79 0.66 0.92 0.85 0.67 0.80 0.60 0.78 0.68 0.52 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.72 0.58 0.75 0.63 0.09 0.41 0.70 0.77 0.54 0.29 0.67 0.62 0.78 0.82 0.61 0.53 0.70 0.78 0.50 0.60 0.17 0.77 0.32 0.56 0.75 0.07 0.57 0.75 0.21 0.94 0.30 0.52 1.00 65 0.18 0.44 0.42 0.18 0.07 0.43 0.41 0.08 0.21 0.43 0.37 0.39 0.32 0.04 0.55 0.37 0.46 0.36 0.46 0.35 0.50 0.60 0.39 0.86 0.28 0.37 0.41 0.31 0.46 0.45 0.33 0.42 0.31 0.43 0.33 0.03 0.15 0.32 0.46 0.25 0.18 0.35 0.31 0.41 0.43 0.30 0.21 0.46 0.33 0.27 0.32 0.06 0.46 0.21 0.39 0.37 0.05 0.29 0.74 0.14 0.45 0.18 0.27 0.41 1.00 66 0.59 0.71 0.68 0.19 0.04 0.73 0.62 0.03 0.34 0.75 0.59 0.66 0.78 0.01 0.79 0.76 0.81 0.80 0.81 0.64 0.83 0.79 0.60 0.73 0.89 0.74 0.62 0.52 0.81 0.93 0.75 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.62 0.05 0.40 0.69 0.87 0.82 0.30 0.68 0.60 0.79 0.74 0.80 0.56 0.61 0.71 0.44 0.77 0.14 0.70 0.25 0.56 0.70 0.04 0.51 0.67 0.13 0.73 0.51 0.69 0.78 0.37 1.00 67 0.26 0.56 0.57 0.26 0.12 0.55 0.59 0.12 0.83 0.46 0.57 0.56 0.59 0.09 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.43 0.48 0.48 0.41 0.42 0.58 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.57 0.49 0.47 0.37 0.48 0.46 0.57 0.41 0.52 0.76 0.33 0.33 0.43 0.29 0.82 0.58 0.38 0.35 0.45 0.51 0.29 0.51 0.38 0.48 0.61 0.75 0.47 0.27 0.24 0.38 0.71 0.43 0.39 0.19 0.26 0.67 0.61 0.35 0.21 0.33 1.00 68 0.12 0.06 0.10 0.89 0.95 0.09 0.19 0.84 0.01 0.10 0.16 0.09 0.03 0.96 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.02 (0.03) 0.17 0.01(0.04) 0.00 0.16 0.04 0.03 (0.03) 0.02 0.13 (0.02) (0.00)0.01 (0.04)0.01 0.06(0.00) (0.03) (0.04) 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.02(0.01) (0.01) 0.09 0.11 0.05 (0.04) (0.03) (0.01)0.81 (0.01) 0.02 (0.01)0.06 (0.03) 0.84 (0.04) (0.01) (0.03) (0.01) (0.00) (0.08)0.03 1.00 69 0.14 0.33 0.35 0.94 0.91 0.33 0.43 0.88 0.18 0.37 0.42 0.33 0.27 0.94 0.31 0.26 0.32 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.25 0.18 0.40 0.21 0.15 0.21 0.42 0.28 0.28 0.20 0.22 0.40 0.18 0.24 0.24 0.00 0.16 0.29 0.23 0.16 0.10 0.28 0.27 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.21 0.36 0.33 0.28 0.19 0.03 0.21 0.90 0.19 0.25 0.04 0.29 0.15 0.99 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.83 1.00 70 0.75 0.93 0.93 0.38 0.17 0.90 0.87 0.16 0.55 0.81 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.12 0.76 0.84 0.79 0.82 0.87 0.86 0.82 0.81 0.88 0.68 0.69 0.74 0.85 0.80 0.83 0.76 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.87 0.14 0.58 0.70 0.82 0.57 0.52 0.91 0.73 0.72 0.84 0.81 0.61 0.84 0.74 0.82 0.83 0.27 0.86 0.41 0.52 0.77 0.12 0.78 0.75 0.29 0.57 0.48 0.69 0.68 0.35 0.70 0.55 0.02 0.26 1.00 71 0.66 0.81 0.80 0.26 0.08 0.83 0.74 0.08 0.35 0.69 0.71 0.80 0.71 0.04 0.81 0.82 0.70 0.77 0.82 0.71 0.83 0.93 0.74 0.82 0.56 0.76 0.80 0.64 0.76 0.71 0.77 0.75 0.61 0.77 0.77 0.09 0.50 0.59 0.82 0.47 0.39 0.75 0.60 0.67 0.90 0.63 0.49 0.78 0.71 0.58 0.64 0.17 0.91 0.29 0.51 0.71 0.05 0.63 0.89 0.19 0.72 0.26 0.50 0.79 0.58 0.69 0.40 (0.04)0.16 0.80 1.00 72 0.08 0.08 0.11 0.85 0.97 0.10 0.21 0.78 0.04 0.13 0.18 0.09 0.04 0.91 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.03 (0.01) 0.17 0.04(0.03) 0.00 0.18 0.06 0.04 (0.01) (0.00)0.16 (0.00) 0.03 0.03 (0.03)0.02 0.08 0.01 (0.01) (0.02)0.05 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.07 (0.01) (0.01) (0.00)0.81 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.07 (0.02) 0.86 (0.03)0.02 (0.02) 0.01 0.01 (0.06) 0.04 0.95 0.86 0.04(0.03) 1.00 73 0.28 0.75 0.76 0.40 0.21 0.70 0.72 0.20 0.59 0.73 0.73 0.68 0.78 0.16 0.65 0.63 0.75 0.66 0.72 0.67 0.64 0.59 0.74 0.54 0.66 0.59 0.66 0.60 0.73 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.78 0.67 0.62 0.17 0.40 0.62 0.66 0.60 0.41 0.71 0.62 0.64 0.58 0.74 0.53 0.73 0.64 0.60 0.76 0.27 0.58 0.43 0.48 0.65 0.22 0.64 0.50 0.30 0.43 0.60 0.72 0.52 0.29 0.57 0.56 0.07 0.29 0.75 0.53 0.10 1.00 74 0.39 0.75 0.74 0.35 0.18 0.73 0.73 0.16 0.55 0.69 0.74 0.69 0.77 0.13 0.60 0.64 0.69 0.67 0.68 0.67 0.62 0.59 0.75 0.49 0.61 0.57 0.68 0.61 0.71 0.60 0.68 0.64 0.75 0.61 0.66 0.21 0.40 0.56 0.66 0.51 0.45 0.71 0.57 0.57 0.60 0.73 0.51 0.70 0.62 0.61 0.73 0.28 0.62 0.38 0.41 0.59 0.22 0.62 0.51 0.27 0.40 0.54 0.70 0.50 0.27 0.55 0.55 0.05 0.25 0.75 0.54 0.06 0.96 1.00 75 0.52 0.76 0.75 0.32 0.13 0.76 0.70 0.11 0.37 0.89 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.08 0.90 0.80 0.85 0.81 0.84 0.71 0.91 0.84 0.68 0.81 0.70 0.84 0.66 0.59 0.81 0.87 0.73 0.87 0.63 0.94 0.64 0.07 0.44 0.86 0.81 0.63 0.26 0.71 0.85 0.92 0.75 0.64 0.72 0.74 0.78 0.56 0.67 0.16 0.70 0.37 0.81 0.88 0.08 0.66 0.69 0.24 0.73 0.37 0.56 0.79 0.45 0.80 0.35 (0.02)0.20 0.77 0.73 0.01 0.60 0.55 1.00

4.2 Factor Analysis

Table 9 shows the results of the factorial analysis with varimax rotation. Factor analysis permits us to derive subfields from the correlation matrix. Each subfield corresponds to one extracted factor, and represents a key conceptual theme in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) field. Subfields that exhibit a high cumulative tradition in research are likely to account for a large percentage of the total variance. The amount of variance explained by a factor may be constructed as its contribution to the conceptual foundation of the field. The results show that the presence of four factors explains 94 percent of the variance, shown in table 8.

Table 8 Total Variance Explained

Factor Extracion Total % of Variance Cumulative %

Basic (F1) 32.50697773 43.34263697 43.34263697

Health Issues (F2) 20.57534493 27.43379324 70.77643021

Technology (F3) 11.68263961 15.57685281 86.35328302

Physical Actities (F4) 6.48047893 8.64063858 94.99392160

Table 9 Rotated Factor Matrix

No.

Basic (F1) Health Issues (F2) Technology (F3) Physical Activities (F4)

27 0.94360925 1 0.92446486 12 0.92210171 35 0.91160431 23 0.91064077 7 0.90564219 3 0.89180574 28 0.88707507 6 0.88352242 11 0.88236730 42 0.87724173 53 0.87570022 50 0.87069325 2 0.86311253 20 0.85598173 45 0.85011712 48 0.84535292 70 0.84470865 58 0.82581898 31 0.82238394 16 0.81147738 71 0.80063072 37 0.79856478 59 0.79685325 19 0.77829923 18 0.75455202 13 0.75357484 22 0.75149079 49 0.75058928 39 0.71969242 32 0.71759178 21 0.70068531 26 0.68952390 29 0.68668327 74 0.67914855 64 0.65924640 46 0.65454256 51 0.64768733 33 0.60799399 65 0.46217335 40 0.84159025 55 0.82177722 38 0.81826334 44 0.79877934 30 0.78450106 43 0.77067413 17 0.76513293 25 0.75729961 47 0.75133071 75 0.75124849 10 0.73938172 34 0.73629174 66 0.72439782 56 0.71897358 15 0.70014061 24 0.64682489 61 0.63691375 73 0.60163708 54 -0.96723107 4 -0.95301039 60 -0.93563648 69 -0.93359047 8 -0.89199482 5 -0.89110996 14 -0.87193038 72 -0.84131118 68 -0.83541386 62 0.83393674 9 0.83012019 67 0.80126229 41 0.71402281 52 0.70117173 57 0.67189548 36 0.63515246 63 0.54181594 Factor