Conclusions

We have demonstrated the use of LSCM in mapping of Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺

fluorescence images within the Cr:YAG crystal fibers. The measured sensitivities of 1.6×10¹⁷/cm³ and 7.5×10¹⁵/cm³ have been achieved for Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺ ions, respectively. After growing from bulk crystal to 66-μm-diameter crystal fiber, the concentrations of Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺ ions are decreased about 10-fold. The side deposition with thin film layers on the circumference of crystal fiber by E-gun was used to increase the concentration of Cr⁴⁺ ions in crystal fiber. It is found that the concentration of Cr⁴⁺ by additional depositions of Cr2O3, CaO, and MgO with thickness of 90 nm, 478 nm , 101 nm are 2-, 2.1- and 2.2-fold increased than undoped one, respectively. In addition, with annealed treatment in nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres for reduction and oxidation reactions, the efficiency of charge compensation was found by comparing the EPMA and fluorescence measurements. It is found that under annealing in nitrogen atmosphere with temperature at 1500 ^oC, only 13% of Ca²⁺ ions can charge compensate to Cr⁴⁺ ions in both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. However, the 1.2-1.6 μm emission spectrum is generated by Cr⁴⁺ ion in tetrahedral site, which is only 8.8% of Cr⁴⁺ ion in octahedral site can migrate to tetrahedral site. In the oxygen atmosphere with the same annealing temperature at 1500 ^oC, the oxygen atom from the environment can be incorporated into crystal fiber, which results in the higher efficiency of charge compensation. It is about 35% and 2.5% of Ca²⁺ ions can charge compensate to Cr⁴⁺ in octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively. The low charge compensation efficiency is therefore mainly attributed to the existence of oxygen vacancy in YAG matrix.

In the study of double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber, the three layers are denoted as core, inner cladding, and outer cladding with diameters of 25 μm, 100 μm, and 320 μm, respectively. It is found that the compositions of core and outer cladding are YAG and SiO2, respectively. But the composition of the inner cladding is a mixture of YAG and SiO . The concentration of Y O is about 36.2 wt.%, but that of Al O and SiO

that of SiO2 is on the contrary. The corresponding refractive indices of core and outer cladding are 1.82 and 1.46, respectively. In the inner cladding region, due to the SiO2

diffusion into YAG, the concentrations of SiO2 are from 43 wt.% to 27 wt.% toward the core, the corresponding refractive indices are from 1.58 to 1.66.

By EPMA measurement, it is revealed that the Cr2O3 and CaO spread in core and inner cladding. However, the emission intensities of Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺ in inner cladding are much weaker than that in core. By measuring their fluorescence spectra in core and inner cladding, it is found that the emission characteristics are changed due to the change of composition. The Cr³⁺ spectrum in core shows the sharp R-line at 689 nm associated with three phonon sidebands, while that in inner cladding shows broadband emission from 650 nm to 950 nm. The Cr⁴⁺ spectrum shows the representative broadband emission from 1.2 to 1.6 μm with center at 1.38 μm, while that in inner cladding shows a blue shift from 1.15 to 1.55 μm with a peak around 1.22 μm. The weaker emission intensity in inner cladding is attributed to lower emission efficiency as comparing with that in core. In addition, by the use of micro-spectroscopy for measuring the Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺ fluorescence spectra in inner cladding with different positions, the emission intensity ratio of high-field site to low-field site was found by multi-peak Gaussian fitting. The characteristic of Cr ion at high-field site shows the narrow-band emission (²E→⁴A2 for Cr³⁺, ¹E→³A2 for Cr⁴⁺), whereas that at low-field site is broad-band emission (⁴T2→⁴A2 for Cr³⁺, ³T2→³A2 for Cr⁴⁺). It increases from 20% to 29% for Cr³⁺ and from 7.1% to 11.3% for Cr⁴⁺ upon increasing the concentration of SiO2 from 26.9 wt.% to 43.0 wt.%. Both high-field and low-field sites are available to Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺ ions at the glass host; it is due to the fact that the energy levels separation (⁴T2 and ²E for Cr³⁺; ³T2 and ¹E for Cr⁴⁺) for some of the ions within the large inhomogeneous distribution would be small. In this micro-spectroscopy measurement, the change in emission spectrum with various compositions of host was found that the increase of concentration of SiO2 leads to the increase of crystal-field strength in glass. It may be useful by choosing the different compositions as host for application to the wideband light source in different NIR emission ranges.

Furthermore, as the same growth process for double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber,

the Cr⁴⁺-doped glass fiber was fabricated when controlling the growth condition to make the silica entirely diffusing into Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber. The corresponding propagation loss is measured less than 0.08 dB/cm. By the analysis of absorption spectra with multi-peak Gaussian fitting, it is found the emission peaks at 453 nm, 650 nm, and 810 nm are transition of Cr³⁺ ions, while that at about 960 nm with broad absorption band from 600-1400 nm is transition of Cr⁴⁺ ions. The estimated ratio of Cr⁴⁺ to total Cr ion can be achieved to 11% in glass fiber. By tuning the Ti:sapphire laser with wavelengths of 750-1000 nm, the corresponding emission peaks and bandwidths were found. The emission peaks transfer from 1008 nm to 1144 nm, while the bandwidth increases from 268 nm to 406 nm with increasing pumping wavelength from 750 nm to 900 nm. It is interesting that with pumping wavelength at 900 nm, both Cr³⁺ and Cr⁴⁺ emission bands can be excited and become comparable in their intensities to generate more than 400 nm broad emission band as their superposition.

More than 12 μW ASE power with this superbroadband emission was obtained by the limited pumping power of Ti:sapphire laser of 700 mW. To our knowledge, it is the first time to report the ASE power with more than 400 nm broad emission band in Cr-doped glass fiber. With appropriated pumping wavelength and doping concentrations, it may be a candidate as light source for high resolution optical coherence tomography.

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Biography

姓名: 陳建誠 (Chen, Jian-Cheng) 性別: 男

出生日期: 民國 65 年 3 月 2 日出生地: 台南市

學歷: 國立中山大學光電工程研究所博士

國立中山大學物理所碩士

國立中山大學物理系學士

得獎記錄：2002 台灣光電科技研討會 (OPT) 最佳學生論文獎 2002

中華民國物理學會最佳壁報論文獎

2001 台灣光電科技研討會 (OPT) 最佳學生論文獎博士論文題目:

中文：雙纖衣摻鉻釔鋁石榴石晶體光纖之螢光光譜研究英文：Spectroscopic study on the fluorescence of Cr ions in double-clad Cr:YAG crystal fiber

指導教授：國立台灣大學光電所黃升龍博士

Publication List

SCI listed paper:

1. J. C. Chen, K. Y. Huang, C. N. Tsai, Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, G. Y. Liu, F. J. Kao, S. L. Huang, C. Y. Lo, Y. S. Lin, and P. Shen, “Composition dependence of the micro-spectroscopy of Cr ions in double-clad Cr:YAG crystal fiber,” Journal of Applied Physics 99, 093113 (2006).

2. Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Lo, S. L. Huang, T. Y.

Chang, J. Y. Ji, and P. Shen, “Nanostructure formation of double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber grown by co-drawing laser-heated pedestal,” Journal of Crystal Growth 289, 515 (2006).

3. J. C. Chen, C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, F. J. Kao, S. Y. Tu, S. L. Huang,

“Fluorescence mapping of oxidation states of Cr ions in YAG crystal fibers,”

Journal of Crystal Growth 274, 522 (2005).

4. C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Chuang, C. C. Lai, S. L. Huang, Y.

S. Lin, and P. S. Yeh, “Double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber amplifier,” Optics Letters 30, 129 (2005).

5. L. M. Lee, C. C. Kuo, J. C. Chen, T. S. Chou, Y. C. Cho, S. L. Huang, and H.

W. Lee, “Periodical poling of MgO doped lithium niobate crystal fiber by modulated pyroelectric field,” Optics Communications 253, 375 (2005).

6. J. Y. Ji, P. Shen, J. C. Chen, F. J. Kao, S. L. Huang, and C. Y. Lo, “On the deposition of Cr_3-δO₄ spinel particles upon laser-heated pedestal growth of Cr:YAG fiber,” Journal of Crystal Growth 282, 343 (2005).

7. C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, S. Y. Tu, and S. L. Huang, “Glass-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber for the generation of superwideband amplified spontaneous emission,” Optics Letters 29, 439 (2004).

8. C. Sun, C. Kuan, F. J. Kao, Y. M. Wang, J. C. Chen, C. C. Chang, and P.

9. F. J. Kao, J. C. Chen, S. C. Shih, A. Wei, S. L. Huang, T. S. Horng, and Peter Török, "Optical beam induced current microscopy at DC and radio frequency,"

Optics communications 211, 39 (2002).

10. F. J. Kao, Y. M. Wang, J. C. Chen, P. C. Cheng, R. W. Chen, and B. L. Lin,

"Micro-spectroscopy of chloroplasts in protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana under single- and multi-photon excitations," Journal of Luminescence 98, 107 (2002).

11. F. J. Kao, Y. M. Wang, J. C. Chen, P. C. Cheng, R. W. Chen, and B. L. Lin,

"Photobleaching under single photon and multi-photon excitation: chloroplasts in protoplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana," Optics communications 201, 85 (2002).

Conference & proceeding paper:

1. J. C. Chen, Y. S. Lin, C. N. Tsai, K. Y. Huang, W. Z. Su, R. C. Shr, F. J. Kao, Y. S. Lin, and S. L. Huang, ”400-nm-bandwidth emission from Cr-doped alumino-silicate fiber,” OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, paper 6D2-5, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2006.

2. Y. C. Huang, Y. K. Lu, J. C. Chen, Y. C. Hsu, Y. M. Huang, H. M. Yang, M.

T. Sheen, S. L. Huang, T. C. Chang, W. H. Cheng, ”Fabrication and performance of Cr-doped fibers by drawing tower,” OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, paper 6D2-2, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2006.

3. C. C. Lai, Y. S. Lin, Y. S. Lin, C. N. Tsai, J. C. Chen, S. L. Huang, and P. Shen,

“Microstructure analysis on the YAG core of Cr⁴⁺ doped fiber amplifier,”

OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, paper 3P-002, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2006.

4. J. C. Chen, K. Y. Huang, C. N. Tsai, C. C. Lai, Y. S. Lin, P. Y. Chen, and S. L. Huang,

“Spectroscopic characterization on the double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber amplifier,” Symposium on Optical Communications Technologies, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2006.

5. Y. C. Huang, Y. K. Lu, J. C. Chen, Y. C. Hsu, Y. M. Huang, H. M. Yang, M.

T. Sheen, S. L. Huang, T. Y. Chang, and W. H. Cheng, “Fabrication of Cr-doped fibers by drawing tower,” Conference on Optical Fiber Communications (OFC), paper OWI21, Anaheim, CA, U.S.A., 2006.

6. J. C. Chen, C. N. Tsai, K. Y. Huang, Y. S. Lin, F. J. Kao, and S. L. Huang,

“Effects of side deposition and annealing for increasing Cr⁴⁺ concentration in Cr:YAG crystal fiber,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Pacific Rim, paper CTuK4-7, Tokyo, Japan, 2005.

7. K. Y. Huang, C. C. Lai, J. C. Chen, C. N. Tsai, S. L. Huang, and Y. S. Lin,

“Nanocrystal formation in glass-clad Cr:YAG crystal fibers,” Workshop on

8. Y. S. Lin, C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Lo, S. L. Huang, T. Y.

Chang, and P. Shen, “The observation of crystalline nanostructure in double-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber,” OptoElectronics and Communication Conference, paper 7P-056, Seoul, Korea, 2005.

9. K. Y. Huang, C. Y. Lo, J. C. Chen, C. N. Tsai, C. C. Lai, S. L. Huang, and Y.

S. Lin, “Characterization on broadband chromium-doped fiber amplifier,”

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), paper CThB5, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A., 2005.

10. S. L. Huang, T. Y. Chang, P. Shen, F. J. Kao, W. H. Cheng, C. Y. Lo, Y. S. Lin, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. C. Lai, P. Y. Chen, C. N. Tsai, and Y. S. Lin,

“Chromium-doped wideband fiber amplifier,” Optics and Photonics Taiwan, C-FR-V1, Tainan, Taiwan, 2005.

11. C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. N. Tsai, C. C. Lai, S. L. Huang, and Y.

S. Lin, “Wideband chromium-doped fiber amplifier,” Symposium on Technologies for High-Capacity Optical Communications, FRI-2, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2004.

12. C. N. Tsai, Y. S. Lin, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Lo, and S. L. Huang,

“Enhanced Cr4+ concentration in Cr:YAG crystal fiber by side deposition,”

Optics and Photonics Taiwan, C-SU-IV3-4, Chung-Li, Taiwan, 2004.

13. S. L. Huang, C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, C. Y. Chuang, C. C. Lai, Y.

S. Lin, and P. S. Yeh, “Broadband Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber amplifier,”

Nonlinear Optics: Material, Fundamental, and Applications, postdeadline paper ThD3, Hawaii, U.S.A, 2004.

14. S. L. Huang, C. Y. Lo, K. Y. Huang, J. C. Chen, P. L. Huang, and L. M. Lee,

“Glass-clad Cr⁴⁺:YAG crystal fiber for the generation of super-wideband amplified spontaneous emission,” International Symposium on Advances and Trends in Fiber Optics and Applications, Chongqing, China, 2004.

15. S. L. Huang, L. M. Lee, J. C. Chen, and T. S. Chou, C. C. Kuo, and S. B.

在文檔中雙纖衣摻鉻釔鋁石榴石晶體光纖之螢光光譜研究 (頁 118-135)