Conclusions - Discussion and Conclusions - Earthworm平台應用於臺灣地震速報預警研究

6 Discussion and Conclusions

6.5 Conclusions

In this study, the new Earthworm modules, pick_eew, tcpd and dcsn were created for EEW purposes. The pick_eew is able to detect P-wave arrival and estimated Pd value in the 3-s time window after P arrival. A set of parameters are used for automatically detecting the onset of P wave. It is necessary to have a series of offline test to determine those parameters for each station because the background noise and the instrument

sensitivity are different involved in each station. The tcpd module is able to determine location and magnitude of earthquakes using the P-wave arrivals and Pd values. The dcsn module receives earthquake information from the shared memory in the Earthworm system and creates XML formatted file for EEW issuance. Although the whole system is very simple, it indeed work very well for providing timely earthquake in formation after events occurrences. The online results from EEW system are display in web site, shown in Appendix D.

The Palert sensor is a low-cost accelerometer which can be installed and maintained easily. In this study an Earthworm module, named eew_svr, was created for receiving real-time data streams from all Palerts and transferring all of them into the Earthworm’s shared memory. In this way, it is possible to incorporate Palert Seismic Network into the Central Weather Bureau Seismic Network. Based on the integrated seismic network, EEW system can be implemented faster and more robust.

There are two reasons that the eBEAR system is able to be distributed to any seismic network all over the world. One is that the Earthworm is good at integrating different kinds of seismic sensors. The other is that the eBEAR system is based on Earthworm software. Currently, the eBEAR system has been distributed and tested in India, Korea and Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.

Figure 6-4. System architecture of the ERR system and EEW system.

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Appendix A.

Earthworm Software

A.1 Earthworm Installation

For the Earthworm installation, here we demonstrated two examples. First, we illustrated how to construct an empty Earthworm. The empty Earthworm do nothing, but we can add more modules in this Earthworm system. This is the easiest example for us to understand the basics of the Earthworm. To install an empty Earthworm, first we download the Earthworm program, named v7.2, from the Earthworm website (http://folkworm.ceri.memphis.edu/ew-doc/). Second, we construct directories including the home directory and running directory, shown as Figure A-1. Thrid, we put the program, v7.2, into the Earthworm directory, shown as Figure A-2. Fourth, we modify the environment file, shown as Figure A-3. Fifth, we put relative parameters into the run directory shown as Figure A-2. Sixth, we copy startstop_nt.d into the run directory.

Seventh we clear all modules listing in the startstop_nt.d. Then we open a command line and type “ew_nt.bat” for setting up Earthworm environment. Finally, we type “startstop”

for starting the Earthworm. For normally installing Earthworm system, we can refer to Figure A-4.

Figure A-5 shows Earthworm naming system. There are four kinds of naming schema using in the Earthworm system. According to these names, the Earthworm system is able to identify the source of data. Figure A-6 shows four kind of definition files in the Earthworm system. Earthworm.d defines the module and RING IDs in the system. Before

running Earthworm, make sure the modules we used in the ‘startstop_nt.d’ has been defined in this file. For earthworm_global.d file, we usually do not modify it. Here, we can understand the Installation ID and Message Type ID. For startstop_nt.d file, we define how many RINGs, what kind of Rings, what kind of modules we used in the Earthworm.

Figure A-1. Earthworm directory structure

Figure A-2. Earthworm environment parameters

100 Figure A-3. Earthworm environmental file

Figure A-4. Eight steps for Earthworm installation

101 Figure A-5. Earthworm naming system

Figure A-6. Definition files in the Earthworm

102

Figure A-7 shows the second example that the Earthworm receives data from IRIS data center and serves waveform data using WaveServer. In this example, we use slink2ew module to receive real-time data from seedlink server. From WaveServer we display waveform using WaveViewer and archive data using Waveman2disk. We can use programs like “findwave” and “sniffwave” to check if real-time data coming into the WAVE_RING. In addition, the program “getmenu” can help us to check if the WaveServer can serve waveform data.

Figure A-7 The Earthworm diagram of waveform receive, display and archive.

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A.2 Earthworm Features

1. Data Input:

The Earthworm software supports different kinds of commercial sensors for receiving data streams from them, such as Geotech SmartGeoHub, Guralp scream, Quanterra Q330, Nanometrics Appolo Server and Seedlink server, shown as Figure A-8.

Figure A-8. The Earthworm features of data input.

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2. Data Exchange:

The Earthworm software use import/export modules to exchange real-time data in waveforms or some parameters. For example, one Earthworm system may have functions for picking P-wave arrivals. This system can only send picks to other Earthworms. In this way, we do not need to send massive waveform data to data center. We can have P-wave auto picking in sub centers and send only picks to the data center. As a result, the limited band width between data center and sub centers can be saved. In addition, the Earthworm software can receive data from other software used in other data centers, such as Antelope and Seiscomp, shown as in Figure A-9.

Figure A-9. The Earthworm features of data exchange.

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3. Data Display:

The Earthworm software can display real-time waveforms or passed waveforms as long as they are stored in the Earthworm module, WaveserverV. In addition, the Earthworm can have daily waveform and time-frequency plots for each channel. The pictures will be viewed by web pages, shown as in Figure A-10.

Figure A-10. The Earthworm features of data display.

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4. Data Processing:

The Earthworm software can reduce sampling rate of each channels and also can apply different filters to the waveforms. In addition, P-wave auto picking can be applied and those picks can be used for earthquake location, shown as in Figure A-11.

Figure A-11. The Earthworm features of data processing.

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5. Data Archiving:

The Earthworm software use WaveServerV to collect data for some time period. Users can archive data in different format, such as SAC, miniseed or SUDS, etc., shown as in Figure A-12.

Figure A-12. The Earthworm features of data archiving.

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6. Customize:

The Earthworm software is open source and free. Users can modify codes and compile them for creating customized modules. Figure A-13 shows an example for developing Earthworm modules. Rectangles with gray colors represent modules created in this study.

Figure A-13. The Earthworm features of customized modules.

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Appendix B.

CWB24 Format

110

111

# Specify which messages to look at with Getlogo commands.

# GetLogo <installation_id> <module_id> <message_type>

# The message_type must be either TYPE_TRACEBUF or TYPE_TRACEBUF2.

# Use as many GetLogo commands as you need.

# If no GetLogo commands are given, pick_ew will look at all

# TYPE_TRACEBUF and TYPE_TRACEBUF2 messages in InRing.

#---

GetLogo INST_WILDCARD MOD_WILDCARD TYPE_TRACEBUF2

112

Active_parr_win 45.0 # Survival time of each station (sec) , between the P wave arrival time and current time

113

Dcsn_XML’s Configuration File

MyModuleId MOD_DCSN_XML # module id for this instance of template RingName EEW_RING # shared memory ring for input/output

LogFile 1 # 0 to turn off disk log file; 1 to turn it on # to log to module log but not stderr/stdout HeartBeatInterval 15 # seconds between heartbeats

Magnitude 4.0 Pro_time 60.0

Show_Report_Num 50 # no larger than this number

XML_DIR D:\Earthworm\xml # where we store XML files for EEW client program XML_DIR_LOCAL D:\Earthworm\xml\xml # where we store XML files for message

InfoType Exercise # Actual: for real case, Exercise: for drill, default: Exercise

# List the message logos to grab from transport ring

# Installation Module Message Types GetEventsFrom INST_WILDCARD MOD_WILDCARD

114

Dcsn_DB’s Configuration File

MyModuleId MOD_DCSN_DB # module id for this instance of template RingName EEW_RING # shared memory ring for input/output LogFile 1 # 0 to turn off disk log file; 1 to turn it on # to log to module log but not stderr/stdout HeartBeatInterval 15 # seconds between heartbeats

Magnitude 1.5 Pro_time 60.0

Show_Report_Num 50 # no larger than this number

MySQL_Host 192.168.20.234

InfoType Exercise # Actual: for real case, Exercise: for drill, default: Exercise

# List the message logos to grab from transport ring

# Installation Module Message Types GetEventsFrom INST_WILDCARD MOD_WILDCARD

115

Appendix D.

Online Display of EEW system

Updated Earthquake location in EEW system. Different colors represent different report.

There are 11 reports in this case.

Updated Earthquake location in EEW system. Different colors represent different report.

There are 12 reports in this case.

116

Updated Earthquake information in EEW system. Pa values are adopted within 3-sec time window after P-wave arrival.

The red lines represent the P-wave arrival picked by the EEW system. The figures are generated by the ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., 2010).

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Appendix E.

Publications at National Taiwan University

1. Hsiao, N. C.*, Y. M. Wu, L Zhao, D. Y. Chen, W. T. Huang, K. H. Kuo, T. C.

Shin, and P. L. Leu, 2011, A new prototype system for earthquake early warning in Taiwan, Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 31, 201-208.

2. Lin, T. L., Y. M. Wu*, D. Y. Chen, N. C. Hsiao, and C. H. Chang, 2011, Magnitude estimations in earthquake early warning for the 2010 JiaSian earthquake, Taiwan, Seismo. Res. Let., 82, 201-206.

3. Lin, T. L., Y. M. Wu*, and D. Y. Chen, 2011, Magnitude estimation using initial P-wave amplitude and its spatial distribution in earthquake early waning in Taiwan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L09303.

4. Chen, D. Y., T. L. Lin, Y. M. Wu*, and Nai-Chi Hsiao, 2012, Testing a P-wave Earthquake Early Warning System by Simulating the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Mw 7.6 Earthquake, Seismo. Res. Let., 83, 103-108.

5. Hsieh, C. Y., T. L. Lin*, Y. M. Wu, and D. Y. Chen, 2012, Source Uncertainty Estimation in Seismic Intensity Determination of the Taiwan Region, Bull. Seism.

Soc. Am., 102, 848-853.

6. Chang, C. H., Y. M. Wu*, D. Y. Chen, T. C. Shin, T. L. Chin, and W. Y. Chang, 2012, An Examination of Telemetry Delay in the Central Weather Bureau Seismic Network, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 23, 261-268.

118

7. Wu, Y. M.*, D. Y. Chen, T. L. Lin, C. Y. Hsieh, T. L. Chin, W. Y. Chang, W. S.

Li, and S. H. Ker, 2013, A high density seismic network for earthquake early warning in Taiwan based on low cost sensors, accepted by Seismo. Res. Let., 84, 1048-1054.

8. Hsieh, C. Y., Y. M. Wu*, T. L. Chin, K. H. Kuo, D. Y. Chen, K. S. Wang, Y. T.

Chan, W. Y. Chang, W. S. Li, and S. H. Ker, 2014, Low Cost Seismic Network Practical Applications for Producing Quick Shaking Maps in Taiwan, Terr.

在文檔中 Earthworm平台應用於臺灣地震速報預警研究 (頁 87-0)