• 沒有找到結果。

In this thesis, the computational models for the Chinese Chime-bells based on inharmonic digital waveguides have been presented. The sound synthesis models are capable of producing Chime-bell like sounds efficiently while retaining the physical interpretation of the digital waveguides. Two models have been constructed to simulate different bells in the first rack, demonstrating their ability to cover the entire range of the bells. By adjusting the parameters, the models will enable users to generate the Chime-bell sounds close to the real sounds or even create surreal sounds based on this implementation.

However, there are still many defects in the synthetic sounds as discussed before. To solve the problems, more recorded samples under different initial conditions are needed as the reference sounds. Also, samples from the original set could be a great help in understanding the acoustical properties of the Chinese Chime-bell.

The models presented here could be considered as the first step toward the high quality Chime-bell models. There are still plenty of works to be done in order to improve this model.

Firstly, to simulate the sound-producing mechanism more accurately, a model with more physical descriptions is desirable. Other approaches such as finite difference method (FDM) or finite element method (FEM) could be better on this account. Also, an intricate model should be able to simulate the subtle changes according to different play styles. To achieve this goal, more play techniques of the Chime-bells should be investigated.

In the future, more efforts will be put on the real time implementation of this virtual instrument. Hopefully, this research may serve as an alternative way to preserve our cultural legacies, and contribute to the diversity in this field of study.

50

References

[1] R. Feynman, “There’s plenty of room at the bottom,” Engineering and Science, 1960.

[2] P. Cook, Real sound synthesis for interactive applications. AK Peters, 2002.

[3] J. Smith, Physical audio signal processing: For virtual musical instruments and digital audio effects. W3K Publishing, 2006.

[4] S. Bilbao, Numerical Sound Synthesis. Wiley Online Library, 2009.

[5] S. Shen, “Acoustics of ancient chinese bells,” Scientific American, vol. 256, no. 4, pp.

94–102, 1987.

[6] 中國社會科學院考古研究所, 曾侯乙墓. 湖北省博物館, 1989.

[7] 馮光生, “周代編鐘的雙音技術與應用,” 中國音樂學, vol. 1, pp. 40–54, 2002.

[8] C. Roads, The computer music tutorial. The MIT press, 1996.

[9] F. R. Moore, Elements of computer music. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1990.

[10] J. Chowning, “The synthesis of complex audio spectra by means of frequency modulation,” Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 526–534, 1973.

[11] J. O. Smith, “Virtual acoustic musical instruments: Review and update,” Journal of New Music Research, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 283–304, 2004.

[12] M. Karjalainen and T. Maki-Patola, “Physics-based modeling of musical instruments for interactive virtual reality,” in Multimedia Signal Processing, 2004 IEEE 6th Workshop on, 2004, pp. 223–226.

[13] L. Hiller and P. Ruiz, “Synthesizing musical sounds by solving the wave equation for vibrating objects, Part I,” Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 19, no. 6, pp.

462–470, 1971.

51

[14] C. Cadoz, A. Luciani, and J. Florens, “CORDIS-ANIMA: A Modeling and Simulation System for Sound and Image Synthesis- The General Formalism,” Computer music journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 19–29, 1993.

[15] J. M. Adrien, “The missing link: Modal synthesis,” in Representations of musical signals, MIT Press, 1991, pp. 269–298.

[16] J. O. Smith, “Physical modeling using digital waveguides,” Computer Music Journal, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 74–91, 1992.

[17] M. Karjalainen, V. Välimäki, and Z. Jánosy, “Towards high-quality sound synthesis of the guitar and string instruments,” in International Computer Music Conference, 1993, p. 56.

[18] J. O. Smith, “Commuted piano synthesis,” International Computer Music Conference, pp. 319–326, 1995.

[19] G. P. Scavone, “Digital waveguide modeling of the non-linear excitation of single reed woodwind instruments,” 1995.

[20] H. Penttinen, J. Pakarinen, V. Välimäki, M. Laurson, H. Li, and M. Leman,

“Model-based sound synthesis of the guqin,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 120, no. 6, p. 4052, 2006.

[21] Y. Chen and C. Huang, “Sound Synthesis of the Pipa Based on Computed Timbre Analysis and Physical Modeling,” Selected Topics in Signal Processing, IEEE Journal of, no. 99, p. 1, 2011.

[22] T. D. Rossing, “The Acoustics of Bells: Studying the vibrations of large and small bells helps us understand the sounds of one of the world’s oldest musical instruments,”

American Scientist, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 440–447, 1984.

[23] T. D. Rossing, D. S. Hampton, B. E. Richardson, H. J. Sathoff, and A. Lehr,

“Vibrational modes of Chinese two tone bells,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 83, p. 369, 1988.

52

[24] W. Dajun, C. Jian, and W. Huijun, “The feature of the dual tones of Chinese music bells,” Mechanics and Its Application, pp. 12–16, 2003.

[25] H. Zhang, Z. Z. Yan, C. C. Yang, and Y. L. Shi, “Study on excitation of the two-tone acoustic characteristic of the chime bell of Marquis Yi of Zeng by finite element method,” Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 52, no. 16, pp. 2167–2173, 2007.

[26] M. Jing, “A theoretical study of the vibration and acoustics of ancient Chinese bells,”

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 114, no. 3, p. 1622, 2003.

[27] Y. Yan, L. Kong, K. Chai, and Z. Sheng, “Study on the acoustic characteristics of the ancient Chinese chime-bell,” College Physics, vol. 2, 2004.

[28] D. Chen, H. Hu, L. Xing, and Y. Liu, “An experimental study on the sound and frequency of the Chinese ancient variable bell,” European journal of physics, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 541–548, 2009.

[29] K. Karplus and A. Strong, “Digital synthesis of plucked-string and drum timbres,”

Computer Music Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 43–55, 1983.

[30] D. A. Jaffe and J. O. Smith, “Extensions of the Karplus-Strong plucked-string algorithm,” Computer Music Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 56–69, 1983.

[31] S. A. Van Duyne and J. O. Smith, “Physical modeling with the 2-D digital waveguide mesh,” 1993, p. 40.

[32] S. A. Van Duyne and J. O. Smith, “The tetrahedral digital waveguide mesh,” in Proc.

IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics, 1995, no.

3, pp. 463–466.

[33] G. Essl and P. Cook, “Banded waveguides: Towards physical modeling of bowed bar percussion instruments,” International Computer Music Conference, pp. 321–324, 1999.

[34] G. Essl, S. Serafin, P. R. Cook, and J. O. Smith, “Theory of Banded Waveguides,”

Computer Music Journal, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 37–50, Mar. 2004.

53

[35] M. Karjalainen, “Efficient modeling and synthesis of bell-like sounds,” in International Conference on Digtial Audio Effects, 2002, pp. 181–186.

[36] P. A. A. Esquef and V. Välimäki, “Design of an efficient inharmonic digital waveguide filter for synthesis of hand-bell sounds,” 2003, p. 49.

[37] M. Karjalainen, V. Välimäki, and P. A. A. Esquef, “Making of a computer carillon,” in Proceedings of the Stockholm Music Acoustics Conference, 2003.

[38] T. I. Laakso, V. Valimaki, M. Karjalainen, and U. K. Laine, “Splitting the unit delay [FIR/all pass filters design],” Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, vol. 13, no. 1, pp.

30–60, 1996.

[39] V. Valimaki and T. I. Laakso, “Principles of fractional delay filters,” in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2000, vol. 6, pp.

3870–3873 vol. 6.

[40] A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Internatio., vol.

2. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2009.

[41] C. E. Seashore, Psychology of music. Dover Pubns, 1938.

相關文件