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85
(86) only shows statistics of 24 sentence tokens, each of which contains more than one IP. The result shows that the IPs that undergo simultaneous TS tend to appear at the end the utterances, which also reflects the influence of physical factors (e.g. breath capacity) on the formation of the IP, like the exceptions in (85) do.
(86) Position of IP domain that undergoes simultaneous TS
S-initial S-medial S-final Total No. of Sentence Tokens 8% (2) 8% (2) 84% (20) 100% (24)
Chapter 5 Conclusion
This thesis takes main reference from Nespor & Vogel (1986) to propose a prosodic hierarchy including the phonological word, the clitic group, the phonological phrase and the intonational phrase, with modifications regarding the definitions of the PhP and the IP. The modifications prove to be both descriptive and predictive of the variations of third tone sequences in the corpus. In terms of the definition of the PhP, it is shown that the branchingness of the recursive side is not the only thing that matters; that of the nonrecursive side should also be taken into consideration in constructing a PhP. The IP, though it is formed by one or more PhPs, should be restricted by the SUC as well as foot formation. The proposed hierarchy provides a more unified and complete explanation for the residual problems left by the previous
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literature, such as the cliticization of classifiers and the domain phrasing of prepositions. In addition to that, cyclic and simultaneous applications of TS in the corpus are also discussed, indicating that the majority of the sentence tokens still undergo cyclic TS at the prestissimo speech rate in Taiwan Mandarin.
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Syntactic Structures and Glossary Mandarin
S[N VP[V N N
lao3 ban3 gei3 lao3 shu3 shui3
“Boss gives mice water.”
老闆給老鼠水
lao3 ban3 gei3 ye3 mao1 shui3
“Boss gives wild cats water.”
老闆給野貓水
S[ NP[N N VP[V N N
Li3 lao3 ban3 gei3 lao3 shu3 shui3
“Boss Li gives mice water.”
李老闆給老鼠水
Li3 lao3 ban3 gei3 ye3 mao1 shui3
“Boss Li gives wild cats water.”
李老闆給野貓水
S[V VP[ PP[P N [V
qing3 wang3 zong3 tong3 fu3 zou3
“Please walk toward the Presidential Office.”
請往總統府走
S[V VP[ PP[P N VP[ ADV V
qing3 wang3 bei3 bian1 zhi2 zou3
“Please walk toward the north.”
請往北邊直走
S[N ADJP[ADV ADJ
suo3 ma3 li3 ya3 hao3 yuan3
“Somalia is far away.”
索馬里亞好遠
suo3 ma3 li3 ya3 hao3 yuan3
“Somalia is big.”
索馬里亞好大
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wo3 xiang3 zhao3 lao3 shi1 tan2
“I want to talk to the teacher”
我想找老師談
S[N VP[ VP[V VP[V NP[N N
wo3 xiang3 xi3 leng3 shui3 zao3
“I want to take a cold shower.”
我想洗冷水澡
S[ NP[N N VP[ VP[V VP[V N
Li3 xiao3 jie3 xiang3 sheng3 shui3 qian2
“Miss Li wants to save water cost.”
李小姐想省水錢
Li3 xiao3 jie3 xiang3 chi1 shui3 guo3
“Miss Li wants to eat fruit.”
李小姐想吃水果
Li3 xiao3 jie3 xiang3 sheng3 can1 qian2
“Miss Li wants to save food cost.”
李小姐想省餐錢
S[ NP[ADJ N VP[V NP[ADJ N
xiao3 lao3 shu3 yao3 xiao3 lao3 hu3
“Small mice bite small tigers.”
小老鼠咬小老虎
xiao3 lao3 shu3 yao3 xiao3 kun1 chong2
“Small mice bite small insects.”
小老鼠咬小昆蟲
xiao3 lao3 shu3 yao3 da4 lao3 hu3
“Small mice bite big tigers.”
小老鼠咬大老虎
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biao3 jie3 gei3 lao3 ban3 xiao3 lao3 shu3
“Cousin gives Boss small mice.”
表姊給老闆小老 鼠
biao3 jie3 gei3 lao3 ban3 xiao3 ye3 mao1
“Cousin gives Boss small wild cats.”
表姊給老闆小野 貓
biao3 jie3 gei3 lao3 shi1 xiao3 li3 wu4
“Cousin gives the teacher small gifts”
表姐給老師小禮 物
S[ NP[N N VP[ VP[V N NP[ADJ N
Li3 xiao3 jie3 gei3 lao3 ban3 xiao3 lao3 shu3
“Miss Li gives small mice to Boss.”
李小姐給老闆小 老鼠
Li3 xiao3 jie3 gei3 lao3 ban3 xiao3 ye3 mao1
“Miss Li gives small wild cats to Boss.”
李小姐給老闆小 野貓
Li3 xiao3 jie3 gei3 lao3 shi1 xiao3 lao3 shu3
“Miss Li gives small mice to the teacher.”
李小姐給老師小 老鼠
S[N VP[ PP[P N VP[V N
biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 mao1 gei3 lao3 ban3
“Cousin gives kittens to Boss.”
表姊把小貓給老 闆
biao3 jie3 ba3 ye3 gou3 gei3 lao3 ban3
“Cousin gives wild dogs to Boss.”
表姊把野狗給老 闆
S[N VP[V S[N VP[ PP[P N [V
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zou3
“Old Li asks Cousin to walk toward the north.”
老李請表姊往北 走
Lao3 Li3 qing3 lao3 shi1 wang3 bei3 zou3
“Old Li asks the teacher to walk toward the north.”
老李請老師往北 走
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Lao3 Li3 zhao3 Ma3 Ying1 Jiu3 pao3 bu4
“Old Li asks Ma Ying Jiu for a run.”
老李找馬英九跑 步
S[ NP[N N VP[V N VP[V
Ma3 zong3 tong3 zhao3 Lao3 Li3 pao3 bu4
“President Ma asks Old Li for a run.”
馬總統找老李跑 步
S[N VP[V NP[N N VP[V
Lao3 Li3 zhao3 Ma3 zong3 tong3 pao3 bu4
“Old Li asks President Ma for a run.”
老李找馬總統跑 步
S[ NP[N N VP[V N VP[V N
Ma3 zong3 tong3 zhao3 Lao3 Li3 mai3 jiu3
“President Ma finds Old Li to buy wine.”
馬總統找老李買 酒
Li3 xiao3 jie3 zhao3 Ma3 Ying1 Jiu3 mai3 xiao3 gou3
“Miss Li finds Ma Ying Jiu to buy puppies.”
李小姐找馬英九 買小狗
S[N VP[V S[N VP[ADV V
lao3 ban3 qing3 Lao3 Li hao3 hao3 zou3 lu4
“Boss asks Old Li to walk properly.”
老闆請老李好好 走路
lao3 ban3 qing3 lao3 shi1 hao3 hao3 zou3 lu4
“Boss asks the teacher to walk properly.”
老闆請老師好好 走路
S[N VP[V S[N VP[V ADV
lao3 ban3 qing3 Lao3 Li3 zou3 yuan3 yuan3 de
“Boss asks Old Li to walk far away.”
老闆請老李走遠 遠的
lao3 ban3 qing3 lao3 shi1 zou3 yuan3 yuan3 de
“Boss asks the teacher to walk far away.”
老闆請老師走遠 遠的
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biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 lao3 shu3 gei3 lao3 ban3
“Cousin gives small mice to Boss.”
表姊把小老鼠給 老闆
biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 lao3 shu3 gei3 lao3 shi1
“Cousin gives small mice to the teacher.”
表姊把小老鼠給 老師
biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 ye3 mao1 gei3 lao3 ban3
“Cousin gives small wild cats to Boss.”
表姊把小野貓給 老闆
biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 ye3 mao1 gei3 lao3 shi1
“Cousin gives small wild cats to the teacher.”
表姊把小野貓給 老師
S[ NP[N N VP[ PP[P NP[ADJ N VP[V N
Li3 xiao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 lao3 shu3 gei3 lao3 ban3
“Miss Li gives small mice to Boss.”
李小姐把小老鼠 給老闆
Li3 xiao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 ye3 mao1 gei3 lao3 ban3
“Miss Li gives small wild cats to Boss.”
李小姐把小野貓 給老闆
S[N VP[V S[ NP[ADJ N VP[V N
Lao3 Li3 gei3 xiao3 lao3 shu3 yao3 jiao3 zhi3
“Old Li let the small mouse bite toenails.”
老李給小老鼠咬 腳趾
Lao3 Li3 gei3 xiao3 ye3 gou3 yao3 jiao3 zhi3
“Old Li let the small wild dog bite toenails.”
老李給小野狗咬 腳趾
Lao3 Li3 gei3 xiao3 lao3 shi1 gai3 duan3 wen2
“Old Li let the little teacher mark the paragraph.”
老李給小老師改 短文
S[N VP[V S[ NP[ADJ N VP[V NP[N N
Lao3 Li3 gei3 xiao3 lao3 hu3 xi3 leng3 shui3 zao3
“Old Li let the small tiger take a cold shower.”
老李給小老虎洗 冷水澡
‧
xiao3 lao3 shu3 yao3 lao3 shi1 xiao3 mu3 zhi3
“The small mouse bites the teacher’s little finger.”
小老鼠咬老師小 拇指
S[ NP[ADJ N VP[V S[N VP[V N
xiao3 lao3 shu3 gei3 Lao3 Li3 yao3 jiao3 zhi3
“The small mouse let Old Li bite toenails.”
小老鼠給老李咬 腳趾
S[N VP[V S[N VP[V N
Lao3 Li3 gei3 Ma3 Ying1 Jiu3 gai3 duan3 wen2
“Old Li let Ma Ying Jiu mark the paragraph.”
老李給馬英九改 短文
Lao3 Li3 gei3 Ma3 Ying1 Jiu3 mai3 bai3 xiang1 guo3
“Old Li let Ma Ying Jiu buy passion fruit.”
老李給馬英九買 百香果
S[N VP[V S[N VP[V NP[N N
Lao3 Li3 gei3 Ma3 Ying1 Jiu3 mai3 shui3 guo3 he2
“Old Li let Ma Ying Jiu buy the fruit box.”
老李給馬英九買 水果盒
S[N VP[V S[N VP[ PP[P N VP[V N
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zhao3 ye3 mao1
“Old Li asks Cousin to find wild cats toward the north.”
老李請表姊往北 找野貓
Lao3 Li3 qing3 lao3 shi1 wang3 bei3 zhao3 xiao3 gou3
“Old Li asks the teacher to find puppies toward the north.”
老李請老師往北 找小狗
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zhao3 xiao3 gou3
“Old Li asks Cousin to find puppies toward the north.”
老李請表姊往北 找小狗
‧
Lao3 Li3 qing3 Shen3 xiao3 jie3 wang3 hai3 li3 zhao3 hai3 tun2
“Old Li asks Miss Shen to find dolphins toward the ocean.”
老李請沈小姐往 海裡找海豚 Lao3 Li3 qing3 Shen3 xiao3 jie3 wang3 hai3 di3 li3 zhao3 hai3
tun2
“Old Li asks Miss Shen to find dolphins toward the bottom of the ocean.”
老李請沈小姐往 海底裡找海豚
Lao3 Li3 qing3 Shen3 xiao3 jie3 wang3 hai3 di3 li3 zhao3 shui3 mu3
“Old Li asks Miss Shen to find jellyfish toward the bottom of the ocean.”
老李請沈小姐往 海底裡找水母
S[N VP[V S[N VP[ PP[P N VP[V NP[N N
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zhao3 Li3 xiao3 jie3
“Old Li asks Cousin to walk toward the north to find Miss Li.”
老李請表姊往北 找李小姐
S[N VP[V N VP[ PP[P N VP[V N
lao3 ban3 zhao3 Lao3 Li3 wang3 hai3 li3 da3 shui3 piao1
“Boss Shen finds Old Li to play stone-skipping toward the ocean with him.”
老闆找老李往海 裡打水漂
Lao3 Li3 zhao3 lao3 ban3 wang3 hai3 li3 da3 shui3 mu3
“Old Li finds Boss to throw at the jellyfish toward the ocean with him.”
老李找老闆往海 裡打水母
‧
Li3 xiao3 jie3 zhao3 lao3 ban3 wang3 hai3 li3 da3 shui3 mu3
“Miss Li finds Boss to throw at the jellyfish toward the ocean with him.”
李小姐找老闆往 海裡打水母
S[N VP[ PP[P NP[ADJ N VP[V VP[ V S[N V
biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 lao3 shu3 zhu3 gei3 lao3 ban3 chi1
“Cousin cooks the small rat to let Boss eat.”
表姊把小老鼠煮 給老闆吃 biao3 jie3 ba3 xiao3 lao3 shu3 zhu3 gei3 lao3 shi1 chi1
“Cousin cooks the small rat to let the teacher eat.”
表姊把小老鼠煮 給老師吃
S[N VP[V S[N VP[ PP[P N VP[V PP[P N
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 pao3 dao4 dian4 li3
“Old Li asks Cousin to run toward the north to the store.”
老李請表姊往北 跑到店裡
S[N VP[ PP[P N VP[V VP[ V S[N V
biao3 jie3 ba3 bai3 xiang1 guo3 zhu3 gei3 lao3 shi1 chi1
“Cousin cooks the passion fruit to let the teacher eat.”
表姊把百香果煮 給老師吃 biao3 jie3 ba3 bai3 xiang1 guo3 zhu3 gei3 lao3 ban3 chi1
“Cousin cooks the passion fruit to let Boss eat.”
表姊把百香果煮 給老闆吃
S[N VP[V S[N VP[ PP[P N [V VP[V N
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zou3 zhao3 bai3 xiang1 guo3
“Old Li asks Cousin to walk toward the north to find passion fruit.”
老李請表姊往北 走找百香果
‧
Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zou3 zhao3 Li3 xiao3 jie3
“Old Li asks Cousin to walk toward the north to find Miss Li.”
老李請表姊往北 走找李小姐 Lao3 Li3 qing3 biao3 jie3 wang3 bei3 zou3 zhao3 li3 pin3 dian4
“Old Li asks Cousin to walk toward the north to find the gift shop.”
老李請表姊往北 走找禮品店
S[ NP[N N VP[ VP[ADV V NP[N N VP[V N
Li3 xiao3 jie3 zhi3 hao3 zhao3 Shen lao3 ban3 mai3 bao3 yang3 pin3
“Miss Li has no better options but to find Boss Shen to buy skin care products.”
李小姐只好找沈 老闆買保養品
Li3 xiao3 jie3 zhi3 hao3 zhao3 Shen3 lao3 ban3 mai3 bai3 xiang1 guo3
“Miss Li has no better options but to find Boss Shen to buy passion fruit.”
李小姐只好找沈 老闆買百香果
S[ NP[N N VP[V VP[V S[ NP[N N VP[ADV V
Li3 xiao3 jie3 xiang3 liao3 jie3 Shen3 lao3 ban3 zen3 me zhu3 cai4
“Miss Li wants to know how Boss Shen cooks.”
李小姐想了解沈 老闆怎麼煮菜
Conj[ S[ NP[N N [VP[V NP[ NP[ADJ N [N [Conj S[N ADJP[ADV ADJ VP[V V Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 mo3 Xiao3 Nu3 Gui3 bao3 yang3 pin3 suo3 yi3 lian3 hen3 yang3 xiang3 zhi3 yang3
“Miss Jiang applies Little Girl Ghost skin care products, so her face is itchy and she wants to stop the itch.”
蔣小姐抹小女鬼 保養品所以臉很 癢想止癢
‧
Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 mo3 Xiao3 Nu3 Gui3 bao3 yang3 pin3 suo3 yi3lian3 hen3 min3 gan3 hen zhong3
“Miss Jiang applies Little Girl Ghost skin care products, so her face is sensitive and swollen.”
蔣小姐抹小女鬼 保養品所以臉很 敏感很腫
S[ NP[N N VP[V VP[V NP[ S[ NP[N N VP[V NP[ NP[ADJ N [N de- [N Shen3 lao3 ban3 xiang3 liao3 jie3 Li3 xiao3 jie3 mai3 xiao3 nu3 gui3 bao3 yang3 pin3 de li3 you2
“Boss Shen wants to know the reason why Miss Li buys Little Girl Ghost skin care products.”
沈老闆想了解李 小姐買小女鬼保 養品的理由
S[ NP[N N VP[V NP[N N VP[V S[ NP[N N VP[V VP[V NP[ NP[ADJ N [N Li3 xiao3 jie3 zhao3 Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 jiang3 Shen3 lao3 ban3 xiang3 liao3 jie3 Xiao3 Nu3 Gui3 mai3 bao3 yang3 pin3
“Miss Li finds Miss Jiang to say Boss Shen wants to know about Little Girl Ghost skin care products.”
李小姐找蔣小姐 講沈老闆想了解 小女鬼保養品
S[ NP[N N VP[V VP[V NP[ S[ NP[N N VP[V S[ NP[N N VP[ PP[P N [V de- [N Shen3 lao3 ban3 xiang3 liao3 jie3 Li3 xiao3 jie3 jiang3 Jiang3
xiao3 jie3 wang3 hai3 di3 li3 zou3 de yuan2 yin1
“Boss Shen wants to know the reason why Miss Li says Miss Jiang3 walks toward the bottom of the ocean.”
沈老闆想了解李 小姐講蔣小姐往 海底裡走的原因
‧
Li3 xiao3 jie3 jiang3 ni3 zhi3 mo3 ding3 ji2 bao3 yang3 pin3 suo3 yi3 lian3 ke3 yi3 bao3 yang3 de hen3 hao3
“Miss Li says you only apply high-end skin care products, so your face can be maintained very well.”
李小姐講你只抹
Ma3 zong3 tong3 ba3 leng3 shui3 gei3 Li3 xiao3 jie3 xi3 leng3 shui3 zao3 ye3 qing3 Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 zao3 dian3 xi3 zao3
“President Ma gives cold water to Miss Li so she can take a cold shower, and asks Miss Jiang to take a shower early as well”
馬總統把冷水給 李小姐洗冷水澡 也請蔣小姐早點 洗澡
Conj[ S[ NP[N N ADJP[ PP[P N [ADJ [Conj S[ NP[N N VP[ VP[ADV V NP[ADJ N VP[V N Li3 xiao3 jie3 bi3 Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 dan3 xiao3 suo3 yi3 Jiang3
xiao3 jie3 gan3 zhao3 Xiao3 Nu3 Gui3 mai3 bao3 yang3 pin3
“Miss Li is more timid than Miss Jiang, so Miss Jiang3 dares to buy skin care products from the Little Girl Ghost.”
李小姐比蔣小姐 膽小所以蔣小姐 敢找小女鬼買保 養品
‧
Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 gan3 jin3 zhao3 Shen3 lao3 ban3 mai3 wu3 zhong3 zhi3 yang3 fen3 wang3 lian3 mo3 ye3 wang3 jiao3 zhi3 mo3
“Miss Jiang3 quickly finds Boss Shen to buy five kinds of antipruritic powder and apply them toward the face and toward the toes.”
Li3 xiao3 jie3 yu3 Jiang3 xiao3 jie3 xiang3 sheng3 shui3 suo3 yi3 qing3 Ma3 zong3 tong3 gei3 dian3 leng3 shui3 xi3 leng3 shui3 zao3
“Miss Li and Miss Jiang want to save water, so they ask President Ma to give them some cold water to take a cold shower.”
李小姐與蔣小姐 想省水所以請馬 總統給點冷水洗 冷水澡
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UCLA, California.
Cheng, Lai Shen. (1987). Derived domains and Mandarin third tone sandhi. Chicago Linguistic Society, 23(2), 16-29.
Duan, M., & Schuler, W. (2015). Parsing Chinese with a generalized categorial grammar. Proceedings of Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks 2015, 25-32.
Giorgi, A., & Longobardi, G. (1991). The syntax of noun phrases: Configuration, parameters and empty categories. Cambridge University Press.
Hsiao, Yuchau E. (1991). Syntax, Rhythm, and Tone: A Triangular Relationship.
Taipei: Crane Publishing Co., Ltd..
Hung, Tony. (1987). Syntactic and semantic aspects of Chinese tone sandhi (Doctoral dissertation). University of California, San Diego.
Inkelas, Sharon. (1989). Prosodic constituency in the lexicon (Doctoral dissertation)
Inkelas, Sharon. (1989). Prosodic constituency in the lexicon (Doctoral dissertation)