This thesis tackled two major aspects for thin layer capping to apply on Hg-contaminated sediment by two separate studies. The first study attempted to enhance Hg sorption ability by modifying sulfur functional groups on AC; the second study evaluated the stability of caps during turbation events.
During the first study, we observed a successful enhancement of Hg sorption affinity by sulfurized raw AC material in aqueous adsorption tests, which is consistent with some past studies proceeded in similar conditions. However, these studies did not account for the effect of sediment environment which may contain complex biogeochemical factors (e.g. DOM) that alter the fate of Hg. We observed a reversal results as SAC had lower Hg sorption compare to AC in the sediment competition tests. We thus suspect that the sulfur functional groups on the surface of AC can be released and mobilized Hg in the aqueous phase in DOM-rich environments, as described in section 3.3.3. In further inference, it suggests that the sulfurized AC may not enhance Hg sorption during thin layer capping remedy but rather the opposite. However, we also do not suggest that all sorbents with sulfur functional groups may be useless in terms of in-situ sediment remediation, as sulfur functional groups present in various forms and can be varied in results. The results of the microcosm study also differ from sediment adsorption tests as all caps performed with similar Hg reduction efficiency. Further studies to find out the relation between sulfurized sorbents and DOM can be crucial in this technology.
The second study provided some pioneer findings of the relations between the stability of thin layer caps and sediment turbation, which were often questioned by the scientific community. Our results suggested caps with AC + kaolin and AC + bentonite
can be stable and were efficient in reducing both THg and MeHg in overlying water and observed with better resistance during occasional turbation events. On the other hands, AC + montmorillonite showed poor Hg reduction efficiency in general and Hg breakthrough in occasional turbation events. Our results suggested that the successfulness of this remedy can be altered not only by the main sorbents but also anchoring materials (e.g. clay minerals). The previous studies related in this field have focused on the porewater Hg as the parameter for the effectiveness of the sorption tests. However, transportation of Hg through sediment particles was proposed and observed in recent studies, which is also consistent with our observation. Also, the different levels of Hg breakthrough may not necessary alters by the different Hg methylation activities, as observed in our results. Thus, it requires further studies to explore the relations between sediment turbation and the Hg reduction efficiency of thin layer caps.
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