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7. Conclusion
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster caused great damage in northeastern Japan,
and seriously destructed the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. As a disaster happened
in Japan, audiences in Taiwan don’t actually experience Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster in person. In order to hype the far-away news to be important, and render
local audience to feel related, domestication strategies are employed to create the
links between the news stories and the local viewers (Cohen et al., 1996).
Relevance is the key to covering international issues because audiences are
generally indifferent to the issues unrelated to them. The main concern in this study is
to explore how media transform a far-away issue into meaningful event to the local
audience. According to the premises of domestication, media tend to cover the
international issue with local sources so as to make the linkage.
In the selection of source, officials in Taiwan and Japan are the two most
frequently-selected sources in covering Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. It
corresponds with the previous studies in the domain of disaster news (Lin, 2009; Tu,
2005). Promoters, such as government officials, are capable of rescuing and
reconstructing when a disaster happened; therefore, they have higher access to the
media. Besides, it’s naturally expected to see the officials interpret the issue if it’s
related to national interest (Chan et al., 2002).
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The use of local officials, local experts and local celebrities as domesticated
sources can be seen in covering Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
Local official, such as the governor in the Atomic Energy Council, is used
mostly under nuclear technologocal frame. With the authority and ability to handle
the possible risks and effects, local officials are able to be in charge of the nuclear
affairs, and therefore deliver a great amount of technological and scientific
explanation regarding the nuclear disaster.
Local expert, such as the professor Lee in the department of engineering and
system science at National Tsing Hua University, is used mostly under nuclear
technological frame. The possession of knowledge, social contact and fame are the
characteristics of cultural workers (Lin, 1996). With the professional knowledge and
fame, local expert is an effective source of delivering reliable and related
technological and scientific explanation regarding the nuclear disaster to the local
audience.
In addition to the use of sources, specific domestication strategies, such as
locating the news story into domestic context, and narrating news story with concrete
words in vivid description, can also be seen. Domestication seems to be the inner
logic when media produce international news (Chan et al., 2002).
Locating the news story into domestic context is employed mostly with
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technological frame. The far-away issue regarding nuclear disaster is connected with
domestic framework. By comparing the nuclear disaster with similar domestic nuclear
issues with technological and scientific explanation, issue relevance and possible
effect of the nuclear disaster to the local audience can be highlighted (Hu, 2010).
Narrating news story with concrete words in vivid description is employed
mostly with human interest frame. Human interest frame can personalize, or
emotionalize the news, so as to retain audience attention (Semetko & Valkenburg,
2000).
Overall, when covering far-away news, media indeed employ domestication
strategies so as to transform the unrelated issue into meaningful event to the local
audience. Domestication provides the local audience with the relevance, which
triggers audience’s motivation and interest to read the far-away news.
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Selection of news items for content analysis
1. Generational instruction
Assigning and marking news item for numbers
The news item’s case identification number is assigned and marked. News item’s case identification number ranges from 00001 to 99999.
2. Selection rules
News articles are collected with the aid of two comprehensive news databank, udndata.com, and WiseNews databank. Databanks can be accessed by logging in the website of library at National Chengchi University. News reports of United Daily are collected from the databank udndata.com, and News articles of Apple Daily are collected from WiseNews databank.
Operation of entering the keywords:
In stage one, keywords such as “Japan,” “Fukushima,” and “disaster” are used.
In stage two, keywords such as “nuclear,” “nuclear disaster,” “radionuclide,” and
“meltdown” are used.
In stage three, “funding for the nuclear disaster” and “accountability” are used.
In stage four, previously-selected articles involving earthquake and other events which are not related to nuclear disaster itself are ruled out.
Rules of collecting articles:
This study includes straight news, feature story news and editorials related to
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster from the databanks, and selects news articles with the following principles. Unqualified articles are excluded.
Straight news. Straight news is covered in an objective way in order to provide the viewers with truth, and comments, pictures and graphs are not included.
Feature story news. Feature story news aims at analyzing and augmenting the news by in-depth reports. Special reports, special interview and feature story are in this category and noted out.
Editorials. Editorials are the critical opinions toward an incident or an issue, which represents the stance of the press.
The criteria of examining the event include:
1. Reports about Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster: such as the cause and
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consequence of the disaster, description of the disastrous spots, number of the injured, casualty number, words from the victims and etc.
2. Reports about the following actions: such as international concern, rescue movements, government actions, accountability, and etc.
3. Reports about the historical review of the disaster: such as scientific research and prediction of disaster, historical review of related disasters and etc.
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Codebook for content analysis
VARIABLES
NEWS ITEM NUMBER
The first variable is a unique case identification number that is assigned to each news item. Number has been assigned on the actual paper.
MEDIUM NAME (1) United Daily
(2) Apple Daily
TIME FRAME
Please indentify the date on which the news item appeared. Please pay attention to the required format – first the day (two digits), then the month (two digits), and finally the year (two digits).
Day/Month/Year – e.g. 01/29/13
SOURCES
Please indentify the sources appeared in the news item. In most cases, there will be multiple sources in the news. In this regard, you can select up to _____ sources in one article. The following codes are available:
(1) Local official, e.g. 行政院原能會核能管制處處長陳宜彬
(13) Local organization, e.g. 台師大、基隆市深美國小
(14) Japanese organization, e.g. 日本豐田汽車、東京電力公司 (15) Foreign organization, e.g. 國際原子能總署
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Please indentify the conflict frame appeared in the news item. Conflict frame focuses on the conflict between groups, institutions, or individuals in order to grasp audience attention.
(1) Does the story reflect disagreement between parties/individuals/groups/countries or that one party/individual/group/country reproaches the other?
(yes/no)
Please indentify the human interest frame appeared in the news item. Human interest frame presents a problem, issue, or event with an emotional angle.
(1) Does the story generate feelings (such as outrage, empathy-caring, sympathy, compassion, joy or fear), or emphasize how individuals and groups are affected by the issue? (yes/no)
Please indentify the economic consequences frame appeared in the news item.
Economic consequences frame presents a problem, issue, or event in relation to the consequences it will have economically on a country, region or individual.
(1) Is there a mention of financial losses or gains now or in the future, or a reference to economic consequences of being affected by the incident? (yes/no)
Example of yes:
農委會主委陳武雄昨天三度保證，國產魚貨絕對不會遭受輻射汙染，若檢測到輻
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Please indentify the morality frame appeared in the news item. Morality frame reports an issue, problem or event in the religious or moral perspective. Moral, according to the explanation provided by Merriam-Webster dictionary, is defined as “of or relating to principles of right and wrong in behavior2.” Besides, religious is defined as
“relating to or manifesting faithful devotion to an acknowledged ultimate reality or deity3.”
(1) Does the story contain any moral or religious message, or suggest any social prescriptions about how to behave?? (yes/no)
Example of yes:
在不遠處的福島第二核電廠工作的員工大月美智子（音譯），已在事故發生時撤
離。她在社交網站上寫道：「這些人沒有逃，而是留下來奮戰。請別忘記，有人
為了保護大家的安全，不惜犧牲生命。」【2011-03-17/聯合報/A1 版/要聞】
RESPONSIBILITY FRAME
Please indentify the responsibility frame appeared in the news item. Responsibility frame presents an issue or problem in a way to attribute responsibility for its cause or solution to an individual, a group or the government.
(1) Does the story suggest that individual/organization has the responsibility for the issue, or solutions to alleviate the problem? (yes/no)
Example of yes:
Please indentify the technological frame appeared in the news item. Technological
2 Cited from Merriam-Webster dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/moral)
3 Cited from Merriam-Webster dictionary (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religious)
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frame renders the selected scientific and technological facts to be prominent by providing scientific and technological explanation.
(1) Does the news story provide the technological/scientific explanation to explain the nuclear disaster? (yes/no)
LOCATE THE NEWS INTO DOMESTIC CONTEXT TO COVER Please indentify if the news story is located into domestic context to cover. News story is located into domestic context to cover in order to connect the international
LOCATE THE NEWS INTO DOMESTIC CONTEXT TO COVER Please indentify if the news story is located into domestic context to cover. News story is located into domestic context to cover in order to connect the international